A.

Actions at law, regulated by lex fori, 152;
against foreign sovereigns, 161; in case
of alien enemies, 305, 418.
Adair's mission to Court of Vienna, 334.
Adams, C. F., Minister to Great Britain;
his correspondence with Earl Russell in
1865, concerning recognition by Great
Britain of belligerent rights in the
rebel States of the U. States, 37, 38
(n.); correspondence with Earl Rus-
sell at the close of the American civil
war, 574 et seq. (n.); with the Earl of
Clarendon, 577 et seq. (n.); summary
of these correspondences, 579, 580 (n.).
Adams, J. Q., lays down the germ of the
Monroe Doctrine, 98 (n.) (see Monroe
Doctrine); argument on the fisheries,
343.

Admiralty, Court of, sentence conclusive as
to title, 218; droits of, 382.
Adriatic Sea, Claim of Venice to, 262,
268.

Aguesseau, Euvres de, 20.

Aix-la-Chapelle, Congress of 1818, 94,
238, 292.

Albinagii, Jus (see Aubaine, Droit d'), 138.
Alerta, Case of the, 551 (n.).
Alexandra, Case of the, 567 et seq. (n.);
criticisms on, 569, 570 (n.); opinions of
the judges, 569, 570 (n.).
Alfred, Case of the, 550 (n.).
Algiers (see Barbary States, Mohammedan
States).

Aliens, as to right of, to hold real estate,
138; French code, 138; how affected
by treaties of U. States, 139; French
treaties of 1778, 1800, and 1853, as to,
139; jurisdiction over resident, 220
(n.); children of ambassadors, born
abroad, not, 300.

Allegiance, due to native country till
change of nationality, 132; claim of
Great Britain of indissoluble, not a
doctrine of the law of nations, 172.
Allgemeines Landrecht für die Preussichen
Staaten, 308.

Alliance, Treaties of, 355; distinction be-
tween general, and treaties for subsi-
dies, 356; casûs fœderis of a defensive,
356; between Great Britain and Hol-
land, of 1678, 1709, 1713, 1717, 357;
between Great Britain and Portugal,
371; between France and the U. States,
365; Holy Alliance, 94, 105 (n.), 106
(n.); with savages, 428 (n.).
Alternat, Use of, 234.

Amazon, Navigation of the, 288 (n.).
Ambassadors (public ministers), exempt
from local jurisdiction, 153, 156, 179,
300; right of sending, of first rank,
232; language of diplomacy, 235; resi-
dent ministers, when first sent, 289; in-
formal diplomatic agents, 291; their
rights, 291; classification of, 292; so
called, represent sovereign, 293; prece-
dence of States, 294; who may send,
294; rank of, 294; distinction between,
and envoys, 294; Chargés d'Affaires ac-
credited to Minister of Foreign Affairs,
295; in the U. States, can communicate
only with the Secretary of State, 295
(n.); can take no public notice of Presi-
dential messages, or Congressional de-
bates, 295 (n.); cases of Genet and
Hülsemann, 295 (n.); letters of credence
of, 296; commercial agents and consuls,
296 (n.); full power, 297; passports of,
297; may decline to hear despatch
read, unless a copy is left with him, 297
(n.); duty of on arrival, 298; audi-
ence, 299; privileges, 299; extra-terri-
toriality of, 300; privileges of, extend

Bates, Joshua, case of the Creole referred
to, 166 (n.); his decision, 166, 167 (n.).
Bathurst, Earl, correspondence with J. Q.
Adams, 343.

Bays, maritime territory extends to, 255;
meaning of term in convention of 1818
as construed in the case of the Wash-
ington, 351 (n.); extent of neutral juris-
diction within, 529.

Belgium, revolution of 1830–39; interven-
tion of great powers in separation from
Holland, 119; river Scheldt, 275; neu-
trality of, 514.

Bell, Commentaries on Law of Scotland,
148.

Belligerency, recognition of, 34 (n.).
Belligerent rights in civil war, when ac-
cordance of is justifiable, 34 (n.), 41 (n.);
to justify, there must be actual war,
35 (n.); tests thereof, 35 (n.); the ac-
cordance of, releases the parent State
from responsibility for acts of the in-
surgents, 35 (n.); where the insurgents
and the parent State are maritime, 35
(n.); whether the recognition of, is un-
called for and premature, 36 (n.); re-
sults to the insurgents of a recognition
of, 37 (n.); to the parent government,
37 (n.); correspondence between Mr.
Adams and Earl Russell, April 7 to
Sept. 18, 1865, on recognition by Great
Britain of, in the rebel States in America,
37 et seq. (n.); recognition of, by France
and Holland in the American Revolu-
tion, 38 (n.); American claims on Den-
mark for recognition of, in the American
Revolution, 38 (n.); accorded by the
U. States in the war between Spain
and her South American colonies, 38
(n.); case of the Greek war with Tur-
key, 38 (n.) (see Civil war; Civil War
in the U. States).

Belligerent occupation, of Castine by the
British, and of ports in Mexico by
U. States, 421 (n.); revenue duties
under U. States laws claimed in nei-
ther of these cases, 421 (n.); fully
treated of by Pfeiffer, 432 (n.); essen-
tials of, 436 (n.); allegiance and obedi-
ence of non-combatants during, 436
(n.); political laws of, 437 (n.); where
the U. States is occupant, 437 (n.);
extent of, 457 (n.); municipal and pri-
vate laws not suspended by, 437 (n.);
occupant's rights to confiscate immova-
ble property, &c., 437, 438 (n.); title to
public movable property, 438 (n.); no
title to private movables without an act
of transfer or capture, 439 (n.); incor-
poreal rights, 439 (n.); slaves, 439, 440
(n.); emancipation of, 440 (n.); in the
civil war in the U. States, 440 (n.); na-
ture of this act, 441 (n.) (see Conquest,
Postliminy).

Bello Corrunes, Case of the, 553 (n.).

Belts, Sovereignty of Denmark over, 264.
Bentham, Principles of International Law,
7; morals and legislation, 19; criticises
phrase, "law of nations," 19; proposed
the term, "international law," 20.
Black Sea, treaty of March 30, 1856, 91
(n.); treaty with regard to armament
in, 119 (n.); claims of Turkey to, 263;
neutralized by treaty of Paris, 263;
whether mare clausum, 263; navigation
of, 264 (n.).

Betsey, Case of the, 543 (n.).
Betsey, Case of the sloop, 543 (n.).
Betsey Cathcart, Case of the, 543 (n.).
Blockade, may be, of ports of insurgents,
after, but not before, the recognition of
actual war, 36 (n.); in the civil war in
the U. States, 375 (n.); decisions of
American courts on question arising
under, 375 et seq. (n.) (see Civil war
in the U. States); the question of a
continuous voyage, its importance, bear-
ing, &c., 667 et seq. (n.); under the
rule of 1756, 668 (n.); breach of, 668;
the question is, the destination of the
cargo, 669 (n.); commercial, 671 (n.);
difference between these and military
or strategic, 671 (n.); efforts to abol-
ish them, 671, 672 (n.); of Charleston
in 1861-65, 671 (n.); Cass and others.
on abolition of commercial, 671–73 (n.);
what is a violation of, 672; definition
of, 673; must be actual and effective,
674 (n.); rights of neutral vessels of
war in cases of, 675 (n.); occasional
interruptions of, 675 (n.); must be com-
plete as to both ingress and egress (case
of the Franciska), 675, 676 (n.); ac-
cidental absence of fleet, 675; knowl-
edge of, necessary, 676; general notifi-
cation of, not sufficient, 676; paper,
677; time allowed to leave, 678; notifi-
Ication of, 680 et seq. (n.); in the U.
States civil war, 680, 681 (n.); recog-
nized by the prize courts, 681–83 (n.);
in the Crimean war, 683 (n.); coming
out of port with cargo, whether laden
before or after, 684; vessel must be
taken for breach of, during voyage,
686; Hautefeuille's views of the right
of capture, 686 (n.); liability of owners
of cargo (case of the Panaghia Rhom-
ba), 686 (n.); closing of domestic ports
by municipal surveillance, 402, 687 (n.);
cases of, 687, 688 (n.).

Bohier, Observations sur la Coutume de
Bourgogne, 135.

Bonaparte, Jerome, his marriage to Miss
Patterson held invalid by the Cour Im-
périale, 151 (n.).

Bosphorus, Navigation of the, 263, 264
(n.), 272 (n.).

Braganza, Recognition of dynasty of, 42
(n.).
Brothers, Case of the, 543 (n.).

374; both parties in, entitled to rights
of war, 374 (n.).

Civil war in the U. States, correspond-

ence between Mr. Adams and Earl Rus-
sell, in 1865, on the recognition by Great
Britain of belligerent rights in the rebel
States, 37, 38 (n.); theory of the seces-
sion party, 83 (n.); slavery formed in
the main the test of disloyalty in, 83
(n.); ground taken by the government
in, 83 (n.); organization of the Con-
federate States, 83 (n.); Constitution,
83, 84 (n.); course of the U. States
Government, 84 (n.), at the surrender
of the last armies of the rebels, 84 (n.),
towards individuals, 84 (n.); suspension
of habeas corpus, 84 (n.); status of the
rebellious portions of the country, after
the close of the rebellion, 85 (n.); re-
sult of the rebellion as affecting the
construction of the Constitution of the
U. States, and the supremacy of the gov-
ernment, 85, 86 (n.); Russian offer of
mediation in, 121 (n.); French ditto,
121 (n.); trial of the crew of the Sa-
vannah, 196 (n.); trial of Smith, 197
(n.) (see Rebels as Pirates, 196 et seq.);
(the proclamations of the Queens of
England and Spain and of the French
Emperor in 1861, 198, 199 (n.); the
case of the Golden Rocket, burned by.
the rebel cruiser Florida, 199 (n.); de-
cisions of the U. States Courts, 199
(n.); belligerent powers exercised in,
374 et seq. (n.); what it in fact was,
374 (n.); initiatory acts of the rebels
in, 374 (n.); proclamations of foreign
powers recognizing the existence of
war, 375 (n.); blockade maintained by
the U. States, 375 (n.); action of the
prize courts, 375 (n.); in the case of
the Amy Warwick, 375, 376 (n.); case
of the Hiawatha, 376 (n.); decision of
the Supreme Court that no special Act
of Congress was necessary to enable the
President to declare the blockade, 376
(n.); exercise of belligerent rights by
U. States cruisers, 377 (n.); principles
followed by the prize courts, 377 (n.); |
a corresponding system adopted on land,
377 (n.); case of Walter W. Smith, 377
(n.); of the crew of the Savannah, 377
(n.); Earl Russell's letter on confisca-
tion in, 389 (n.); confiscation by the
rebels of all property of alien enemies,
393 (n.), by the U. States of rebel prop-
erty on the ground of domicil only,
417 (n.); orders concerning abuse of
flags of truce, 430 (n.); orders respect-
ing non-combatants, 431 (n.); emanci-
pation of slaves in, 440 (n.); nature of
this act, 441 (n.); slaves emancipated,
serving in the army and captured, re-
quired to be treated as prisoners of war,
442 (n.); privateers fitted out by the

rebels but not by the U. States, 456 (n.);
questions as to rights of rebel captors of
prizes, arising in, 487 (n.); case of the
Chesapeake, 521 et seq. (n.); discussed,
523, 524 (n.); British rules for belli-
gerent vessels in her waters during, 525
(n.); capture of the Florida in neutral
waters, 528 (n.); questions of neutrality
arising in, between England and the
U. States, 567 et seq. (n.); case of the
Alexandra, 567 et seq. (n.); criticisms
on this case, 569 (n.); opinions of the
judges therein, 569, 570 (n.); the fitting
out of rebel privateers in English ports,
571 (n.); the Oreto or Florida, 571 (n.);
the Georgia or Japan, the Rappahan-
nock, the Shenandoah or Sea King, the
Pampero or Canton, 572 (n.); the rams
of the Messrs. Laird, 573 (n.) (see also
mention of all these cases in the follow-
ing correspondences); correspondence
between Mr. Adams and Earl Russell
at the close of the war, 574 et seq. (n.),
between Mr. Adams and the Earl of
Clarendon, 577 et seq. (n.); summary of
these correspondences, 579, 580 (n.);
questions arising under the doctrine of
"free ships, free goods," and the Dec-
laration of Paris of 1856, 612, 613 (n.);
case of the Trent, 637 et seq. (n.) (see
the Trent); Mr. Seward's instructions
concerning mails, &c., 660, 661 (n.);
blockade of Charleston, 671 (n.); noti-
fication of blockade in, 681-83 (n.).
Clarendon, Earl of, correspondence with
Mr. Adams, at close of civil war in
U. States, 577 et seq. (n.); summary of
this, 579, 580 (n.).

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, Debates in U.
States on construction of, 104, 105 (n.).
Closter-Seven, Capitulation of, 500.
Coast, definition of, extent of the terms,
"coast" or "shore," 256; as construed
in the case of the Washington, 351 (n.);
extent of neutral jurisdiction along, 529.
Cocceius, De Jure Belli inter Amicos, 404;
what persons should be considered domi-
ciled in an enemy's country, 404.
Cochrane, Admiral, letter announcing re-
taliatory measures by wasting towns
and districts on coast of U. States, 441.
Collegium Fecialium among the Romans,
499.

Colonial trade, rule of 1756, 663; revived
in French Revolution, 666.
Colony, asserting its independence, how
considered by other States, 39; recog-
nition of its independence by foreign
States, 41.

Comity, principles of as to foreign laws,
134-36; as to remedies, 136 (n.) (see
Conflict of Laws).

Commercen, Case of the, 664 (n.).
Compositive States, what, 65.
Concepcion, La, Case of, 553 (n.).