Professor Hirsch will, upon occasion, give opportunities for the reading of Modern Hebrew.

IV. ARAMAIC LANGUAGES AND LITERATURES

160. Biblical Aramaic.-The elements of Aramaic, including a study of the Aramaic portions of the Books of Ezra and of Daniel. Mj. Winter Quarter, 1911, PROFESSOR HARPER.

162. Targum.-Selections from the Targum, with Grammar, Lexicography, and Methods of the Targumim. M. PROFESSOR HARPER.

164. Beginning Syriac.-Including the material of Nestle's Grammar, and selections from the New Testament. Mj. Spring Quarter, 1910, PROFESSOR HARPER.

166. Advanced Syriac.-Roediger, Chrestomathia Syriaca; Land, Anecdota Syriaca. Mj. Spring Quarter, 1911, PROFESSOR HARPER.

V. ASSYRIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

170. Assyrian Language.-A study of the Esarhaddon texts, and of (a) the grammatical principles of the language, (b) the more common cuneiform signs, (c) the use of the Assyriological material for lexicographical purposes. Mj. Autumn Quarter, 1909, DR. LUCKENBILL.

172. Early Assyrian Historical Inscriptions. Including (a) the critical interpretation of Tiglathpileser I; (b) a more rapid reading of the remaining inscriptions from before 745 B. C. Mj. Winter Quarter, 1910, DR. LUCKENBILL.

174. Later Assyrian Historical Inscriptions.-Including (a) a critical interpretation of the Ašurbanipal Inscription, with (b) a more rapid reading of the remaining historical inscriptions from 745 B. c. to 626 B. C. Mj. Winter Quarter, 1911, PROFESSOR HARPER.

176. Selected Assyrian Historical Inscriptions. With special reference to Assyrian Lexicography. Mj. Autumn Quarter, 1910, PROFESSOR HARPER. 178. Babylonian Historical Inscriptions.--Including (a) Nebuchadrezzar, East India House (I. Rawlinson, pl. 53-58-59-64); and (b) Neo-Babylonian Inscriptions (of Nebuchadrezzar and Nabonidus). Mj. Spring Quarter, 1910, PROFESSOR HARPER.

179. Babylonian Historical Literature.-Mj. Winter Quarter, 1911, PROFESSOR HARPER.

180. Babylonian and Assyrian Contracts.-Using Meissner, Beiträge zum altbabylonischen Privatrecht; Johns, Assyrian Deeds and Documents; Stevenson, Assyrian and Babylonian Contracts; Strassmaier, Inschriften von Nabonidus. Mj. Autumn Quarter, 1911, PROFESSOR Harper.

182. Epistolary Literature.—(a) Letters of the Hammurabi Period, using King, The Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi; (b) The Tel el-Amarna Letters, using The Tel el-Amarna Tablets in the British Museum; Bezold, Oriental Diplomacy; and Winckler, Tel el-Amarna Letters; (c) The Letters of the Sargon Period, using R. F. Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Letters. Mj. Winter Quarter, 1911, PROFESSOR HARPER.

184. Assyrian Syllabaries and Mythological Inscriptions.-Using King and Thompson, Cuneiform Texts from the Babylonian Tablets, etc., in the British Museum. Autumn Quarter, 1912, PROFESSOR HARPER.

186. Babylonian Psalms, Prayers, and Addresses. Using Zimmern, Babylonische Busspsalmen; King, Babylonian Magic and Sorcery; and Knudtzon, Assyrische Gebete an den Sonnengott. M. Summer Quarter, 1910, PROFESSOR HARPER.

188. Religious Texts.-The_Šurpu and Makla Series of Incantations. Using Zimmern, Beiträge zur Kenntnis der babylonischen Religion, and Tallqvist, Die assyrische Beschwörungsserie Maqla. M. Summer Quarter, 1911, PROFESSOR HARPER.

190. Astrological Literature.-Using Thompson, Reports of the Magicians and Astrologers of Nineveh and Babylon. PROFESSOR HARPER. 192. The Code of Hammurabi.-Seminar. Mj. Winter Quarter, 1910, PROFESSOR HARPER.

193. The Cuneiform Inscriptions in the Haskell Museum.-Spring Quarter, 1911, PROFESSOR HARPER.

194. Earliest Unilingual (so-called Sumerian) Cuneiform Inscriptions.— Using (a) Hilprecht's Old Babylonian Inscriptions, (b) de Sarzec's Découvertes en Chaldée. Seminar. Mj. Autumn Quarter, 1911, PROFESSOR PRICE.

195. The Susian Inscriptions.-A reading and comparative study of the material discovered at Susa, and published in Scheil's Mémoire. Seminar. Mj. Spring Quarter, 1910, PROFESSOR PRICE.

196. Origin of the Semitic Civilization of Babylonia.-A study of the earliest elements of civilization in the Babylonian valley, and a comparison of these with those of the later Assyro-Babylonian times. Seminar. PROFESSOR PRICE.

198. The Old Testament and the Assyro-Babylonian Inscriptions.-A review of the material in the inscriptions bearing on the Old Testament. Prerequisites: a knowledge of Hebrew and Assyrian. PROFESSOR HARPER. 199. Research Work on Theses.-Mj. Autumn Quarter, 1909, DR. LUCKENBILL.

VI. ARABIC LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

200. Beginning Arabic.-A study of easy narrative and of (a) the grammatical principles of the language, (b) the commonest vocabulary, and (c) the relation of the Arabic grammatically considered to the Hebrew. Mj. Autumn Quarter, 1909, PROFESSOR JEWETT.

202. Selected Suras of the Qurân.-Critical translation and interpretation, with Arabic commentary. Mj. PROFESSOR JEWETT.

204. Historical Prose Relative to the Early Period of Islam.-Critical translation, with interpretation and study of the historical background. Mj. Winter Quarter, 1909, PROFESSOR JEWETT.

206. Arabic Prose.-Critical translation and grammatical work for advanced students. Mj. Autumn Quarter, 1910, Professor Jewett.

208. Arabic Grammarians. - Reading and study of selected portions from these writers. Mj. PROFESSOR JEWETT.

210. Ibn Hisham's Life of Mohammed.-Reading and interpretation of selected portions. Mj. Autumn Quarter, 1909, PROFESSOR JEWETT.

212. Arabic Treatises on Mohammedan Eschatology. - PROFESSOR JEWETT.

214. Arabic Rhymed Prose.-Mj. PROFESSOR Jewett.

216. Mohammedan History to the Beginning of the Crusades. — Mj. PROFESSOR JEWETT.

218. History of the Crusades from the Mohammedan Standpoint.—Mj. Autumn Quarter, 1909, PROFESSOR JEWETT.

220. History of the Crusades.-Reading of selections from Arabic sources. PROFESSOR JEWETT.

222. Philosophical Literature of the Arabians.-Reading, in the original, of some philosophical treatise, and a study of the philosophical terminology of the Arabians. Mj. PROFESSOR HIRSCH.

224. Arabic Literature of the Jews. Reading of selections from Hirschfeld's Chrestomathy. Mj. PROFESSOR HIRSCH.

226. Life of Mohammed.-With a critical examination of his main teachings. Mj. PROFESSOR JEWETT.

228. The Quran in English.-With a critical study of its principal doctrines. Mj. PROFESSOR JEWETT.

230. The Spread of Islam.-A study of the progress of Mohammedanism, with special reference to the Islam of today. PROFESSOR JEWETT.

VII. EGYPTIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

240. Beginners' Hieroglyphic.-Including the acquisition of the commonest signs and the grammatical principles of the language of the classic period. Mj. Winter and Summer Quarters, 1910, PROFESSOR BREASTED.

242. Translation of Egyptian Texts from the classic period. - Mj. Spring Quarter, 1910, PROFESSOR BREASTED.

244. Late Egyptian.-The language of the new empire (Eighteenth to Twentieth Dynasties). (Possible only after pursuing the two preceding courses.) Mj. PROFESSOR BREASTED.

246. Egyptian Literature.-Rapid reading of the best literary products of Egypt in annals, narrative, and poetry; largely in the original, but with the use of all other materials in translation. Mj. Summer Quarter, 1910, PROFESSOR BREASTED.

248. Pyramid Texts.-A study of the earliest religious texts in the world; with constant comparison with later religious compositions, especially the Book of the Dead. Mj. Winter Quarter, 1911, PROFESSOR BREASTED.

250. Egyptian Texts of the Graeco-Roman Period.-Including a study of the bilingual inscription of Rosetta; the Decree of Canopus and the Stele of Alexander II. M. PROFESSOR BREASTED.

252. Coptic Language. - Elementary study of the Sahidic dialect, using Steindorff's Chrestomathie. Mj. Spring Quarter, 1910, PROFESSOR BREASTED.

254. Coptic Language. Sahidic Dialect.-Translation from the version of the Prophets, and the New Testament, and the tracing of all possible etymologies. Mj. PROFESSOR BREASTED.

256. History of Egypt.-Giving special attention to the religion, literature, art, and science, and their influence upon subsequent civilization; the condition of Egypt at the probable period of the Israelitish sojourn. Mj. PROFESSOR BREASTED.

258. Egyptian Archaeology.-A study of the Nile valley civilization, and its contributions to later Europe as exhibited in its surviving material remains. Mj. PROFESSOR BREASTED.

260. Egyptian Life and Antiquities.-Mj. PROFESSOR BREASTED.

VIII. OTHER SEMITIC LANGUAGES AND COMPARATIVE WORK

270. Mandaic.-Noeldeke, Mandäische Grammatik. Reading from the Sidra Rabba. PROFESSOR HIRSCH.

272. Sabaean and Himyaritic Inscriptions.-PROFESSOR JEWETT. 274. Beginning Ethiopic.-Using Dillmann, Chrestomathia Ethiopica and Praetorius, Grammatica Aethiopica. Mj. PROFESSOR HIRSCH.

276. Advanced Ethiopic.-Using J. Bachmann, Inedita Aethiopica, and Charles, Book of Jubilees. PROFESSOR HIRSCH.

278. North Semitic Inscriptions.-Including a study of the Moabite stone, the Siloam inscription, the Sinjirli inscriptions, and others, from the point of view of their contribution to a knowledge of Hebrew, and to a better understanding of Old Testament history and literature. DR. LUCKENBILL.

IX. THE DEPARTMENT OF BIBLICAL AND PATRISTIC

GREEK

OFFICERS OF INSTRUCTION

ERNEST DEWITT BURTON, D.D., Professor and Head of the Department of New Testament Literature and Interpretation.

SHAILER MATHEWS, A.M., D.D., Professor of New Testament History and Interpretation.

CLYDE WEBER VOTAW, D.B., PH.D., Associate Professor of New Testament Literature.

EDGAR JOHNSOn Goodspeed, D.B., PH.D., Assistant Professor of Biblical and Patristic Greek; Assistant Director of Haskell Oriental Museum.

SHIRLEY JACKSON CASE, PH.D., Assistant Professor of New Testament Interpretation.

HENRY BURTON SHARMAN, PH.D., Instructor in New Testament History and Interpretation.

FELLOWS, 1909-10

JOHN COWPER GRANBERY, A.B., D.B., A.M.

HARRIS LACHLAN MACNEILL, A.B.

MARTIN SPRENGLING, A.B.

INTRODUCTORY

LINES OF STUDY

The Department known in the Divinity School as the Department of New Testament Literature and Interpretation (XLII) is designated in the Graduate School and the Senior Colleges as that of Biblical and Patristic Greek (IX). The two titles emphasize different aspects of the work of the one Department. The aim of this Department is to provide instruction in the following lines of investigation:

1. The Greek of the New Testament, and of other Greek literature closely related linguistically to the New Testament, for students who already have a knowledge of classical Greek. In this division of the work opportunity is provided for the translation and grammatical study of the New Testament, of the Septuagint and other Greek versions of the Old Testament, of Jewish Greek literature nearly contemporaneous with the New Testament writings, and of early Christian Greek literature. The special aim of this portion of the work is, primarily, to give to all students the necessary linguistic foundation for the interpretation of the New Testament, and, secondarily, to afford to those who desire it an opportunity to form a broad basis for advanced original work in the various departments of New Testament study.

2. The documents of the New Testament text, and the theory and praxis of textual criticism as applied to them.

3. Historical introduction to the study of the New Testament, including: (a) The History of New Testament Times in Palestine. (b) The History of New Testament Times in the Graeco-Roman World. Both these lines of study are pursued with special reference to the acquisition of the method of historical investigation, and of the necessary historical basis for the interpretation of the New Testament. (c) The History of the Apostolic Age of the

Church, especially the Life of the Apostle Paul, as a preparation for the study of the books which arose in this period. (d) Special Introductions to the several New Testament Books, in which the authorship, date, purpose, and plan of these books are discussed. These are taken up in connection with the preceding line of study, (c), and with the following, (4b), but also in a summary way in a special course.

4. The Interpretation of the New Testament, including: (a) Principles of interpretation, especially as applied to the New Testament. Instruction in these principles is given only in connection with the actual work of interpretation on the part of the student, and is practical rather than theoretical. (b) Interpretation of the various New Testament books in accordance with the principles referred to above. The object kept in view is to furnish a basis for the study of the Life of Jesus, and for the work of the Department of Biblical Theology.

5. The Life of Jesus Christ. It will be the endeavor of the instructors to make all the previously mentioned lines of study, especially as applied to the gospels, contribute to the attainment and presentation of a true conception of the life and teaching of Jesus.

6. The History of the New Testament, including (a) the history of manuscripts and versions; (b) the history of the canon; (c) the history of interpretation; (d) the history of criticism.

GENERAL AIM

The work of the Department is planned with reference to the need of three classes of students: 1. Those who are preparing for the Christian ministry and expecting to be pastors. 2. Those who are preparing to be teachers of the Bible or of the biblical languages, or instructors in other departments of theological study. 3. Those who seek a knowledge of the Bible as a part of a liberal education, or as preparation for general Christian service. It is recognized that the great majority of those whom the Department serves will be of the first of these classes, and special reference is therefore had to their needs. Yet it is believed that there ought to be, and it is hoped that there will be, an increasing number of students of both the other classes, and the effort has been made to provide courses of instruction adapted to them.

With a view to meeting the varied needs of these several classes, the relative emphasis on the impartation of the results of the instructor's investigation, the acquisition of information derived from other sources, and training of the student to investigate for himself, varies in different courses. But the courses as a whole are planned with a view to developing the student's own powers of investigation, and in most of them this is the result directly aimed at.

ARRANGEMENT OF WORK

I. THE PRELIMINARY COURSES

In order to accomplish thorough and independent work in the study of the New Testament, it is necessary that the student should acquire at the outset a knowledge of the history of New Testament times, of the Greek language as used by New Testament writers, of the general character and