grateful and devout reverence, as "that humanity pure and simple in which divinity dwells." Its foundation is "the natural and intuitional basis of religion, fatherhood of God, brotherhood of man, eternal life, harmony of all scriptures, harmony of all forms of spiritual culture, honor to all inspired saints and prophets." Christ is universal humanity; but what God made universal, "men have localized."

The interesting and profound question at the bottom of all this is, What will be the final outcome of this remarkable movement? To one that sees its direction and what its successful development involves, the opinion of Max Müller, that it is one of the most important aspects of human thought to-day, will not seem an exaggeration. If the course of empire is west, may not this suggest that light comes out of the east? Horatio Stebbins.

THE naval combat fought at Iquique, 21st of May, 1879, electrified almost all South America. Its result-moral and materialgreatly influenced the course of the pending war. Chilean enthusiasm over the gallant conduct of their compatriots stimulated the national ardor, whilst the inglorious loss of the ironclad frigate depressed the Peruvians.

At Arica General Prado, the President of Perú, was entertaining General Daza, the usurping President of Bolivia, with banquetings and convivialities, when the startling news reached them of the disastrous result of the naval expedition, instead of the anticipated intelligence of victory. In Arica they then went seriously to work to make a stronghold out of the place, it being a point well adapted for defence. Heavy pieces of artillery were planted in the principal places, Pisagua and Iquique, on the coast of the province Tarapacá.

Meanwhile, although deprived of her companion-at-arms, the Huascar undertook to continue southward; her commander being intent upon carrying out the instructions given him by President Prado. On the 25th of May the monitor arrived at Mejillones, destroyed some launches in the defenseless harbor, and then proceeded toward Antofagasta, where she arrived at dawn the following day.

This port had served, since the opening of the war, as a gathering place for the Chil

ean troops intended to constitute the base for an army to operate in the north. Batteries had been placed to protect the town, and a great military camp established near. In lee of these batteries lay the Covadonga at anchor, undergoing repairs. As soon as the Huascar appeared, she, in union with the batteries, opened fire upon her, with such telling effect that the monitor was forced to retreat. Foiled in her effort to inflict any serious damage upon either the town or the camp, she returned northward, hoping to escape to Callao, from whence now the Chilean fleet would be on the return. For as Grau anticipated, the Chilean fleet had immediately steamed south on learning at Callao the course that the Huascar and Independencia had taken; had re-established the blockade at Iquique: whilst the Admiral himself, on the "Blanco Encalada,” went in search of the Huascar. On her retreat northward, the Peruvian monitor twice sighted her pursuer, but her commander, not thinking it expedient to risk a battle with the Chilean iron-clad, baffled the enemy by means of skillful seamanship, and taking all possible advantage of the superior speed of his vessel, he arrived safely in Callao on the 7th of June.

Here Grau was received with immense enthusiasm, which so inspired him that he undertook with ardor another cruise, for the purpose of committing depredations along the coast, and attacking such vessels as

hundred pound shell, fired from the fort. During the engagement she had attempted to destroy the Abtao by a Ley torpedo, but came very near being destroyed herself by it. This was the first torpedo of that system that had been launched during the war. By some derangement in the machinery, it had no sooner been started in the direction of the Chilean gunboat, than it turned round and headed for the monitor. Only by the intrepidity displayed by one of her officers, Lieutenant Diaz Conseco, who sprung overboard and succeeded in deflecting its course, the Huascar was saved from sealing her own fate. The Chilean frigate, the Blanco Encalada, arrived four hours after the Peruvian monitor had left. Suffering from ill-health and discouraged on account of his failure to accomplish anything, while the Huascar had for two months kept the Chilean coast in a state of anxious suspense, Admiral Williams Rebolledo resigned his position as commander of the Chilean fleet, and Don Galvarino Riveros was appointed his successor. This officer took command of the Blanco Encalada in person, and the commander of the Cochrane resigning at the same time, his place was filled by Don Juan José Latorre, former commander of the Magallanes.

On the 1st of October, Riveros with the two ironclad frigates, which had both been cleaned in Valparaiso, and therefore now had better speed than formerly, and also the corvette O'Higgins, the gunboat Covadonga and the transport boat Loa, went on a cruise in search of the Huascar and Union, determined to put an end to the injuries which they had during five months inflicted upon them. No land operations of any importance could be undertaken until the Peruvian main force was rendered powerless. In the vicinity of Arica, Riveros, on the 4th of October, received the intelligence that the hostile ships were again on the coast of Chile, and he steered northward in search of them. In the latitude of Mejillones on the Bolivian coast he made two divisions of his squadron, in accordance with a plan lately formed to entrap the enemy. Whilst Riveros with the Blanco Encalada, the Covadonga, and the Matias

Cousiño, went south and cruised outside of Antofagasta and Mejillones, Latorre remained cruising between the latitudes of Mejillones and Cobija with the Cochrane, O'Higgins, and the Loa.

Shortly before dawn on the 8th of October, the officer on duty aboard the Blanco. Encalada was able by the dim moonlight to discern the smoke of two steamers skirting the coast to the southwest, five or six miles distant. They were the Peruvian men-ofwar, the Huascar and the Union, that under cover of the night had been cruising about without being discovered by the Chilean forces on the lookout for them. The commander of the Chilean fleet ordered his vessels to head for the hostile ones. The dexterous Peruvian Admiral, Don Miguel Grau, had hitherto been able to avoid a combat, and he hoped by his utmost speed to escape his pursuers and again prevent au encounter. The engineers of the Huascar and Union were ordered to put on all the steam they could carry, and the monitor and corvette cut the waves briskly westward. The distance between them and their pursuers rapidly increased. The hostile ships fell more and more into the rear. They were now nearly out of sight. Admiral Grau believed the danger over.

But in the very moment when the smoke behind vanished below the southern horizon, another smoke arose in front above the western horizon. Three dark points soon became visible through the smoke. They proved to be Chilean men-of-war, which were headed in such a way that their course must intersect the course of the Peruvian ships. It was the second division of the Chilean squadron, commanded by Latorre, that came up to challenge the Peruvian ships to combat.

When Admiral Grau sighted the three hostile ships, among which he soon recognized the Cochrane, and when he observed that they insisted upon cutting off his retreat toward the northwest, he became very grave. But the admiral was not only an expert sailor, but had great reputation for coolness and courage. He ordered his ships

to be immediately prepared for action, and, having arranged his papers, went into the iron-clad turret, and watched with intense anxiety the enemy's movements. The line of direction of the Chilean naval division he saw must eventually cut directly across the course the Peruvian vessel was compelled to keep to escape her enemy in the rear. Nevertheless, he argued if the Cochrane did not possess greater speed than she displayed during his last encounter with her, there was still a possibility his ships might pass the point of intersection before she reached gun-shot range, and on this he based his only hope of escape. But the admiral soon discovered that the Cochrane now made greater speed than at their previous encounter, and that in spite of all the sailor-craft he displayed a conflict was unavoidable.

The ships were rapidly approaching each other. All was made in readiness for action on board the monitor. The gunners stood with their crew by their three-hundred pounders ready to open fire. All on board stood in anxious expectation, or moved with nervous rapidity.

Ready for action! Only he who has found himself face to face with the enemy's threatening guns, expectant of mortal combat, is able to comprehend the situation on board the Huascar in the moment when, without hope of victory or salvation by flight, Admiral Grau with his men stood gazing upon the approaching foe-upon the formidable Cochrane, whose iron-clad hull was now distinctly outlined in the glow of the rising sun, her guns pointing out of the port-holes. The retreat toward the south was cut off. The smoke vanishing in the southeastern horizon would soon climb the arch of the sea; and, detained in her course as the Huascar would be by closing with the enemy ahead, the Blanco Encalada and the Covadonga would soon arrive to take part in the battle against her and her companion.

Having made everything in readiness for battle, in his turret Grau waited in silence the fateful moment for himself, his ships, and Perú. On board of the Union the utmost endeavor to escape by flight was being made.

The corvette shot past the Huascar and left her more and more behind. Don Aurelio Garcia y Garcia left his companion-at-arms to his fate. When Latorre observed this he despatched the O'Higgins and the Loa after her.

In vain the monitor tried to escape. The Chilean frigate had the better speed, and the distance between the two diminished. The Cochrane arrived at last within range. was then twenty-five minutes past nine o'clock.

Admiral Grau now opened the combat, using at the same time his utmost effort to escape. The Cochrane, which with steady course bore down upon the Huascar, did not immediately respond. Only when the frigate had gained still more in upon the monitor, out thundered her broadside artillery.

The very first shot from the Cochrane fell in the monitor. The projectile, a Pelliser shell, struck on the swivel-turret, and deranged its revolving-gear, worked by hand. and not by steam. Among the fallen were the gunners. But when the ranks again were filled, and the revolving-gear of the turret in working order, the artillery of the Huascar sent fiery answers back, and shells played around the Cochrane, where Latorre stood unprotected on the commander's bridge.

The combat continued with desperate endeavors on either side, the Huascar advancing northward, and keeping at bay her pursuer, who now followed in her track. But a well directed shot from the artillery of the Cochrane went clear through a porthole in the stern of the monitor, tearing the lines of one of the tackles attached to the helm-gear, and occasioning great havoc between decks. The helm-gear being damaged, the monitor could not be kept on a steady course, and the distance between her and her pursuer diminished consequently. New lines were run through the tackle-blocks, but no sooner was this accomplished than another shot once more tore the lines, and struck down the sailors around.

The Cochrane gained in upon her prey. Bravely the Huascar kept struggling with her

foe, bringing at this junction her mittrailleuses into play. The task of furnishing the tackle-blocks with new lines was at last accomplished on board the monitor, and she continued her course northward as formerly. The combat had now lasted nearly an hour. Great was the havoc on board of the Peruvian vessel, especially between decks. Here lay corpse heaped upon corpse. The blood, flowing in streams, splashed against the sides of the ship, and found an outlet through the waste-pipes. The monitor still held her own, however, and the Blanco Encalada had not yet gained the scene of conflict.

Again it flashed through the smoke in which the Chilean frigate was wrapped; again it thundered out over the ocean from her sides; and again it crashed on board the Peruvian monitor.

The shot which fell was fatal to the commander. The thunder which rolled over the waters sounded his death-knell. Never was artillery pointed with better precision or greater result. The projectile from the Cochrane struck upon and splintered the armored turret where stood Admiral Grau and gave his commands. The shell which rushed into the chamber exploded therein, tore the turret into a thousand pieces, and the luckless admiral was killed-so blown to pieces that but fragments of his skull and a few remains of his body were recovered; the rest most likely was thrown out into the ocean with the sides of the turret.

On the death of the Admiral, the next in command, Captain Don Elias Squirre, succeeded to the command; but almost instantly afterwards he was decapitated, and the senior officer after him, Captain Don Manuel Carbajal, seriously wounded by a shell from the Blanco Encalada; which, ever since the Huascar had abandoned her effort to escape, and while the combat had continued with out the adversaries' advancing further north, with Captain Riberos, the commander of the fleet on board, had been approaching the scene of the deadly duel with all possible speed, and by this time at a distance of six hundred yards, opened fire on the Huascar.

Although the odds against her doubled up by the arrival of the sister-ship to the one she had fought now more than half an hour, still the monitor continued to maintain the contest.

Soon another shot, fatal to the officer, Lieutenant Rodriguez, who, on the death of Carbajal had succeeded to the post of honor, was fired from the Cochrane. It killed him, as it glanced the turret, by its ports where he stood. By virtue of his rank, Lieutenant Palacios then assumed the command of the hard-tried monitor. But soon he too was struck down, seriously wounded by a shell; and the command now was handed over to Lieutenant Don Pedro Gavezon, one of the junior officers.

Suddenly, it was noticed on board the Cochrane that the Perúvian flag came down from the staff in the stern of the Huascar. Captain Latorre took this as a sign of surrender, and gave orders to cease firing immediately. Every moment he expected to see the white flag of truce go up. But lo instead of a white flag, the observers in the Chilean frigate were astonished to see an apparently new and much larger Perúvian flag hoisted up and unfold itself from the staff.

The Chilean commander, aware of his mistake, had his guns again brought to bear on the monitor, which he had now nearly approached. The combat was nearing its point of culmination. When the Huascar observed that escape was impossible, she described quickly an arc, and came with her ram headed toward the broadside of the frigate. But Latorre handled the Cochrane with great skill, avoided the blow, and then with the ram of the frigate he tried, in his turn, to run against his adversary, who like wise by skillful maneuvers avoided the blow In this manner the two ships described for some time arcs around one another, with radii from 100 to 300 yards, whilst rifle mitraille and gun-shots were exchanged.

Up to this moment the Cochrane ha practically maintained the contest with th Huascar alone, for the maneuvers of thes two ships had given the Blanco Encalada n opportunity to bring her artillery to bear u