The

the Saxon "Thane" or Scandinavian "Jarl." Maormor of Angus was not reduced to subjection to the Scottish kings till the reign of Kenneth IV.

55. The Christian Church: Its wealth and contributions to the national civilization.-The father of king Duncan, who reigned from 1031 to 1037, was the son of Crinan the abbot of Dunkeld, who was married to Bethoc the daughter of Malcolm II. This marriage between the king's daughter and an abbot has given rise to much misapprehension in the minds of those who are not aware of the high position which ecclesiastics had already attained in the state, and that, till the decree of Pope Gregory III. (1074), all the clergy might marry, and that monks were allowed to marry till the Council of Rheims in 1148. By the eleventh century the Church of Scotland had become richly endowed by the generosity of its members, and the brothers and sons of kings eagerly sought the great benefices which were at her disposal. Some abbacies were richer than bishoprics, and in dignity mitred abbots were the equals of the bishops. Whatever may be said in condemnation of the corruption and venality of the Church at a subsequent period, it is nothing more than justice to state that the higher clergy of this period throughout Europe were the scholars, statesmen, and most enlightened landlords of the age.

56. Tenure of land in Scotland anciently tribal.Amongst the ancient Germans the arable land belonged to the tribe and not to the individual, and amongst the ancient inhabitants of this country the same rule applied. The pasture lands, as was almost

E

!

within recent times the case in the Highlands of Scotland, were common to the people in the district; and individuals were wealthy in proportion to their flocks and herds. Istand Landnamabok gives some interesting particulars concerning the settlement of a barbaric colony among the Norwegians of the ninth century, thus supplying an account of what must have been true as to the people in Scotland at the same time. He says that the people of this colony had flocks of sheep and swine on the mountains, and kept a few horses and cattle near their houses. Many were rich; the poor were industrious; and all were equal in the national council. The rich had summer and winter residences, the former on the hills and the latter sheltered in glens. These houses of the great became the centres of little towns, which, in the course of time, rose to great and important cities. 57. Name of Scotland not applied as now till 1020. The modern names of Scotland and Scotchmen for the north of Britain and its inhabitants were unknown until about the year 1020. They were applied by the later Celtic writers to the Picts and their country, and not to the old British Scots of Bede. These British Scots had for several centuries been called Gatheli and Heberneses. None of the inhabitants of Scotland were known as Scots from 740 to 1020; and the alleged conquests of the Picts by the Dalriads is a delusion of the Irish monks of the eleventh century, unsupported by any credible authority. The Pictish Chronicle ends in 992, or a century and a half after the supposed conquest, and the exact words used by this authority are these:

"Victoria autem a Pictis est nominata quos, ut diximus, Kinadius delevit." This refers to an account which does not now exist, and taken plainly and without reference to a supposed fact need not be translated with a stronger meaning than this, namely, that Kenneth put an end to the Pictish kingdom as it had hitherto existed. Besides, cotemporary authors give no support to the alleged conquest, e.g. Nennius, King Alfred, Asser, and Tighernac. I do not think that the native language spoken by Kenneth Macalpin affects the question here discussed; because a king's mother tongue need not be the same as his people's. Moreover, the Picts referred to by the English authorities of the twelfth century are most probably a body of Pictish colonists who had taken up their abode in Galloway. Down to the twelfth century the lords of Galloway were only feudatories, and really independent of the kings of Scotland.

58. Summary.-By way of introduction to the lectures which are to follow, I have told you from the most reliable sources what we know of our primitive ancestors; indicated the general results of the Roman invasion into Scotland; described the state of affairs which happened after the departure of the Romans to the dawn of our authentic history; and pointed out the various steps by which modern Scotland was formed into one independent and powerful kingdom. We find that great rudeness and barbarity existed amongst our ancestors till the end of the epoch which we have been considering; that Roman law and civilization had not, directly, been very powerful in influencing our laws and legal institutions; and that the manners

and customs, and also the Christian notions of religion and morality, of the great body of the people were Celtic.

LECTURE IL

FROM THE INTRODUCTION TILL THE DECLINE OF FEUDALISM

(1057-1406).

SECOND EPOCH.-NORMAN-SCOTTISH.

OUTLINE OF THE GREAT HISTORICAL EVENTS DURING THE EPOCH.

59. Results of Norman Conquest for Scotland.Malcolm III. succeeded to the throne in 1057, and, having reigned twenty-seven years, fell, during the reign of William Rufus, in a skirmish before Alnwick Castle in Northumberland (1084). In his reign William the Conqueror invaded England, and was crowned in 1066; and the feudal laws of Normandy were soon afterwards introduced into England. The Norman Conquest produced important results for Scotland: (1.) It drove the Saxon princes from England into this country, and caused Malcolm to take up arms against William in an attempt to restore the Atheling, his brother-in-law, to his English possessions. Malcolm was defeated, agreed to give hostages, and do homage for his own territories in England. (2.) It brought a large number of Saxon refugees from the English to the Scottish court, and gave rise to much discontent in Scotland in consequence of their receiving grants of