question and answer, the argument in refutation of the papal supremacy. It is entirely conclusive, except to an opponent who should deny the historic data on which it is based; and even then, the purely scriptural argument remains very weighty. Its mission, we suppose, is among those on the boundary between Protestantism and Catholicism; for to Protestants it is superfluous, and to Catholics simply irreconcilable with the foundations of their faith.

-Of The Tinkham Brothers' Tide Mill,1 the reviewer need say nothing more than that it is by J. T. Trowbridge. It follows, as a matter of course, that it is bright, entertaining, written in the best of English, and with an infallible perception of what is in teresting to boys; also, that its whole tone is simple and manly, free of sensation or bombast; and that, in short, the only possible fault to be found with it is that the uniform good sense, good temper, and success of its heroes are perhaps calculated to increase the impression of the average lad that he is the best possible judge in all his affairs. We think we may even add to this that the present book is in some ways better than previous ones; it is pleasanter and more natural; the people in it are more life-like, more individual; the incidents are more of every day.

Workers and Idlers 2 is such a hopelessly mingled combination of good ideas and bad ones that we cannot recommend it to the reading of any one but specialists, who will be able to disentangle the false from the true. Its general thesis is that the miseries of human inequality can all be removed by the abolition (by law) of rents and interest. This doctrine has, purely as a matter of social speculation, a good deal to be said for it, as many others have that contemplate radical rearrangements of the social order. The adoption of beliefs so at variance with the accepted political economy by no means proves a man a fanatic or visionary- there are various very farreaching reorganizations of society that might be great benefits to the world, if only we could have the almost omnipotent wisdom to calculate and provide for all their consequences. With such schemes of reorganization it is right that the philosophers should busy themselves, and the most daring ones may be the truest; but any proposal to take hold inconsiderately, under present conditions, and wrench society from one basis to another, is a different matter. We shall not try to analyze the practical objections his scheme which our author ignores, nor the various sophistries which he confuses inextricably with sand arguments: enough to say that no one ought to read the treatise who is not able to do this for .mself, and that such a reader will find it not altogether a waste of time to look over some of the sugestive ideas herein. We will add that in exposition the fallacy of other socialistic hobbies than his own

1 The Tinkham Brothers' Tide Mill. By J. T. Trowedge. Boston: Lee & Shepard, 1883.

Workers and Idlers. By Merritt H. Dement: Chigo, 1883

the writer is especially clear and sound, adapted to the simple mind. -The second volume of "Romans Choises," issued by William R. Jenkins, is L'Abbe Constantin, the pretty French story which we reviewed some months since upon its appearance in an American translation. The book in its original form is a valuable acquisition to the readers of French in our country.- Wonders of Plant Life is a reprint of papers published in "Scribner's Monthly," with additions and enlargements to make the series more complete. It follows plant life from the lowest forms of non-specialized organization, through fungi, ferns, and all the grades up to insectivorous plants, which are placed highest, as having the greatest specialization, namely: a stomach, and distinct digestive functions, and voluntary motion. The chapters that are principally on the microscopic structure of plants will lose much of this interest to those who cannot follow the descriptions with an instrument; but the chapters on the functions of flowers, pitcher plants, and insectivorous plants will be found most charming to all, no matter how ignorant of the subject, and will seem astonishingly like a romance to those who have no previous knowledge of these wonderful facts of nature.

-Number XII. of the Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science is a study of Local Government and Free Schools in South Carolina.5 The first of these two treatises traces the spontaneous growth of the parish system of local government, in place of the impracticable proprietary system drawn up by John Locke; the origin of the district system in the needs of the up-country settlers, and the long rivalry between the up-country districts and low-country parishes, with the final extension, after the war, first of the district and then of the county system to the whole State. The paper on Free Schools is a briefer and supplementary treatise. Its main object is to show that the inferiority of the southern to the northern colonies in the matter of common school education was due to no indifference on the part of the southern colonists, but to the inevitable difficulties of maintaining schools in a country of scattered plantations, as compared to the compact settlements of New England; and also to the effect of slavery in preventing the growth of a middle class. Up to 1811 there was in South Carolina no State school system, but a number of free schools, due to private or local liberality. In 1828, seventeen years after their State establishment, there were 840 free schools and some 9,000 pupils. In 1861, 20,000 pupils attended the free schools of the State. ing the war and the 'carpet-bag" administration, the system was almost destroyed: since 1876 there 8 L'Abbe Constantin. Par Ludovic Halévy. New York: William R. Jenkins, 1883.

Dur

4 Wonders of Plant Life under the Microscope. By Sophie Bledsoe Herrick. G. P. Putnam's Sons, N. Y. For sale by A. L. Bancroft & Co., S. F.

5 Local Government and Free Schools in South Carolina. Ry B. James Ramage, A. B. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University. 1883.

has been steady improvement; and in 1880-81 there were 3,057 free schools in the State, with 133,458 pupils. The right of local taxation for schools is urged.--Studies in Longfellow,1 containing thirtytwo topics for study, with questions and references relating to each, is added to the "Riverside Literature Series" of fifteen-cent pamphlets for the use of schools, reading-clubs, etc., in studying American authors. They are all good and suggestive little books. Gunnison, Colorado's Bonanza County, is a geological monograph, analyzing the mineral wealth of the county in question.-Sea-Sickness & is a treatise, padded even beyond what bookmakers have rendered us familiar with, on the "cause, nature, and prevention" of this familiar misery. While we object to finding material for twenty-five pages spread over well nigh a hundred and fifty by endless repetition, platitudes, and digressions, we nevertheless recommend the book. Its one idea that sea-sickness is due to muscular ten

1 Studies in Longfellow. By W. C. Gannett, Bos

ton: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. For sale by Billings, Harbourne & Co.

2 Gunnison, Colorado's Bonanza County. By John K. Hallowell. Denver: Colorado Museum of Applied Geology and Mineralogy.

1883.

8 Sea-Sickness-Its Cause, Nature, and Prevention. By William H. Hudson. Boston: S. E. Cassino & Co.

sion, resisting the ship's motions, and is to be avoid ed by acquiring the capacity of perfect relaxationis probably the true one, though the author errs in supposing it very new or original to himself. He instances the loose-jointed gait of sailors, the relaxed muscles of the good horseman, and like corrobora tions. We have no doubt that his treatise will be of real benefit to sufferers from sea-sickness; and even those who already regarded muscular relaxation as the key of the situation will get some hints of value from it, as to putting their doctrine into practice.

-The popularity of English as She is Spoke has led the publishers of one of the various reprints to supplement it with farther extracts from the same source, Her Seconds Part. This "seconds part" abundantly proves that the first part was not made so complete by picking out Señor Carolino's best points. The "familiar letters," anecdotes, and “idiotisms and proverbs" are the best things in the second part.

"What comes in to me for an ear

yet out for another"; "It wants to speak of the rope a in the house of a hanged"; "It want to take the occasion for the hairs," are among the proverbs recog nizable with some effort.

English as She is Spoke: Her Seconds Part. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons: 1883. For sale by Billings, Harbourne & Co.

AFTER taking possession of Pisagua, General Escala, the Commander-in-chief of the Chilean expedition, first resolved to march south and attack Iquique, forty miles distant. But the very first reconnoitering party dispatched to the interior immediately after his victory found in the telegraph office of one of the stations on the railroad to the interior copies of telegrams exchanged between the defeated General Buendia and the Peruvian President in Arica. By this incident the enemy's plan for future operations was laid open to the Chileans. It consisted of the following combined movements: The Bolivian troops in Tacna, under General Daza, should march south; the troops in Iquique and vicinity, with the survivors of the routed garrison of Pisagua, under Buendia, should march northward; the two armies moving toward one another should unite somewhere in the interior, then advance together in the direction of the captured town, and whilst the Bolivian General attacked the enemy from the north, the Peruvian General should attack him from the south. The execution of this plan was expected to result in the complete annihilation of the invader. This valuable information influenced the Chilean General to abanVOL. III.-15.

don his first plan, and to adopt another calculated to prevent the two armies from uniting before he could force each one separately to a decisive battle, or else to await developments at an advantage, occupying the railroad, with its many strategical positions.

From the station at the northern extremity of Pisagua, the railroad reaches by four zigzag lines the summit of the cliff at Hospicio. From here it takes a wide curve to the south over a narrow strip of table-land, and then bending north, it begins climbing the foot of the first range of coast mountains. Three miles ahead it suddenly turns into a narrow ravine, and describing a curve to the right, it attacks the steep and rugged hills it has to cross upon the flank and in a southerly direction. At the summit of the pass it turns again north, and continuing for some miles in that direction, it reaches the solitary station of San Roberto. This is situated on an eminence overlooking the head of the deep and steep-walled gulch of Tiliviche, that opens out at the coast about three miles north of Pisagua. From this station the road winds down-hill; but after having made a long sweep to the south it climbs the cuesta, or stiff bank of the plateau of the

second range of coast mountains. Rounding the bluff, facing the junction of the narrow Zapiga ravine and the mighty gulch of Tiliviche, it enters the station of Jaspampa, commanding the high road between Iquique and Arica. Here the road has reached its highest elevation, about 3,700 feet above the sea-level. The station is about due east from Pisagua. Below in the ravine of Zapiga is the oficina Zabala, the first saltpeter manufactory established on the road and the northernmost one in the province of Tarapacá, which means in all Perú. Leaving Jaspampa Station, the road, now on the whole slightly descending toward the pampa of Tamarugal, enters upon less difficult ground and continues steadily in a southsoutheasterly direction. Four miles ahead it passes on its right the important oficina San Antonio, supplied with water by hydraulic means from the oasis Tiliviche, six miles distant to the northwest. A little farther on, abreast of the oficina Zapiga to the north, it winds down into the pampa of Tamarugal through a low pass between the hills that form the very interrupted chain of the third parallel of coast mountains. Skirting in the pampa Tamarugal some oficinas at the foot of these hills, it reaches the important water station at Dolores, where a short line leading to the oficina Santa Rita branches off to the right through a valley, opening out into the Tamarugal and hedged in by heights terminating to the north in the hill of Rosario, to the south in the hill of San Francisco. Along the Santa Rita branch line, between it and the foot of the heights to the north, lie several oficinas, the principal ones being the Rosario, the Esmeralda, and the Inde pendencia. Continuing its course in a southeasterly direction from Dolores, the railroad passes the stations and oficinas of San Francisco and Porvenir. In the last point another short line branches off to the right. Soon after leaving the junction, the railroad passes the important oficina of Santa Catalina, and nine miles further on it reaches Dibujo. Here the line turns almost due south and terminates soon after at the oficinas Agua Santa and Jermania. At the former

oficina there are two short branches—one to the westward and one to the eastward. The Pisagua railroad, southward bound in its lat ter part, and the Iquique railroad, curving north after leaving its principal station in the interior, La Noria, have their extremities, respectively, at Agua Santa and Peňa Chica, situated nearly due north and south of each other, and about twenty-three miles apart. Both lines are owned by the Peruvian firm Montero & Bros., and are to be extended in the direction of each other so as to meet.

Immediately south of Dolores there is the hill of San Francisco, the terminus of a narrow plateau nearly three miles long, branching off from the coast mountains, and running east out into the plain of Tamarugal, above which and the Pampa Negra (which stretches along its southern flank) it rises over eight hundred feet.

It was on these commanding heights of San Francisco-also called Cerro de la Encañada—that the Chilean vanguard under Sotomayor, numbering six thousand men, with thirty-two pieces of long-range guns, had established its camp, easily provided with water from the cisterns at Dolores, and with provisions brought to that station from Pisagua by rail.

On the 8th of November, General Buendia began concentrating his troops at Pozo Almonte, an oficina supplied with water by cisterns, and situated near the terminus of the Iquique railroad. On the same date, General Daza left Tacna and went by rail with three thousand Bolivians to Arica. Three days later he left that port, and marched southward to meet the army under Buendia. He was followed a few miles on the road by the Peruvian President, General Prado. The next day he halted in the oasis of Vitor, situated in the gorge of that name and about sixteen miles distant from Arica Thirty miles farther on, in the gorge of C marones, about midway between Arica an Dolores, the Bolivian President, who, as advanced through the desolate country, b came gradually more and more discourage abandoned at last on the 16th of Nove

ber) the task he had undertaken, and returned to Tacna. The idea of a countermarch so infuriated the soldiers, that when the order for it was given, but for the interference of his officers, Daza would have been shot there and then as a coward. The decision of the Bolivian President proved indeed a most fatal one to the cause of the allied republics. In the afternoon of that ery day, November 16th, when the order O countermarch was given to the troops Repeated from p. 196.

designated to re-enforce the army of Tarapacá, the troops of that army, assembled at Pozo Almonte (about 10,000 men), received orders to advance towards the position occupied by the enemy on the heights of San Francisco. A body of light infantry, detached from the "2d de Mayo" and "Zepita battalions of men drafted in Ayacucho and Cuzco, advanced foremost with scouts in the front. The vanguard was headed by General Buendia in person. Then followed the men of Velarde and Villamil, and the artil