jority, minority, and non-designated staff offices of the full committee and all subcommittees

• Creating well-defined textual and electronic files that are arranged in efficient and logical filing sequences and are free of unneeded information Removing transitory records in a timely and systematic fashion

• Removing and sending to the Archives all noncurrent permanently valuable textual and electronic records including e-mail and special media (audio and video recordings, photographs)

RECORDS MANAGEMENT POLICY

To establish an effective records program, it is important for the committee chairman and ranking minority member, or their designees, such as the majority and minority chief counsels, staff directors, or chief clerks, to issue a committee-wide records management policy memorandum. Such a memo should do the following:

• Remind all committee staff that records created or received and maintained as a result of committee-related work constitute records of the committee (Standing Rule XI.2 and 44 U.S.C. §2118) • Require implementation of good records management practices

• Require staff to file electronic documents including e-mail and attachments into labeled and dated "folders" before transferring the non-current permanent records to the Archives

• Require staff who are leaving committee employment to arrange all permanent non-current electronic and textual files in preparation for transfer of the materials to the Archives

• Authorize committee members or staff (if appropriate) who so wish to make copies of their files to take with them when they leave the committee; but stress that the "original" records must remain with the committee, and that access to material should follow S. Res. 474, 96th Congress

RECORDS MANAGEMENT

RESPONSIBILITIES

Managing committee records and information is an important responsibility that traditionally is performed by the chief clerk. The chief clerk must ensure that all staff are aware of the requirements outlined in the Standing Rules and statutes. Because committees vary in size and organizational structure, with most having "majority" and "minority" staffs, records management duties must be shared by key minority and subcommittee staff. In addition, committee computer systems managers increasingly will be responsible for designing and implementing system-wide procedures that facilitate the retention of electronic records. Inevitably, all committee staff bear some responsibility for the preservation of electronic records in that they must group them by issues into folders.

Ideally, each separate office within a committee, including the full committee, subcommittees, majority, and minority offices should designate one responsible individual to coordinate records management within that unit. That individual should ensure that staff are aware of committee policy and that they receive all available guidance when they begin work for the committee and again, prior to their departure.

The Senate archivist (4–3351) is available to assist chief clerks and all committee staff with the process of implementing good records management and preparing material for transfer to the Archives.

CHAPTER I:

Senate committee records are defined as: all documentary materials, regardless of physical form, made or received and maintained by committees in connection with the transaction of committee legislative, oversight, and executive business.3

These records result from staff work on bills, oversight, investigations, nominations, treaties, and impeachment proceedings. They are considered appropriate for preservation because they either provide evidence of the organization, functions, and operations of the committee or because they contain valuable information and facts. For disposition purposes, it is important to distinguish records of lasting value from those which have only short term administrative

use.

There are three tests for "informational value" that should be applied in determining whether to preserve a specific group of records. They relate to the records' uniqueness, form, and importance. In this context, "uniqueness" means that the records cannot be found elsewhere in as complete or usable form. The test related to form concerns the degree to which the information in the records is concentrated. It also relates to the physical condition of the records and the ease of access to the information contained therein. The research importance of a group of records is a somewhat subjective matter that can best be determined by use of similar bodies of records. While those who create the records are in a position to evaluate their relative immediate importance, their perspective can be limited by their "familiarity," and they may tend to underrate the material's longer range significance.

Uniqueness and importance are characteristics inherent in committee records documenting work on significant legislation, oversight issues, investigations of wrongdoing, treaty review, and processing nominations. It is these records that have enduring value to the committee and to the American people. Assistance with the identification and transfer of records

3 This is based on the Federal Records Act (44 U.S.C. 3301), which provides the following definition of records: "all books, papers, maps, photographs, machine readable materials, or other documentary materials, regardless of physical form or characteristics, made or received . . . in connection with the transaction of public business and preserved . . . as evidence of the organization, functions, policies, decisions, procedures, operations, or other activities of the government or because of the informational value of data in them."

of lasting value is detailed in Chapter III of this book and is available on request from the Senate archivist (4-3351).

OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION
AUTHORITY

The ownership and disposition of committee records is defined by statute and Senate rule (see inside front cover). Section 202(d) of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, 2 U.S.C. §72a(d), and Senate Standing Rule XXVI(10)(a), make clear that the records of Senate committees are the property of the Senate. The text of 2 U.S.C. §72a(d) provides in part:

All committee hearings, records, data,
charts, and files shall be kept separate and
distinct from the congressional office
records of the member serving as chairman
of the committee, and such records shall
be the property of the Congress and all
members of the committee and the respec-
tive houses shall have access to such
records.

Senate Standing Rule XXVI.10(a) reiterates that "such records shall be the property of the Senate and all members of the committee and the Senate shall have access to such records."

Disposition of committee records also is governed by statute and Senate rule which state that the secretary of the Senate is required to obtain noncurrent records from committees and to transfer those records to the National Archives. The Senate Historical Office, which operates under the jurisdiction of the secretary, is charged with the collection and administration of all Senate committee records (44 U.S.C. §2118). Senate Standing Rule XI states:

No memorial or other paper presented to
the Senate, except original treaties finally
acted upon, shall be withdrawn from its files
except by order of the Senate. The Sec-
retary of the Senate shall obtain at the close
of each Congress all the noncurrent records
of the Senate and of each Senate com-
mittee and transfer them to the National Ar-
chives for preservation, subject to the orders
of the Senate.

Further clarification is provided in a Senate legal counsel memorandum (see Exhibit 1-1). The legal

counsel comments that 2 U.S.C. § 72a(d) applies to "all" records of a committee and 44 U.S.C. §2118 applies to "all" noncurrent records. "The 'all' in 2 U.S.C. §72a(d) modifies every category of records which follows, including 'files."" Consequently, there is no tenable distinction between "committee files" and "staff files." All records created or received by Senate committee staff in connection with Senate committee business are the property of the Senate.

Under Rule XI, the Senate adopts resolutions to authorize the production of Senate records to judicial and law enforcement bodies. Ordinarily, resolutions under Rule XI are considered before access to Senate records is accorded. In such matters, consultation with the Senate legal counsel is recommended. In addition, the committee's original documentation should remain with the committee.

Senate staff should be mindful of the responsibilities imposed upon them by the Senate's Standing Rules and federal law. Failure to comply with these authorities governing the handling of Senate records could result in the violation of federal criminal laws. According to 18 U.S.C. §§ 641, 2071, it is a criminal offense for anyone to convert to his own or another's use, or without authority to dispose of, any government records, or for anyone with custody of records filed in a government office unlawfully to remove or destroy such records.

PERSONAL FILES

It is, of course, possible that committee staff also may keep purely personal papers in their office. For example, unless specifically prohibited by individual committee rules, and as long as they comply with Senate Rule XXXVII on Conflict of Interest, and Rule XVI on Political Fund Activity, staff may engage in campaign activities during their free time or off-duty hours. Before engaging in campaign activity, however, it is advisable to contact the Senate Ethics Committee (see Senate Select Committee on Ethics, Interpretative Rulings, Numbers 3, 5, 22, 59, 88,154, 194, and 263). The Ethics Committee specifically stated in Ruling Number 153 that the rulings concerning participation in campaigns "are applicable to employees of individual senators, staff of Senate committees, and employees working for officers of the Senate." Any records resulting from campaign activities would be personal papers, not committee records.

Other examples of personal files which might be kept by staff in a committee office include papers accumulated before joining the committee, materials pertaining to outside business pursuits, family and personal relationships, teaching and educational programs, and diaries and personal notes which are not prepared for transacting committee business. Executive branch regulations implementing 44 U.S.C.

§ 3301 exclude those "papers of a private or nonpublic character that do not relate to, or have an effect upon, the conduct of agency business." The executive regulations provide that such materials should be clearly designated and maintained separately from the records of the office (36 CFR § 1222.20(d)).

Committee chief clerks should caution staff to follow this example and file any personal records separately from records documenting committee business. This will help to avoid inadvertent destruction or removal of official committee material and to facilitate their disposition.

POLITICAL FILES

Because many committee staff are designated as either majority or minority, there is sometimes a tendency for these staff to regard their files as "political" and, therefore, "private," or "personal." It is important to distinguish between committee "political" duties and purely private "political" activities. Jack Maskell, a legislative attorney with the American Law Division of the Congressional Research Service, comments on the somewhat confusing aspects of "political" activity:

Although the distinction between "official"
duties and "campaign" activities is a com-
mon one in congressional matters, because
of the various public, political, and official
roles which a member may assume in con-
nection with his position in Congress, there
may be instances where this distinction is
less clear than in others, or where one area
may intrude into the other. Some confusion
may initially be caused by the labeling of
some of the official representational duties
of a Member of Congress as "political" in
nature.4

For purposes of distinguishing between committee records and personal political records, staff should keep in mind that certain committee activities inevitably have "political" overtones but nevertheless constitute official duties. Committee records, for example, should fully document the majority and the minority positions on legislation or points of view about a nominee. Private political activities, on the other hand, are characterized in Senate rules governing conflict of interest and campaign activities. As listed in the CRS report, activities typically understood by congressional rule, statute, and practice to be "political" or "campaign" activities include the solicitation of political contributions, canvassing votes for a candidate in a primary or general election, organizing a political fund-raiser, coordinating campaign volunteer lists, etc. Such docu

4 Jack Maskell, "Use of Congressional Staff on Political Campaigns," American Law Division, Congressional Research Service Report, March 16, 1981, page 13.