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The Industries of Japan, together with an

Account of its Agriculture, &c. From

Travels and Researches undertaken at

the Cost of the Prussian Government. By J. J. Rein, Professor of Geography in the University of Bonn. With Illustrations and Maps. (Hodder & Stoughton.)

THE present volume completes Dr. Rein's exhaustive account of the Japanese empire, of which the first part was noticed in these columns in 1884. Siebold's great work was of a more ambitious character, but the plan upon which the wonderful 'Archiv' was designed was drawn upon too vast a scale to be realized by a single man. The immortal history of Kaempfer affords a picture of old Japan of unique value and interest, due in part to the personal qualities of the old Dutch physician, in part to the opportunities he had, and so well used, of observing a state of society that has for ever passed away. If not altogether equal in some respects to these classical descriptions of the Dawnland, Dr. Rein's work possesses nevertheless merits of its own. It is in the first place lucidly and unpretentiously written, in a style refreshingly free from the jargon and exaggeration so many writers fall into who make Japan their theme. Dr. Rein holds up a mirror to Dai Nippon that reflects a somewhat flattering, but not a distorted image. The various divisions of the subject are handled with a fulness of knowledge that leaves little room for criticism, the language is throughout that of a man of science accustomed to understand and weigh evidence, and the Prussian Government, by whom the cost of Dr. Rein's researches was defrayed, may be congratulated en an expenditure which has produced by far the best book that has been written on modern Japan.

In especial a flood of light is thrown upon the industries of the country, to an account of which this volume is devoted. The main employment of the people is, of course, agriculture, and on this ground Dr. Rein may be justified in giving fully half his space to it. But agriculture happens to be the one industry in which the Japanese have not only not improved upon, but have fallen far behind, their masters the Chinese. The cattle, horses, and poultry of Japan are not to be compared with those of China. In the latter country fruits of all kinds are produced of excellent flavour - peaches, apples, grapes, oranges, pumelos, and the like; in the former even the grapes are tasteless after those of North China, and the peaches, pears, and other fruits are of the very poorest quality. Even Japanese horticulture, wholly Chinese as it is in aim and method, is altogether inferior to that practised in China. The Japanese appear to have lacked entirely the instinct of the agriculturist, and generation after generation to have remained contented with the medieval processes of China, never inventing a new tool or method nor improving an old one. How far this apathy was due to the system of land tenure it is not possible to say, for we have no precise knowledge of old Japanese tenures, which no doubt differed considerably in the different daimiates, and Dr. Rein throws no light upon the subject. The existing tenure rather resembles that of

which must press with great severity upon the peasant; for Liebscher says, "It would be in other countries too high to collect," and Dr. Rein adds, "The tax cannot be gathered after bad harvests, and may rouse the people to desperation." The people, in fact, are extremely poor, as they must be in every country where rice forms the staple of cultivation. The valley bottoms are almost exclusively given up to this cereal. The paddy land cannot be used for any other crop; the cultivation requires expensive irrigation, entails enormous and most repulsive labour upon the peasant, and - in Japan, at least-requires heavy manuring, which is practised upon a very wasteful system. The Japanese hyaksho-the very name of the peasant is a Chinese locution cannot afford to eat the rice he produces. He lives mainly upon the inferior grains, millet and pulse and a kind of horsebean, neither very palatable nor easily digestible, with a bit of coarsely salted fish or putrefying radish root of which Miss Bird says, truly enough, the smell has made many a brave man flee-by way of relish.

Dr. Rein estimates the population of Japan at the high figure of 37,000,000. If he is right we may be quite sure many millions more than the 18,000,000 he mentions depend upon agriculture. But his statistics, like his history, cannot be perfectly trusted. The sources of information are not sufficiently indicated-in fact, fully trustworthy sources of information do not exist, not even under the present government, the domestic shortcomings of which are more or less hidden from European eyes. A few of Dr. Rein's figures may be cited in this connexion. Excluding Yezo and the Liukiu Islands, the area of Japan comprises 28,500,000 square chó (hectare)= nearly 72,000,000 acres, of which some 27,000,000 acres are more or less under cultivation. Of these 27,000,000 acres only 10,000,000 are arable (ta or rice, hata or crop land), of which 6,000,000 acres are rice land. This would give, comparing Japan with Germany, 11 are (one-fifteenth of an acre) per head of population in the former, as against 47 are (one-third of an acre) in the latter country, which appears, in the absence of a much more adequate explanation than Dr. Rein gives of the difference, to condemn as excessive the figure at which he estimates the population of Japan, namely, 37,000,000. In all probability this number should be diminished by at least 5,000,000 to 7,000,000.

Japanese horticulture shows wonderful patience and a sort of ill-directed skill. The object of the Japanese uyekiya, like that of his Chinese brother, but in a greater degree, is to deform, maim, and cripple nature, as we see especially in the dwarfing of trees and shrubs nanization as Dr. Rein somewhat pedantically terms the process, which consists mainly in starving the plant and crippling the circulation of its juices. Kaempfer is quoted as describing a trio he once saw in a small box 11⁄2 in. broad, 4 in. long, and 6 in. deep, for which the price of 100l. was asked. The three denizens of the box were a bamboo, a blossoming plum-tree, and a pine-tree, perfectly formed, but in piccolo.

dustry of Japan-not to her art strictly so called, for the art of Japan has no high aim, andis confined within extraordinarily narrow limits. But in decorated small wares of all kinds Dai Nippon beats the world. In par

ticular the smiths and metal workers of old Japan deserve the highest commendation. No such perfect and lovely work has ever been turned out by the hand of man as they have left us. M. Philippe Burty, whose flair for supreme excellence and beauty of craftsmanshipis well known, in a charmingly written article on the swords of Japan he has recently contributed to M. Bing's interesting periodical, quotes a long report upon some Japanese sword-blades sent for examination to the small-arms factory at Chatelhéraut, in the course of which the director describes them as evidencing "un véritable tour de force que nos meilleurs ouvriers seraient hors d'état de produire avec toutes les ressources de notre outillage perfectionné."

The highest qualities of the metal workers are not, however, found in these vases and bronze figures, which on the whole, though superior in finish, are otherwise inferior to Chinese work, but in the tsuba (guards) and metal decorations of the hilt and scabbard of the sword, including the handles of the scabbard-knives, ko-zuka. Of these productions of the artist-smith Dr. Rein curiously makes merely passing mention, without description or illustration. The ornamentation of the helmet and body armour, though exquisitely finished, shows less power and variety, and none of the quaint and unique humour of which the artist-craftsman of old Japan so loved to make his work the vehicle - the humour of surprise, cunning avoidance of difficulties created for the purpose of being avoided, and unlooked - for collocation of incongruous, yet most cleverly harmonized elements in the design. It is worth noting that almost all the best craftsman - work of Japan is modern-that is, does not date further back than the middle of the last century. Almost the same may in truth be said of Japanese art; indeed, the antiquity of the objects exhibited at the British Museum and at Kensington is purely fanciful. The iron eagle, for instance, at Kensington, said to be the work of Myochin Muneharu, a celebrated smith of the sixteenth century, was carefully examined by Dr. Rein in company with a learned Japanese, and no trace of name or date was found upon it.

What place Japan may ultimately hold in the commerce of the world it is not easy to say. Japan is not a rich, but a poor country, and must make her mark, if at all, as a manufacturing country. In the great staples it is hardly possible that her people should compete successfully with England or even with India. But they are versatile and diligent, and will in time probably develope the more stable and self-dependent qualities in which they have been hitherto wanting. They are just entering upon a new political venture, and no one can say where this, to an Oriental people, "leap in the dark" may land them. It is not, on the whole, likely-despite railways, ironclads, tall hats, and Parisian toilettes-that Japan will take a particularly high place, politically speaking, in the family of nations, and one cannot but fear that she has far that she may have lost for ever the artistic idiosyncrasy it took her so many centuries to evolve.

It is to her handicrafts we must turn to India, the Government levying a land-tax | discover the special excellences of the in-pushed the process of denationalization so

The chromo-lithographic reproductions of different examples of lacquer work contained in this volume merit special praise. So perfect are the imitations of Tsugaru and Wakasa lacquer that it is with difficulty one can accept them as imitations.

NOVELS OF THE WEEK.

Long Odde. By Hawley Smart. 3 vols. (White & Co.)

The Country Cousin. By Frances Mary Peard. 3 vols. (Bentley & Son.)

A Distracting Guest. By Mrs. Robert Jocelyn. 2 vols. (White & Co.)

Lady Godiva: a Story of Saxon England. By John B. Marsh. (Stock.)

Lesbia Newman. By H. R. S. Dalton. (Redway.)

A Sacred Trust: a Story of Military Life. By

Gillham Thomsett. (Remington Co.)

Beneath Your Very Boots. Transcribed by C. J. Hyne. (Digby & Long.)

The Invaders, and other Stories. By Count Lyof N. Tolstoï. Translated from the Russian by N. H. Dole. (Scott.)

Justice. Par Hector Malot. (Paris, Charpentier & Co.)

ONE of Major Smart's books is very like another, as a rule. He makes the pace as well as he can to his catastrophe, generally without troubling himself much with the intricacies of a plot. On the present occasion he is rather more astute than usual in postponing the finish. Of course, the hardened reader knows that Lucy and Jack are designed for each other from the first; and directly it appears that the gallant dragoon is connected with the peerage, one knows that, at the risk of any bloodshed, he is bound to succeed to the title. We also can connect, not remotely, the fortunes of the horse and the lady, such a combination being quite in our author's manner. But there is a good deal of finesse in the relations of honest John Bramton, the dry goods dealer, to whom the possession or control of Damocles is like that of a white elephant, and the racing peer, whose fortunes turn on the success of the horse, and who endeavours by all social strategy to conciliate the horse's master. The heroine has a good deal of character, and the minor actors are well described. But the successful wile practised by Jack Cuxwold on the patriarchal horsecoper of the Halawin Arabs, by which he won his freedom from that worthy's custody, is the best thing in the book. Those who like a sporting novel will not be disappointed in 'Long Odds.'

forced to think what Miss Broughton might have made of such a situation. Miss Peard, however, fails to get any grip of the possibilities she has suggested. She soon shows that she has not formed in her own mind the firm sketch of an artist which would have enabled her to realize her heroine. Before she has finished half a volume she has vacillated in her conception of the character, and, as it appears, unconsciously the heroine is made to be a flirt to a degree quite incompatible with simplicity. So with the hero; he is a mere lay figure, a man for whom no real man can have stood as model a mixture of statesman and an inexperienced fledgling. As the story progresses there appear throughout a want of any vigorous apprehension of the problems of life and character which should have been made prominent, and a tedious reality in the details of everything that is commonplace and that should have been condensed. It remains to be said that Miss Peard, as

a

matured

formerly, writes nicely and preserves an irreproachable tone. A writer who attaches so much importance to unimportant details ought to be aware that during the last few years the late afternoon has not been the most fashionable time for society to assemble in the Park.

The heroines of 'A Distracting Guest' are two cousins, who have grey and green eyes respectively; and though, according to the French rhyme, these features should doom one of the ladies au paradis and the other aux enfers, there is not much to choose between them in the way of fitness for either of those destinations. Lady Joan-an earl's daughter, who narrates the story-is brought into contact with her handsome cousin Gladys, a young woman with a white face, green eyes, and a cynical smile. One is led to expect that Gladys will be the villain of the piece, but she never does anything worse than fall into trances, walk about the house in a mesmeric sleep (into which Joan unexpectedly finds that she has the power of throwing her), see ghosts, and flirt with every man she meets in her uncle's house. She certainly causes Joan a good deal of trouble by seeming to rob her of her sweetheart; but she has other views in the matter of sweethearts, and all comes out well in the end. There is plenty of mesmerism, ghostly mystification, and "those sort of things," as Mrs. Jocelyn would put it; and if the story is carelessly written, with occasional misquotations and other slips, it is unquestionably amusing.

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Mr. Marsh makes an elaborate attempt to reconstruct the story of Lady Godiva, and to paint the age in which she lived. As a rule he does this carefully, with chapter and verse to verify his pictures; though a confession in his preface that he borrows "the school studies of eight hundred years ago from "an Anglo-Saxon text-book of the age of King Alfred," seems to show that he allows himself a certain latitude. On the whole, Mr. Marsh may be said to have achieved his purpose, by writing a readable story with due attention to facts and probabilities. His estimate of Lady Godiva's character is enthusiastically high; and he has even persuaded himself that the earl who demanded her sacrifice was a man of

Miss Peard supplies an exceedingly harmless form of literature for those who have patience to read long and colourless accounts of the ordinary doings of decorous people, with selections from their never flagging conversation. In 'The Country Cousin' she starts with a promising suggestion. There is a young girl, a peer's daughter, who has been brought up under the strictest supervision of a father priggish almost to a farcical point; she arrives in London for her first season full of terror at the ordeal she will have to go through, but her beauty at once marks her for success. The reader is | lofty feeling and refinement.

It is hard to think any cause would be much assisted by such advocacy as Mr. Dalton's. His purpose of lending his aid to the emancipation of women is not served by making his heroine a ranting, swearing hoiden; and his attacks upon the Christian religion lose their effect from being couched in the form of coarse reviling. To call St. Paul a double distilled donkey does not advance things much; and to tell women who have not assumed the divided skirt and frontless vulgarity of the fair Lesbia that they are dollymops and the like will not convert those weaker vessels. We wish folly and vulgarity were the worst of the author's offences. On one page there is a passage that it is surprising to see in print. But this remarkable writer, who compares the persons of the Trinity to "Quirk, Gammon, and Snap" (at least we suppose that is the meaning of an offensive passage), and glories in the revolution which is to substitute the worship of Mylitta for Christianity, may be expected to be eccentric

in style. We hope at any rate he is not an Englishman; his reference to a "reformed horseback initiative" on Lesbia's part when she joins the hunting field riding astride, his evident want of grasp of any English provincial dialect, and the complacency with which he relates the conquest of Ireland by a combined French and American force, point to this cheering conclusion. If so, it is all the better that he appears absolutely ignorant of elementary tactics. The astonishing victory of the French at the battle of Queenstown, cooped in close order on a promontory, and surrounded by the sea on three sides, can only be accounted for by a glance at the picture of the battle, where the English in serried ranks are firing through each other's backs upon the advancing foe.

A Sacred Trust' is a harmless little tale enough, in which a page or two here and there has some interest. Mr. Gillham Thomsett in his preface requests his critics not to lavish too much severity on his first novel. They will probably be judiciously silent about it, but ask him to do them a slight favour in return-never write another. Beneath Your Very Boots' is based on the same idea as 'The Coming Race.' Let no one suppose that we are making the (of late) somewhat used-up charge of plagiarism, for the originality of a theme lies in its treatment, and Mr. Hyne is indebted to Lord Lytton for nothing but an idea that is as old as mythology. The story is absolutely new, and cleverly worked out. Though mainly imaginative, it begins with a few scenes in our own world which are so well done that we could wish it had continued there, or rather, as we should have been sorry to miss the fanciful part of the book, we hope Mr. Hyne will follow it up with, say, 'A Vagabond's Life,' which we feel assured he would tell to perfection. Until that appears, however, every one should take the goods the gods provide, and by no means miss reading Beneath Your Very Boots.' But may we hint to Mr. Hyne or his printer, whichever may be in fault, that it was Gallio, not Galileo, who "cared for none of those things"?

Why Count Tolstoi's short military sketches should have been translated into the English

language is difficult to imagine, but why, having apparently been deemed worthy of presenting to the English public, they should have been put into a form almost more unintelligible than the original Russian, is quite beyond the comprehension of the average intellect. The question the reader will involuntarily ask himself while perusing The Invaders' is, "What is this all about?" There seem to be no coherence, no plot, no dramatic situations, no incidents, no comic scenes nor characters-absolutely nothing to excuse the waste of labour which its production must have entailed. Take, for instance, the following speech, which is supposed to be a specimen of military

wit:

""And that's why I say "it's youth,"" he continued, in a deep tone. 'What is there to rejoice in, when there's nothing to see? Here when one goes often, one doesn't find any

pleasure in it. Here, let us suppose there are twenty of us officers going: some of us will be either killed or wounded; that's likely. To day my turn, to-morrow his, the next day somebody else's. So what is there to rejoice in?"

What, indeed! It is a most melancholy business. The Russian language presents many difficulties to the student, but it would seem that to Mr. Dole the English language presented even more.

He makes

Tolstoi say, for instance, "a man whom I had met a few years before in a dress-coat in a parlour." Despite the infelicity of Mr. Dole's style and the difficulties of the English language (for Russian he seems to know perfectly, his translation is so literal), the story of Polikushka' is worth reading. It gives a marvellously accurate and painfully minute picture of Russian peasant life, and delineates the character of a poor fellow who has forfeited the confidence of his friends, lost his self-respect, and taken to drink. The lady of the manor, however, resolves to reclaim him, and sends him on an important mission to town to cash a cheque. He gets the money, resists manfully all temptations to spend it, and loses it in the snow on his way home. In spite of a most careful search, he cannot find it, and in despair he commits suicide on his return. All the village is in consternation at this fearful catastrophe, and in the mean time Polikushka's enemy, Duthoff, has found the money in the snow and brought it to his mistress. The story is simple and touching, and the irony and tragedy of it powerful to a degree. The other stories-mere fugitive sketches, chiefly recollections of Tolstoi's youth, in which he wishes to emphasize the horrors of war and its want of logic-are exceedingly poor and weak. Of course nothing that Tolstoi writes can be absolutely uninteresting, but, what with their English garb and their paucity of movement, these military sketches come very near being so.

M. Malot's new novel is one of his best. It attracted a good deal of attention while it was appearing in daily papers, and is well worth reading in a complete form. His two principal characters are a convict and a murderer, but the convict is innocent and the murderer is interesting. The book is one which does not violate English canons of taste, and which may be read by any one-a necessary addition, where possible, to our words of notice of novels from across the water.

OUR LIBRARY TABLE.

MESSRS. LONGMAN & Co. publish the Speeches of Lord Randolph Churchill, edited by Mr. Louis

Jennings, M.P. The two volumes are of too political a nature for us to say much of them. Mr. Jennings has prefixed to the speeches an elaborate defence of Lord Randolph Churchill's policy, to which he contrives to give an appearance of consistency by making large omissions. We suppose that it is thought necessary for politicians to make out that they have been consistent throughout their career, but the public seldom seem persuaded of this fact, and in Lord Randolph Churchill's case it will be more difficult than usual to induce belief in this consistency. No doubt there are some subjects upon which Lord Randolph has been thoroughly consistent, but upon others, and these more numerous, he seems to non-politicians to have taken every possible line. Mr. Jennings has made his task, comparatively speaking, easy, in the first place by omitting Lord Randolph Churchill's speeches up to July, 1880, and in the second place by omitting passages which are in sharp conflict with other speeches.

A BRIGHT and readable volume about The Railways of England reaches us from Mr. Murray, the author being Mr. Acworth. It reminds us of 'Stokers and Pokers,' a work which was very popular more than a generation ago, but forms a much larger volume, and is full of railway anecdote of every description. The following passage will enable our readers to judge of Mr. Acworth's style :

"Eighty miles an hour has, however, not only been attained but maintained in England quite recently, not indeed on a broad-gauge, but on a narrow-gauge line. Not being at liberty to give names and dates, I will only say that my informant was the locoSuperintendent of one of the great lines, and that he timed the train himself on a gradient rising one in many hundreds against the train. The run came about on this wise. A party of French railway engineers were being shown round England. At one of the stations the question was put to the driver by a member of the locomotive staff, 'Tom, would you like to show these French gentlemen how to go a little?'' Shouldn't I, sir!' was the instant response. 'Go ahead, then,' and off the engine set with a single saloon behind her. In the course of the run nine successive quarters of a mile were timed at the rate of eighty miles an hour. But though the line is one of the most perfect in the country, over which an ordinary sixty miles an hour

express glides almost imperceptibly, the saloon shook somewhat. The impression upon the French gentlemen was all that could have been desired, but their English colleagues agreed when the train drew up at its destination, that it would not, as a rule, be desirable to give drivers carte blanche in the matter of speed."

We have received from the contractors for Hansard copies of the first daily numbers of 'Hansard' under the new system. The parliamentary public may notice distinctions, but the verdict of the general public will be that it bears a strong resemblance-no doubt a perfectly natural one-to 'Hansard' under the old system. Old 'Hansards' of fifty to eighty years ago are about the most interesting reading that there is, but we never heard any one make this statement with regard to 'Hansards' a few weeks old.

ago. At a time when the fate of another illustrious traveller is exciting public interest, the story of Speke's adventures in the same field will repay perusal. The author's tact and perseverance in dealing with the provoking tactics of his negro hosts are as conspicuous as his gallantry. The late Laurence Oliphant gives an interesting account of the German colony at Haifa, in Syria, which he recommends as a resort for invalids. 'A Sketch in the Tropics' and 'How I caught my First Salmon' are pieces of slighter calibre, but readable enough.

MESSRS. WARNE have added to their wellknown "Chandos Classics" an interesting volume, Horace: the Odes, Epodes, Satires, and Epistles, translated by various hands. Only three of Conington's versions of the 'Odes' are given, but several of Whyte Melville's. "Quis multa gracilis" is, of course, given in Milton's translation, and "Donec gratus eram" in Ben Jonson's. The 'Satires' and 'Epistles' are pretty equally divided between Canon Howes and Francis. For Francis we should like to have seen Conington occasionally substituted. The same publishers have sent an "Albion Edition" of Cary's Dante, a highly convenient reprint in one volume.

We are glad to welcome a second edition of the late Mrs. Gatty's pleasant Book of Sundials (Bell & Sons). Miss H. Gatty and Miss E. Lloyd, who helped largely in the original compilation of this book, have edited the new issue, which contains a much fuller collection of notes than the first edition. A dial in the garden is like a peacock on the lawn, a sign of leisured ease, and this miscellany is one to turn over in an idle hour. It contains the record of many quaint fancies and dilettante triflings. It is curious to notice that the strangely destructive proclivities of restoring architects and the clergy who employ them have led to active war against dials as against everything else of historical interest. The dial, for instance, over the porch of Catterick Church, which awakened Mrs. Gatty's interest in dials when she was a girl, was "removed during the restoration of the church, and was lying broken in the churchyard" when last heard of. An appendix on the construction of dials by Mr. W. Richardson is new and valuable. The index is not quite so complete as it should be, but the printing is correct and the book handsome.

We are pleased to receive the first part of a new series of so useful a work as Trübner's Record. It could not have found a better editor than Dr. Rost, who has probably written the interesting obituary notice of M. Garrez, the distinguished Orientalist whom France lost in December last. The number is decidedly interesting, and encourages a hope that this veteran periodical has a new career before it.

The English Catalogue for 1888 (Low & Co.) is most welcome because indispensable. The new volume is larger than its predecessor. There have been six or seven hundred more titles to note in the general alphabet, and, as a consequence, the index of subjects is increased by a corresponding number of entries.

We have received the catalogues of Mrs. Bennett, Mr. Daniell (British topography), Messrs. Garratt, Mr. Nutt (Oriental languages), Mr. Spencer, and Mr. Stibbs; also of Mr. Hitchman of Birmingham, Mr. Cameron of of Leamington.

We have to thank Messrs. W. H. Allen & Co. for an illustrated and annotated edition of Coningsby with a preface, which, as well as the notes, is from the hand of Mr. Francis Hitch- | Edinburgh, and Mr. Wilson and Mr. Simmons man. The preface is excellently constructed, and positively adds to the interest of the volume. The notes are also good as far as they go, but are not very numerous, and would not make up to an ignorant reader for his want of knowledge of the political history of the period with which Coningsby' deals.

MESSRS. BLACKWOOD have forwarded the first instalment of their collection of narratives of Travel, Adventure, and Sport, from Blackwood's Magazine. The article with which the volume begins is Capt. Speke's account of the discovery

We have on our table Elements of the Law of Torts, by M. M. Bigelow (Cambridge, University Press), - The Trustee Act, 1888, with Explanatory Notes and an Index, by A. R. Rudall and J. W. Greig (Hadden, Best & Co.), John Sevier as a Commonwealth-Builder, by J. R. Gilmore (New York, Appleton), -Routledge's Illustrated Dictionary, by J. H. Murray (Routledge), -Progressive German Dialogues, by A. an der Halden (Rivingtons), - The Art Student's Second Grade Practical Geometry, by J. Lowres and G. Brown

of the Victoria Nyanza, written now thirty years | (Moffatt & Paige), - The Application of Ornament,

History and Biography.

Burton's (T.) The History and Antiquities of the Parish of
Hemingbrough, edited by J. Raine, 8vo. 21/cl.
Flers's (Marquis de) Le Comte de Paris, trans. by C. Majendie,

8vo. 12/cl.

Lockhart's (W.) Church of Scotland in the Thirteenth Cen

tury, A.D. 1239 to 1253, 8vo. 6/ cl.

McCrie's (T.) Life of John Knox, cr. 8vo. 2/ cl.
Rice's (E. P.) Benjamin Rice, or Fifty Years in the Master's

Service, cr. 8vo. 2/6 cl.

couple of plain lute string* gowns and coats will be necessary on your first arrival, three or four Manchester muslins,† made in the newest fashions, as undress. Stays are unnecessary in this country, but bring one pair of silk ones with very little bone in them; a few tiffany handkercheifes, ‡ and aprons to wear at first. The only things that will be of use here are ribbands,§ shoes, silk stockings, and gloves, of these you must lay in as large a stock as your money will allow; plain ribbands of all sizes are best. You must be careful to lay aside 7 or 8 of your best suits of linen, particularly handkfs, to wear on your first coming on shore. Make all your dresses with long sleeves-short ones are never worn here.

by L. F. Day (Batsford), - Annual Report of the Secretary for Mines and Water Supply, Victoria, 1887 (Melbourne, Brain), -Calendar and General Directory of the Department of Science and Art for the Year 1889 (Eyre & Spottiswoode), - Macaws, Cockatoos, Parrakeets, and Parrots, by Capt. T. Brown (Dean), - The Alphabet of Economic Science, by P. H. Wicksteed, Part I. (Масmillan), The Tree of Mythology, a Study, by C. de B. Mills (Syracuse, N.Y., Bardeen), Cymru Fu, Part III., edited by G. H. Brierley (Stock),-Times and Days (Longmans), - The Rear-Guard of the Revolution, by J. R. Gilmore (New York, Appleton), - One of the "Forty," translated from the French of A. Daudet by A. W. Verrall (Sonnenschein), - The Ruby Neck- Ringwalt's (J. L.) Development of Transportation Systems kind of stuff you like for the latter part of the voy

let, by B. Richardson (W.M.S.S.U.), -Out in the Forty-Five, by E. S. Holt (Shaw), -Ned's Victory, by A. Briggs (W.M.S.S.U.), - "Gone Away," by F. Cotton (Simpkin), -Alma Ryan, by Charlotte Mason (Shaw), -Kingscote Stories, by the late Ella Baker (Kegan Paul), -Faithful and Unfaithful, by Margaret Lee (Macmillan), Hillside Farm, by M. L. Ridley (Shaw), -The Judgment of the City (Sonnenschein), - Gordon, an Our-Day Idyll, by J. Morison (Kegan Paul), -November Boughs, by Walt Whitman (A. Gardner), Vagrom Verse, by C. H. Webb (Boston, U.S., Ticknor), - Roses and Thorns, by C. W. Heckethorn (Dobell), - The Falls of the Clyde, by the Author of 'Law Lyrics' (A. Gardner), -The Diatessaron of Tatian, by the Rev. S. Hemphill (Hodder & Stoughton), — Leading Events in the History of the Church of England, by E. Ram (Sonnenschein), - Joshua to the Captivity of Judah, by W. Taylor (C.E.S.S.I.), Characteristics from the Writings

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of Archbishop Ullathorne, by the Rev. M. F. Glancey (Burns & Oates), - Religion in Recent Art, by P. T. Forsyth (Manchester, A. Heywood), A Treatise on Christian Baptism, by J. A. Beet (Hodder & Stoughton), -S. Alphonsi M. de Liguori Liber de Cæremoniis Misse, edited by G. Schober (Ratisbon, Pustet), - La Science de l'Enseignement, by F. Horridge (Paris, Rousseau), -Mademoiselle de Moron, by A. Lambert de Sainte-Croix (Paris, Lévy), -Ein Rundgang durch die Ruinen Athens, by Dr. F. Baumgarten (Leipzig, Hirzel), - and Shakespeare's Drama, by Dr. Timon (Leyden, Brill). Among New Editions we have Précis of Comparative French Grammar and Idioms, by A. Barrère (Whittaker), Allen and Greenough's Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges, revised by J. B. Greenough and G. L. Kittredge (Ginn & Co.), The Difficulties of Algebra made Easy, by H. C. Tarn (Moffatt & Paige), Educational Codes of Foreign Countries, by A. Sonnenschein (Sonnenschein), - Red-Nosed Frost, translated from the Russian of M. A. Nekrasov (Boston, U.S., Ticknor), Brands plucked out of the Fire, by Canon H. J. Ellison (C.E.T.S.), - and Bentley, by R. C. Jebb (Macmillan).

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"I will give you a list of what things are absolutely necessary for your voyage. A dark Habit, for the first part of the voyage, let it be very well made as it will serve as a pattern here; some gowns of any

age, the darker they are the fewer you will want, and stuff peticoats. You will find flannel ones necessary for the first two months, you must have cotton ones after, take care to have a few white upper peticoats to wear on coming on shore, gause handks are best for the voyage, they keep longest clean, make all your ship gowns with long sleeves, take care to bring towels and wash balls,|| bottle and bason, and several tooth-brushes. Make a quantity of burnt bread, it is the best powder you can use (take notice, coming into a warm climate it is very necessary to keep your teeth very clean). For your bed, which will be very small, bring a mattress, the most wholesome thing you can lay on in a hot country, with a blanket for the beginning of the voyage and a couple of pillows, with sheets, and a dark counterpane. Powderand pomatum you must bring and use on the voyage, or you will be apt to lose your hair. Bring for the voyage, 4 dozen of shifts, stockings 4 dozen, as fine as you can afford to buy them, as they are useful in this country [all my coarse ones are lost by my not being able to wear them here], five pair of stuff shoes for the voyage. You must calculate for a voyage of five months and then you will see what is necessary, changing twice a week your linen. For this country you must bring two dozen pair of silk or sattin shoes, take care they are not lined with leather, it rots them; as great a quantity of ribbands as you can afford; 1 doz pair silk stockings; 2 do pair gloves, white, six pair long and the rest short. Mr. Y says make all your shoes slippers, buckles are useless and expensive; two or three straw hats, untrimed but lined, you can put ribband on yourself, buy three handsome white feathers and a nosegay, they will be useful. All the cloaths you will want for the voyage put in one box; what you bring for this country in another. The box you will want place in your cabin,

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there. Bring a quantity of pins. Your Brother will do what you want in London; if he can introduce you to the captain before you go on board it

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Übungen, 12m.

Drama.

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CLOTHES AND CONDUCT ON BOARD AN OLD
INDIAMAN.

MANY Anglo-Indian readers of the Athenœum
will be interested in the following extract from
a letter written in 1788 by a lady in India to her
younger sister, who was about to undertake the
voyage to Calcutta, telling her what outfit to
take with her and what should be her behaviour
on board ship. I have added a few foot-notes.
GEORGE BIRDWOOD.

"All fine dresses of gause* or Caps or handkercheifes are perfectly useless in this country. A

"

* At this date the manufacture of thin silken "gauzes had migrated from Spitalfields to Paisley, which then furnished all Europe, including France, with them.

any women on board, soldiers wifes or black servants, returning, and agree with one to attend you. Give her two or three guineas at leaving the ship, and what cloathes you will not use again. Have one dress ready to come on shore in, a plain white Manchester and a straw hat with ribbands is as genteel a thing as you can wear. The half peice of muslin you will get, you had better make it into hands to wear on your arrival; do not cut them into single ones but double.

"And now my dear -- let me give you a little advice in respect to being on board a ship. If there are any ladies on board be friendly with them, but be cautious with whom you are very intimate; be as much in your own cabin as you can; the captain, if he is a genteel man, will be attentive to you; be polite to him, and all the officers and gentlemen that may be on board, but do not allow them to talk

* The manufacture of lustrine, which word we corrupted into "lute string," was introduced into England by the refugees from France on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 1685. This lustrous silk was much used here for ladies' dresses in the last century. It had been imported from France in the reign of Charles II.

† This is a very early record of Manchester muslins, the manufacture of this delicate cotton stuff having begun simultaneously at Glasgow (Robert Monteith), Paisley, and Bolton in 1780, i. e., only eight years before the date of this letter.

I The writer really means breast-kerchiefs or fichus. The use of "thinne Sidonian tiffanay," that is, of "dressed" (toffer, "to dress up") or "gummed" gauze, for kerchiefs in England followed, and was probably due to, the publication in 1763 of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu's 'Letters from Constantinople.'

At this date there was a mild recrudescence of the rage for ribbons which characterized the reigns of Charles II. and James II., only at the later period it broke out exclusively on the women.

Compounded of soap and powdered pumice. "Washbails" of soap and fine sand are still in use under their old name. Gerard, speaking of gum-storax, says there were made from it in his time "perfumes, pomanders, sweetwaters, sweet-bags, sweet-washing-balls, and divers other sweet chaines and bracelets."

familiarly with you; the less you are with them the more they will respect you. Your Father or some of your friends will I hope give you a few good and useful books.* Read and work, but avoid being idle. You have plenty of time to write, and will always keep a letter ready for your Father or Mother, least you should stop or meet a homeward bound ship. You must expect to be a little sick at first, but if you live abstemiously some time before you go on board, you will not suffer so much. Take with you some portable soup ;f it is the best thing you can take when you are sick, and avoid eating then; and keep up your spirits and depend upon being kindly received by an affectionate Brother and Sister."

WATER-MARKS.

ALLOW me to correct an error in my last week's paper on water-marks, which, however, does not in any way affect the rules laid down

for determining book sizes. The paper upon

which the early editions of Shakspeare were printed was larger than the Jonson folio, 1640, the water-mark in which latter is the jug. WILLIAM BLADES.

Richmond, April 1, 1889.

MR. BLADES's letter on this subject raises some interesting points. May I be permitted a few observations?

1. The facts from which Mr. Blades deduces his "laws" are not now observed or appreciated for the first time. As to the varying direction of

the wire-marks in the leaves of books folded into folios, quartos, octavos, &c., see, for instance, Ebert's 'Bibliograph. Lexicon' (vol. i., 1821, p. xviii-explanation of term Wassermarke) and the 'Descriptions des Arts et Métiers' of the Paris Academy of Sciences (vol. xx., 'Art du Relieur,' 1772).

2. Is it always the case that in an uncut folio "the water-mark is found about the centre of the page"? Ebert, as above, says in older paper it is to be found in the middle of the whole sheet.

The position of the water-mark, however, does not appear so important as the direction of the wire-marks, since the difference of dimensions should suffice to show whether a book were, by folding, a folio or an octavo.

3. Mr. Blades affirms this test to be "the only true guide for the bibliographer as to size." It is unfortunate that in English we have only one word for two different things: the dimensions of a book and the format in which it is printed. Popularly at all events the "size" of a book is taken to be some indication of its dimensions as well as of its format, and a book called a folio is expected to be taller or less square than one called a quarto. To have some idea of the dimensions of a volume is perhaps as important as to know how its sheets are folded, and would it not be doubtful wisdom to employ such every-day terms as folio and quarto with any other than their customary acceptations? Most book-men, I should think, would say it

would.

4. If this plan of denominating a book, as to size, by the folding of its sheets is recommended for ancient books, is it similarly recommended to follow the folding in sizing modern books? If not, at what date is the "only true guide" to be dropped ? A. HASTINGS WHITE.

* The reading on board the Indiamen of the period was limited, but solid, and very "feeding," the Bible, Buchan's Domestic Medicine,' Johnson's and other dictionaries, Taplin's 'Farriery,' Hoyle's 'Book of Games,' Fanny Burney's and Charlotte Smith's novels, Glass's and Farley's cookery books, Macpherson's 'Ossian,' 'Don Quixote,' 'Gil Blas, Persian and Arabic even more than Hindustani dietionaries, Bell's 'British Theatre,' Shakspeare, Gibbon, Robertson, Hume, Smollett, Langhornes' Plutarch, Gilchrist's East India Vade Mecum,' and 'Ainslie on Cholera Morbus.' These, with an odd military work, such as 'Struensee (not J. F.] on Field Fortification,' were the books, in the order of their frequency, carried out in every ship to India, from the end of the last to the beginning of the present century, before the time of Scott and Byron. Also, always "all new books for children."

† The advertisements I possess of outfitters for India show that at the end of last century and the beginning of this the "Necessaries for a Lady en voyage always included "portable soup" and "Bristol water," "Aquebusade," "Capillaire," "quarter chests of Oranges," "boxes of Mann's biscuits" and of "Ginger-bread nuts," and "Choco

late."

MRS. S. C. HALL.

Hampstead, March 28, 1889.

I HAVE been much interested in reading Mr. Purnell's letter in the Atheneum of March 23rd about Mr. Carter Hall, both Mr. and Mrs. Hall having been intimate friends of my grandfather ("Martin Doyle ") and his wife.

Mr. Purnell says he "can say from knowledge that the husband was the guide and counsellor even in the wife's charming tales and novels." May I send, as a sort of corollary to this, an extract from a letter to me from Mrs. S. C. Hall, written, I believe, in 1872? After giving me her husband's criticism on some of my poems, Mrs. Hall went on: "You know I never wrote

poetry, but often, often, Mr. Hall, when going through one of my tales, has said, 'My dear, so-and-so is the case. You have given words

instead of thoughts. Destroy this page, think,

and rewrite it.' And such is my faith in him that I never disputed his judgment, but did as I was bid. And frequently the monster would make me do it over and over again until it became what I saw was right."

The italics are, of course, Mrs. Hall's.

EMILY H. HICKEY.

THE LIBRARY AT BOLD HALL.

VERITAS writes in reply to the correspondent whose letter we published a fortnight ago. After denying that the front door was nailed up or that the rooms were meanly furnished, he says: "To say that the room which seemed most pleasing to him [Mr. Tipping] was the 'cock-fighting room' is a lively stretch of imagination. He was in the habit of showing the article described by your correspondent to his friends as a curiosity. Again, the complaint about the dining-room being in ruins, windows unglazed, and floor rotting, is a gross exaggeration. The stables, &c., are dismantled, windowless, and doorless.' This is not correct, and can only apply to the house and buildings intended for the coachman, and which were simply left in the state they were in when they came into Mr. Tipping's hands. Being a bachelor of simple tastes and unostentatious habits, it was not to be expected he would restore the large mansion, though he did restore an amply sufficient number of rooms for the use of himself and his guests. Your correspondent sneers at the dead man for his deficiency in intellectual pursuits. I would ask how many old country squires are fond of reading. Mr. Tipping was well known in Lancashire and Cheshire as a good and daring rider to hounds, and he hunted three days a week for many years before he went to Bold, a keen sportsman on the moors and lowlands, and excellent shot. Your correspondent tells a

an

story respecting the purchase of books from Mr. De Hoghton about which there is a grain of truth and much garnishing. It contains its own contradiction in itself, for it states that experts from London were brought down to value the books, and the choicest of them were then

carried away, the rest being sold by the ton. Can

any person credit this? Would their owner have sold them thus when he could easily have obtained a fair price for them from any book-dealer in London or in the neighbouring towns of Liverpool or Manchester? There are two very fine paintings by Gainsborough,' and these are not, as has been stated, of the Bold-Hoghton family, but of the Tipping family, as he was one of the Tippings of Ardwick and Cheshire. Having made his fortune by his ability and strict attention to business, and above all 'honestly,' he had a perfect right to save it or spend it as he pleased. I should not have written thus at length, but my objection to see an old friend thus maligned and misrepresented after his death, and when he is no longer able to defend himself, must be my excuse for this."

THE DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY.'

THE following is the first part of a list of the names intended to be inserted under the letter H, Section III., in the 'Dictionary of National Biography.' When one date is given, it is the date of death, unless otherwise stated. An asterisk is affixed to a date when it is only approximate. The editor of the 'Dictionary will be obliged by any notice of omissions addressed to him at Messrs. Smith, Elder & Co.'s, 15, Waterloo Place, S.W. He particularly requests that when new names are suggested, an

,

indication may be given of the source from which they are derived.

Home, Sir Alexander, Warden of the Marches, 1456
Home, Alexander, 1st Lord Home, 1491
Home, Alexander, 2nd Lord Home, 1506
Home, Alexander, 3rd Lord Home, ex. 1516
Home, Alexander, 5th Lord Home, 1575
Home, Alexander, 1st Earl of Home, 1619
Home, Daniel Douglas, spiritualist, 1833-85
Home, David, Scotch divine, fl. 1626

Home, Sir Everard, Bart., surgeon, 1756-1832
Home, George, Earl of Dunbar, 1611

Home, Henry, Lord Kames, Scotch judge, 1696-1782
Home, James, 3rd Earl of Home, 1666
Home, Rev. John, Douglas,' 1722-1808
Home, Robert, painter, 1836*

Home, Col. Robert, C.B., military engineer, 1836-79
Home, William, 8th Earl of Home, 1761

Homer, Arthur, D.D., 'Bibliotheca Americana,' 1758-1806
Homer, Henry, classical scholar, 1752-91

Homer, Philip Bracebridge, B. D., classical scholar, 1766-1888
Homes, Rev. William, divine, 1663-1746
Hondius, Abraham, animal painter, 1695
Hondius, Henry, engraver, 158**-1658*
Hondius, Jodocus, engraver, 1563*-1611
Hone, Camillus, painter, 1837

Hone, Horace, A.R A., miniature painter, 1753-1827

Hone, Nathaniel, R. A., enamel painter, 1784
Hone, William, publisher, politician, and author, 1779-1842
Honey, Mrs., actress, 1817-43

Honey, George, actor, 1822-80

Honorius, St., Archbishop of Canterbury, 653

Honyman, Sir George Essex, Bart., judge, 1819-75
Honyman, Sir William, Bart., Lord Armadale, Scotch judge,

1756-1825

Honywood, Michael, D.D., Dean of Lincoln, 1597-1681
Honywood, Sir Robert, translator, 1686

Honywood, Sir Thomas, D.C.L., Parliamentarian, fl. 1661
Hood, Alexander, captain R. N., 1797

Hood, Alexander, Viscount Bridport, 1728-1814

Hood, Charles, general, 1826-83

Hood, Rev. Edwin Paxton, Dissenting minister, 1820-85
Hood, John, land surveyor, 1720-83

Hood, Robin, outlaw, temp. Richard I.

Hood, Sir Samuel, Bart., G. C. B., admiral, 1760*-1-14

Hood, Samuel, Viscount Hood, 1724-1816

Hood, Thomas, M.A., mathematician, fl. 1593
Hood, Thomas, poet and humourist, 1798-1845
Hood, Tom, humourist, 1835-74

Hook, James, musical composer, 1745-1827
Hook, James, D.C L., Dean of Worcester, 1771-1828
Hook, Theodore Edward, writer and wit, 1788-1841
Hook, Walter Farquhar, D.D., F.R.S., Dean of Chichester
1798-1875

Hook, Rev. Wm., M.A., Nonconformist divine, 1600-78
Hooke, John, serjeant-at-law, 1655-1712

Hooke, Luke Joseph, D.D., Catholic divine, 1716 96
Hooke, Nathaniel, historian, 1763

Hooke, Robert, M.D., F.R.S., secretary of the Royal Society,

1635-1702

Hooker, John, B.D., poet and dramatist, 1543* Hooker or Vowell, John, M.P., topographer and biographer, 1524*-1601

Hooker, Richard, D.D., the "Judicious Hooker," 1554-1600 Hooker, Thomas, minister at Hartford, Connecticut, 1586

1647

Hooker, William Dawson, M.D., Tour in Norway, 1816-39 Hooker, Sir William Jackson, F.R.S., Curator of Kew

Gardens, 1785-1865

Hookes, Nicholas, poet, 1629-1712

Hoole, Rev. Charles, educational writer, 1610-67
Hoole, Elijah, Orientalist, 1798-1872
Hoole, John, translator of Tasso, 1727-1803
Hooper, Edmund, composer of anthems, 1553*-1621
Hooper, George, Bishop of Bath and Wells, 1640-1727
Hooper, John, Bishop of Gloucester and Worcester, 1495-1555

Hooper, Robert, M.D., physician, 1773-1835
Hooper, Lieut. William Hulme, Arctic explorer, 1827-54
Hooton, Charles, novelist, 1812-46

Hope, Sir Alexander, G.C.B., general, 1769-1837
Hope, Alexander James Beresford Beresford, M.P., politician

opendathorne Catholic writer, 1810-87

Hope, Charles, 1st Earl of Hopetoun, 1681-1742
Hope, Charles, President of Court of Session, 1763-1851
Hope, Rev. Charles Stead, divine and author, 1763-1841
Hope, Rev. Frederick William, F.R.S., entomologist, 1795-

1862

Hope, George, agriculturist, 1876

Hope, Henry, merchant, 1736-1811

Hope, Sir Henry, admiral, 1787-1863
Hope, Sir James, lawyer and lead-worker, 1614-61
Hope, James, 3rd Earl of Hopetoun, 1741-1816
Hope, James, M.D., physician, 1801-41

Hope, James, United Irishman, 1764-1846*
Hope, Sir James, G.C.B., admiral, 1808-81
Hope, Sir James Archibald, G. C.B., general, 1785-1871
Hope, John, M.P., miscellaneous writer, 1739-85
Hope, John, M.D., F.R.S., botanist and physician, 1725-86
Hope, John, 4th Earl of Hopetoun, G.C. B., 1765-1823
Hope, Sir John, G.C.H., general, 1765-1836

Hope, Sir Thomas, Knt., of Kerse, Lord of Session, 1606-43
Hope, Sir Thomas, Bart., Scotch lawyer, 1646

Hope, Thomas, F.S.A., writer and patron of art, 1770*-1831 Hope, Thomas Charles, MD., F.R.S., chemist, 1766-1844 Hope, Right Hon. Sir William Johnstone, G.C.B., admiral,

1766-1831

Hope, William Williams, collector of works of art, 1854
Hope-Scott, James Robert, Q.C., of Abbotsford, 1812-73

Hopetoun, Earls of. See Hope.

Hopkin, Lewis, Welsh poet, 1700*-70

Hopkins, Charles, dramatist and poet, 1664-1700
Hopkins, Edward, founder of Connecticut, 1600-57

Hopkins, Ezekiel, D.D., Bishop of Derry, 1634-90
Hopkins, George, M.A., Presbyterian divine, 1620-66
Hopkins, Rev. John, translator of the Psalms, 1570
Hopkins, John, Amasia,' b. 1675
Hopkins, John Henry, Bishop of Vermont, 1792-1868
Hopkins, John Larkin, Mus.D., organist and composer,

1820-73

Hopkins, Matthew, the witch-finder, 1649*

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