emplified" by extolling the characters of local sons and daughters who have played outstanding roles, locally or nationally. For example, he may speak of heroes who, while serving in the armed forces of the United States, performed valorous deeds; of scientists and educators whose efforts have turned the darkness of ignorance into the light of knowledge; of humanitarians who, as great servants of mankind, have added to the health, welfare, and happiness of their fellowmen; or of others whose imagination and skill in the creative arts have enriched the lives of their countrymen.

Celebrations held in communities rich in historical background afford speakers the opportunity of recalling to memory, either directly or indirectly, the spiritual heritage of which the monuments and historical places of the community are present witness. They can be used to instill in their listeners a deeper appreciation of their debt to the past and of their obligations to the present and the future.

In the Nation's Capital, for instance, are many shrines that symbolize the soul of our country, that record America's history, and that foretell her destiny. Pointing to the stars, the Washington Monument memorializes the unselfish devotion of the Father of Our Country to the cause of freedom. The Jefferson Memorial embodies the spirit of the man who expressed the basic principles of our national life, who gave to this Nation its democratic mission, and who enunciated the principle that the rights of man are universal. The Lincoln Memorial, dedicated to the memory of a man whose great heart held love for all humanity, calls to mind that liberty is indivisible. The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Arlington Cemetery reminds us that America reverently remembers its unknown and unsung heroes who sacrificed themselves for the rights and privileges that we all enjoy. The National Capitol, itself, silhouetted against an ever changing sky, signifies to the world the right of a free people to govern themselves.

Truly speakers can most effectively give vivid expression to the rights and responsibilities of citizenship by referring to local and national shrines. In Boston, a speaker would be most remiss if he did not point out the inspiring meaning of the many national shrines in and around that city: Plymouth Rock, where the passengers of the Mayflower, seeking freedom of religion, landed to set up a new type of government; Faneuil Hall, "The Cradle of American Liberty,"

where Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and others of Revolutionary War fame delivered their fiery speeches, and within whose holy walls once reposed the body of Crispus Attucks, a Negro, the first victim of the Boston massacre and America's first martyr to the cause of freedom; Boston Harbor, where the famous Tea Party flung British tea overboard; the route of Paul Revere's unforgettable ride in the darkness of the night to warn of the coming of the British; Lexington Green, where the War of Independence began; Concord Bridge, marked by a statue of the Minute Man on which is carved the imperishable words

Here once the embattled farmers stood and fired the shot heard round the world;

and Bunker Hill, which bears mute testimony of a military defeat but offers eloquent proof of the unconquerable spirit that ultimately wins when engaged in a righteous cause.

In Philadelphia, where our Nation was born, Independence Hall and the Liberty Bell are never-ending sources of inspiration. Valley Forge, nearby representing what Washington and his ragged, starving soldiers fought and prayed for-furnishes patriotic and stirring material out of which speeches may be built.

On Virginia soil are many reminders of those giants in mind and spirit who played their part upon the stage of our early national history when our liberty-loving forefathers were small in number, but big in hope and aspiration: Patrick Henry, whose voice rang out in the cause of liberty and sounded the call to battle; George Mason, who laid the cornerstone of individual freedom in the Virginia Bill of Rights; Jefferson, who wrote his zeal for democracy into our Nation's basic charters of liberties-the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights of the Constitution of the United States.

Counterparts of Hancock, Adams, Henry, Mason, Jefferson, and Washington, and of countless other patriots who have stood for the great values of life, defended the things we love, protected the things we cherish, and followed the God we worship may be found throughout the history of all the broad reaches of our land.

When speakers remind their audiences of these inspirational contributions to the ideals of liberty, good Americans will renew their efforts to achieve the hopes of the future, to keep the faith of our

forefathers, to hold in deep reverence and gratitude our American citizenship.*

In this day when distance has been dwarfed, and time telescoped, when the advance of science has brought people everywhere face to face, speakers at Citizenship Day celebrations may well emphasize the interdependence of all mankind.

Today we are forced to think, not merely in community or State or even national terms, but in world terms. Yet, what we do in world affairs depends upon what we are and do as a Nation, and that in turn depends upon what we are and do in our States and communities. For, like the pebble tossed into a body of water, which starts circles that widen and widen until they reach the farthermost shore, what happens in our hamlets and villages ultimately is felt in the capitals of the nations.

The well-being of Americans is bound up with the well-being of all mankind. Our lives are entwined with the lives of peoples everywhere; anything that affects their welfare, ultimately affects ours. Humanity is truly indivisible. This we must never forget! America. indeed, touches hearts and elbows with all the nations of mankind.“

'LT. CHARLES J. Stephenson, U. S. N. R. San Diego, Calif., “I Am an American Day" celebration, 1944.

"We should not only feel the presence of democracy and look into the future, but should also read the 'minutes of the last meeting' and remember the heritage left to us by men and women of past generations who sacrificed their all on the altar of freedom. "We should also have a sense of 'destiny' for our conduct of today will probably shape the destiny of the world for generations to come.

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* Former U. S. Senator Robert F. WAGNER. New York City, “I Am an American Day" celebration, 1944.

"War is a ruthless school master. It is teaching us a lesson the world should have memorized long ago; that no man and no nation are sufficient unto themselves; that we are all brothers under God; that if our brothers are enslaved, our liberty is imperiled; if our brothers are hungry, our plenty is a myth; if our brothers are attacked, we are not safe."

The Jacksonville (Fla.) Journal. "I Am an American Day," 1944.

"As we extend the hand of welcome and fellowship to this day's new citizens, let each of us examine also the citizenship he holds. If that citizenship is narrow, then it is weak; if it has in it anything of hatred or exclusiveness, then it is unsound. But if it is a citizenship which looks cordially and faithfully upon good people the world around, then it is the strongest and soundest of privileges, and each of us may say with truth and justice, 'I Am an American.'

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GENERAL OMAR N. BRADLEY. Excerpt from speech at the World Peace Dinner, Birmingham, Ala., Nov. 11, 1947.

"Until the liberty and dignity of the individual everywhere are respected and safe

It is appropriate for speakers to remind their audiences of the lessons learned in days of danger that should be put to practice when the crisis is past.

The following story illustrates the way humanity sometimes acts. A man took refuge from a prairie fire in a bit of waste land that had previously been burned over. Every sort of animal came running to this safety zone-buffalo, fox, wolf, deer, rabbit, gopher, prairie dog, the fierce and the gentle of wild life-until there were more than a thousand animals all together. Moved by a sense of common danger, they made no attempt to attack each other. But as soon as the fire had passed, the unity was broken! Fighting began! Many of the smaller animals were devoured! Others fled in mortal fear!

Human beings, likewise, draw near to each other in time of danger and do kind deeds for one another. Sympathy and good will hold sway in their hearts. Disaster binds people together and abolishes the barriers of selfishness and hate. The threat of immediate danger over, vicious propaganda sows the seeds of distrust, opens fissures between nations, and stirs up internal quarrels between populations within nations. This can be stopped only by the instrument of understanding.

guarded, we shall have a formidable barrier to the attainment of sound and lasting peace. Any permanent solution to the problems of the world must necessarily be based upon the free will of the people; it cannot be based upon the sacrifice of basic human rights." WILLIAM G. CARR, Associate Secretary, National Education Association. Excerpt from speech before the Third National Conference on Citizenship, Washington, D. C., May 17, 1948.

"Let no one suppose that the world-minded American citizen will accept peace at any price. There could be a peace of slavery, a peace where human rights are ignored, a peace of death. There could be temporary security in submission to injustice, security in stagnation, the security of a cage. These are not the peace and security which the world-minded American seeks. There is a basic morality in the peace and security which the world-minded American aims to promote and to cherish. He has been taught to stand up for freedom both because freedom is a good thing in itself, and because the suppression of freedom is a menace to the peace of the world. Every invasion of freedom of thought and of speech in our country is a threat to the peace. Every extension of tyranny over the mind of man, anywhere in the world, is a danger to peace. Help us to use public education to make our country a living demonstration to all the world that free men, with free minds, are the surest guarantees of peace and justice."

International understanding cannot be built on military might, although our Nation must keep strong so long as there exist in the world power-crazed leaders who recognize only force.

In the words of UNESCO, "Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defenses of peace must be built." Through intellectual and spiritual understanding we must work toward a world friendship that will bring peace and happiness to all mankind.

Speakers cannot stress too strongly that American citizens should know, cherish, and live United States citizenship. Someone has said that "Men will always fight for their government according to their sense of its value. To value it right they must understand it." The worth and importance of our citizenship cannot be appreciated if our education is faulty. Youth must be inculcated with a fundamental grounding in the principles of democracy. The gripping story of this Nation, much of which is now gathering dust in the libraries of our country, must be learned.

Education is the best means by which freedom, with its privileges and its obligations, is understood and its principles maintained. As Thomas Jefferson said: "Enlighten the people generally and tyranny and oppression of body and mind will vanish like evil spirits at the dawn of day."

Many speakers emphasize that America is a land of liberty under the law, but point out that moral law is a basic part of the fabric of all law. Asked "How could citizens be expected to know all the laws?," a wise judge replied, "They don't need to remember all the laws. All that it is necessary to remember is the Golden Rule 'All things whatsoever ye would that men should do unto you, do ye even so unto them.'

"It is significant," commented the judge, "that for thousands of years many different and widely scattered races of people have, in some form, recommended as a rule of conduct and test of virtue rule very similar to our Golden Rule."

And then this judge, the late Hon. W. E. Baker of the United States District Court at Wheeling, W. Va., cited the rules that other peoples have advocated, thus: