the origins of social observances is being actively proceeded with in several quarters. The Society of Anthropology of Paris has issued a second edition of its questionary of sociology and of ethnography. Mr. G. L. Bink, a resident in New Guinea from 1871 to 1883, has answered these questions in the German language, and a French translation of the answers, by Madame van Kolh, is published in the Society's Bulletin. The series of questions on the manners, customs, religion, superstitions, &c., of uncivilized or semicivilized peoples drawn up by Mr. J. G. Frazer, of Trinity College, Cambridge, is also receiving answers, which, we understand, will be communicated to the Anthropological Institute.

BOCIETIES.

ROYAL.-April 4.-The President in the chair. -Baron Henry de Worms was elected a Fellow. -The following papers were read: 'On the Magnetic Inclination, Force, and Declination in the Caribee Islands, West Indies,' by Prof. Thorpe, Experiments on the Resistance of Electrolytic Cells,' by Capt. Sankey, -'The Ferment Action of Bacteria,' by Dr. Brunton and Dr. Macfayden,-and 'On the Limit of Solar and Stellar Light in the

Ultra-violet Part of the Spectrum,' by Dr. Huggins.

GEOGRAPHICAL.-April 8.-General R. Strachey, President, in the chair. The following gentlemen were elected Fellows: Sir O. H. Scourfield, General Sir F. C. A. Stephenson, Col. W. B. Thom. son, Lieut. H. B. Vaughan, Rev. E. C. Spicer, Messrs. W. M. Blyth, W. A. Brignal, G. A. Chaddock, A. Cook, and W. H. Payne. The paper read was 'A Journey to the Glacier Regions of Alaska,' by Mr. H. W. Topham.

GEOLOGICAL.-April 3.-Dr. W. T. Blanford, President, in the chair.-Mr. P. O. Wilson, Mr. E. Kidson, and Prof. E. Wadsworth of Michigan, U S.A., were elected Fellows; Prof. F. Fouqué of Paris, and Prof. K. A. von Zittel of Munich, Foreign Members; and M. Michel-Lévy of Paris, and Prof. G. K. Gilbert of Washington. U.S.A., Foreign Correspondents of the Society. -The following communications were read: The Elvans and Volcanic Rocks of Dartmoor,' by Mr. R. N. Worth, - The Basals of Eugeniacrinide,' by Mr. F. A. Bather, and 'On some Polyzoa from the Inferior Oolite of Shipton Gorge, Dorset,' by Mr. E. A. Walford.

SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES.-April 4.-Dr. J. Evans, President, in the chair. -Mr. W. H. Deverell exhibited a bronze sword, with the chape of its wooden sheath, found at Bossington, Hants.-Mr. Leveson-Gower exhibited and read some descriptive remarks on examples of glazing quarries from Westerham, Kent, and Titsey, Surrey. One from the former place bears the figure of a boy riding on a hobby horse, and holding a lance with a windmill on the end. The Titsey quarries bear the well-known Gresham badge of the grasshopper, in some cases with an I in its mouth, in other with M, for John and Mary Gresham.-Mr. H. Vaughan exhibited a large collection of glazing quarries, of various dates, from Suffolk and Kent. - Mr. Hartshorne exhibited and described a coat of mail of peculiar character, made of links of the usual pattern, but secured by a twisted wire instead of with rivets.Hon. R. Marsham exhibited and described a number of rubbings of monumental brasses at Ampton, Suffolk.

LINNEAN.-April 4.-Mr. Carruthers, President, in the chair.-Mr. A. C. Lowe was admitted a Fellow of the Society, and Messrs. T. W. Cowan and B. Vallentin were elected. -Mr. D. Morris exhibited a specimen of the hymenopterous insect Eulema cayennensis, concerned in the fertilization of Coryanthes macrantha (see Crüger, Journ. Linn. Soc., viii. 129), and obtained from Mr. Hart, of Trinidad. Referring to the illustrations of the structure of the flowers given in the Gardeners' Chronicle (xvii. 1882, 593; and xxiii. 1885, 145), Mr. Morris explained the process carried out by the insects, chiefly bees, in removing the pollinia, and subsequently attaching them on the stigma. The observations of Crüger had been verified by Mr. Hart in the Botanic Gardens, Trinidad.-Sir E. Fry exhibited, and made some instructive remarks on, a copy of Grisley's Viridarium Lusitanicum,' 1661, presented by LinRæus to his pupil Loeffling, the author of the 'Iter Hispanicum-Prof. R. J. Anderson exhibited some photographs of educational museum cases in Queen's College, Galway.-A paper was read by Mr. Lister on the Myxomycetes or Mycetozoa, a group of organisms on the borderland between the animal and vegetable kingdoms, and formerly classed with fungi. His remarks were illus

trated by numerous coloured drawings of representative species; and the author also exhibited under the microscope the swarm cells from the spores of Amaurochete and the streaming plasmodium of Badhamia. Attention was especially directed to the mode of feeding of the swarin cells, and observations made on those of Stemonitis, where large bacilli were seen to be caught by pseudopodia projected from the posterior end of the organism, and drawn into its substance and digested. A discussion followed, in which the President, Prof. Marshall Ward, Prof. Howes, and Mr. Breese took part.-A paper was then read by Mr. E. W. Hoyle on the deep-water fauna of the Firth of Clyde, embodying the result of recent investigations. The explored area, which is shut off from the Irish Sea by a submarine plateau, extending from the Mull of Cantyre to the Ayrshire coast, contains seven distinct deep-water basins in which the depth exceeds 20 fathoms, and in some cases reaches 80 or 100 fathom. An account was given of the dredging which had been carried on, with lists of the species obtained at various depths.-A discussion followed, in which Messrs. J. Murray, W. P. Sladen, and G. B. Howes took part.

ZOOLOGICAL- April 2.-Prof. Flower, President, in the chair. -The Secretary read a report on the additions to the menagerie during March, and called attention to a specimen of the manatee (Manatus australis), purchased March 2nd, being the second example of this sirenian obtained alive by the Society; to an oriental phalanger (Phalanger orientalis, var. breviceps), presented by Mr. C. M. Woodford, of Sydney; and to a specimen of Owen's apteryx (Apteryx oweni), presented by Capt. C. A. Findlay. Mr. Smith-Woodward exhibited and made remarks on a maxilla of the early mesozoic ganoid Saurichthys from the Rhætic formation of Aust Cliff, near Bristol. - Letters and communications were read: from Mr. W. K. Parker, on the osteology of Steatornis caripensis, the conclusion arrived at as regards the affinities of this isolated form of birds being that Steatornis is a waif of an ancient avifauna, of which all the near allies are extinct, and that Podargus of Australia is its nearest surviving relative, - by Mr. O. Thomas, on the characters and synonymy of the different species of otter, the author giving a revised synonymy of the four species of Lutra recognized as belonging to the Palæarctic and Indian regions, and of the two found in the Ethiopian region; the American otters, for want of a larger series of specimens, could not at present be satisfactorily worked out, -by Mr. A. SmithWoodward, on Bucklandium diluvii, a fossil from the London clay of Sheppey, noticed by König, and hitherto not satisfactorily determined: it was shown that this fossil was a portion of the skull of a siluroid fish allied to the existing genus Auchenoglanis, -from Mr. H. W. Bates, on new species of the coleopterous family Carabidæ, collected by Mr. J. H. Leech in Kashmir and Baltistan, and on some new species of the coleopterous families Cicindelidæ and Carabidæ, taken by Mr. Pratt at Chang Yang, near Ichang, in China, and by Mr. E. T. Newton, on the history of eocene siluroid fishes. Mr. New ton observed that spines of siluroid fishes from the Bracklesham beds were described by Dixon in his Fossils of Sussex' (1850), and referred to the genus Silurus. Mr. A. Smith-Woodward had recently shown good reason for referring these specimens, and certain cephalic plates from the same horizon, to the tropical genus Arius. The greater part of a skull, from the eocene beds of Barton, in the museum of the Geological Survey, confirmed the latter generic reference. Its close resemblance to a skull of Arius gagorides in the British Museum left no room for questioning their generic relationship, while at the same time the fossil differed from any known species of Arius. The fortunate discovery of one of the otoliths within the fossil skull, and its resemblance in important points to that of A. gagorides, still further confirmed this determination. Some other otoliths from Barton, and one from Madagascar, were also referred to the genus Arius.

ENTOMOLOGICAL.-April 3.-Mr. F. Du CaneGodman, F.R.S., V.P., in the chair.-Messrs. A. Cant, C. Cave, N. F. Dobrée, J. Harrison, S. L. Mosley, and B. G. Nevinson were elected Fellows.

Mr. O. Salvin exhibited specimens of Ornithoptera trojana and O. plateni, received from Dr. Staudinger, and obtained in Palawan, an island between Borneo and the Philippines. He remarked that Ornithoptera trojana was allied to O. brookiana, Wall.-Mr. R. M'Lachlan exhibited, and made remarks on, seven examples of Eschna borealis, Zett. He said that some of the specimens were captured by himself at Rannoch in June, 1865. The others Eugadine. Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher exhibited speciwere taken in Lulea, North Sweden, and the Upper mens of Agrotis pyrophila from various localities, including two from Portland, three from Forres, of

a smaller and darker form, and a melanic specimen from Stornoway, at first supposed to belong to A. lucernca, but which, on closer examination, was seen to be referable to this species. He also exhibited series of Triphæna orbona from Stornoway and Forres, and T. subsequa from Forres and the New Forest.-Dr. Sharp exhibited specimens of Proculus goryi found by Mr. Champion in Guatemala, prepared to show the rudimentary wings under the soldered elytra. Dr. Sharp called attention to the existence of a peculiar articulated papilla at the base of one of the mandibles; and he also showed sections of the head of Neleus interruptus displaying this papilla, as well as the articulated teeth on the mandibles. Canon Fowler exhibited specimens of Agapanthia lineatocollis, and remarked that they were able to produce a distinct stridulation by the movement of the head against the prothorax, and of the hinder part of the prothorax against the mesothorax. He further remarked that Dr. Chapman had lately informed him that Erirrhinus maculatus, F., had the power of stridulating strongly developed. -Mr. E. Saunders exhibited, on behalf of Mr. G. A. J. Rothney, in illustration of his paper on Indian ants, specimens of the following: Camponotus compressus and fragments of Solenopsis geminatus destroyed by it; Camponotus sp.?, with a mimicking spider (Salticus sp.); Pseudo-myrma bicolor, with its mimicking Salticus, and a new species of Rhinopsis, viz., ruficornis, also found with it, and closely resembling its host; Diacamma vagans; Holcomyrmex indicus, with specimens of the grain which it stores and the chaff which it rejects; and Aphænogaster sp., with the pieces of mimosa, &c., with which it covers its nest. - Mr. G. A. J. Rothney communicated a paper entitled 'Notes on Indian Ants.'-Mr. L. de Nicéville communicated a paper entitled 'Notes regarding Delias sanaca, Moore, a Western Himalayan Butterfly.'-Capt. H. J. Elwes communicated a note in support of the views expressed by Mr. de Nicéville in his paper.

CHEMICAL.-March 21.-Mr. W. Crookes, President, in the chair. The papers read were: 'The Molecular Weights of the Metals,' Preliminary Notice, by Dr. W. Ramsay, 'The Application of Raoult's Depression of Melting Point Method to Alloys,' by Mr. C. T. Heycock and Mr. E. H. Neville, Some Compounds of Tribenzylphosphine Oxide,' by Dr. N. Collie, 'Contributions to our Knowledge of the Isothiocyanates,' by Dr. A. E. Dixon, 'The Constitution of Primuline and Allied Sulphur Compounds,' by Mr. A. G. Green, 'The Determination of the Constitution of the Heteronucleal aẞ- and ββ-di-derivatives of Naphthalene' (Second Notice), by Mr. H. E. Armstrong and Mr. W. P. Wynne, and Contributions to the Knowledge of Citric and Aconitic Acids,' by Mr. S. Skinner and Dr. S. Ruhemann.

March 28.-Annual General Meeting. - Mr. W. Crookes, President, in the chair. - The President delivered an address. The following were elected as officers and Council for the ensuing session: President, Dr. W. J, Russell; Vice-Presidents who have filled the office of President, Sir F. A. Abel, W. Crookes, Warren De La Rue, E. Frankland, J. H. Gilbert, J. H. Gladstone, A. W. Hofmann, H. Müller, W. Odling, W. H. Perkin, Sir L. Playfair, Sir H. E. Roscoe, and A. W. Williamson; Vice - Presidents, G. C. Foster, Dr. J. W. Mallet, H. McLeod. L. Mond, Dr. J. E. Reynolds, and R. Warington; Secretaries, Dr. H. E. Armstrong and J. M. Thomson; Foreign Secretary, Dr. F. R. Japp; Treasurer, T. E. Thorpe; Ordinary Members of Council, Dr. N. Collie, A. H. Church, Dr. F. Clowes, W. Dunstan, J. Ferguson, C. W. Heaton, E. Kinch, H. F. Morley, F. J. M. Page, S. U. Pickering, Dr. R. T. Plimpton, and T. Purdie.

April 4.-Dr. W. J. Russell, President, in the chair. -Mr. Alexander Hill was formally admitted a Fellow of the Society. - The following were elected Fellows: Messrs. J. L. H. Abrahall, J. Aunal, R. D. Bailey, T. D. C. Barry, F. W. Boam, H. Broadbent, E. В. Cook, F. E. J. Cridland, A. A. Cunningham, T. H. Easterfield, J. T. Freestone, W. Frew, J. Hall, R. A. Hoyle, H. R. Hoyles, H. Ingle, C. J. Leaper, G. C. McMurtry, C. J. McNally, J. B. Miller, W. B. Nesbitt, G. T. W. Newsholme, J. C. Platts, C. Proctor, A. A. Read, E. Reckitt, D. T. Richards, R. W. Roberts, T. A. Shegog, H. Simmonds, J. W. Slater, Н. С. А. Vine, W. A. Voss, W. J. Waterhouse, P. A. Weir, J. T. White, C. Wood, and M. Woolf. The following papers were read: 'The Rate of Dissolution of Metals in Acids,' by Mr. V. H. Veley, 'Note on the Interaction of Metals and Acids,' by Mr. H. E. Armstrong,-and 'A Zinc Mineral from a Blast Furnace,' by Mr. J. T. Cundall.

in the chair. PHILOLOGICAL.-April 5.- Mr. A. J. Ellis, V.P., Mr. T. S. Brierly was elected a Member.-Mr. H. Bradley read Mr. W. R. Morfill's paper 'An Attempt to explain some Peculiarities of Modern Russian by Comparison with its Earlier Forms and with other Slavonic Languages.' Mr. Bradley then discussed the etymology of ill, O. Norse illr, bad. It was not from evil, G. ubiloz, but was from idle, G. idloz, vain, empty. Endue (Fr. enduire, Lat. inducere) means to lead or draw into or on: (1) To induct into a living; (2) to put over, to pass meat from the gorge to the stomach, to digest; (3) to educate, instruct, bring up; (4) to bring to a certain state (Shakspeare, Oth.,' III. iv.); (5) to put on clothing (confused with induere), to assume a character or tone; (6) to clothe with a garment; (7) (confused with endow, from dotare) bestow on, give possessions to, though this sense comes also from

"to clothe," as shown by "invest with power," &c.; (8) to be inherent in, "deceit and vanity endue their souls."

SOCIETY OF ARTS. April 8.-Mr. C. V. Boys delivered the third of his course of Cantor Lectures On the Measurement of Radiant Heat.'

April 9.-Mr. E. C. Robins in the chair.-A paper On Architecture in its Relation to Landscape' was read before the Applied Art Section by Mr. H. Η. Statham. The paper was largely illustrated by sketches and lantern slides.

April 10.-Lord Lingen in the chair. A paper On the Sanitary Functions of County Councils' was read by Sir D. Galton, and was followed by a discussion.

SHORTHAND.-April 3.-Mr. J. G. Petrie, President, in the chair. - The following new members were elected: Mr. J. H. Bennett, Fellow (Northampton), and Mr. J. Mills, Associate. - Mr. H. Richter read a paper On Theory and Practice.' He held that some of the older systems of shorthand, whilst furnishing excellent practical results, did not come up to the required standard of theory. But in regard to theory he held that the geometrical

A NEW comet, described as "faint," was discovered by Mr. Barnard at the Lick Observatory, California, on the evening of the 31st ult. It was at the time in the eastern part of the constellation Taurus.

DR. TERBY, of Louvain, noticed, whilst observing Saturn on the 6th ult., a brilliant white spot on the ring adjacent to the shadow of the globe, extending over both the principal portions of the ring, so that the Cassini division which crossed it seemed to gain in blackness, and therefore visibility, at the place from the effect of contrast. This remarkable phenomenon was seen again on March 12th, but although other astronomers have since looked for it, the only one who appears to have seen it is Prof. C. H. Macleod, of Montreal, who telegraphs to

the Astronomical Journal, No. 190: "Bright spot in ring observed; appears brightest towards inner edge."

DR. UHLE is going to issue two folio volumes illustrating the ethnographical collections made during their travels in America by MM. Stübel, Reiss, and Koppel. Messrs. Asher are to be the publishers. Unfortunately the letterpress is to be in German only. A French or English translation would be desirable for the many who do not read German.

THE Rev. O. J. Vignoles has finished his biography of his father, the well-known engineer,

to

gineer,

which we have more than once alluded. It

were too often put forward without any proof in the heat of debate they would not break down. A good system ought to be capable of being written equally well either in full or abbreviated; and abbreviations should apply to constantly recurring words. There were systems on the geometrical method, the script method, and the geometrical script. He preferred the pure script developed from the ordinary longhand letters, which gave the greatest abundance of shorthand material. What was required was a system not shorter than Pitman's, but one more legible-a system without shading as a main principle, with as little use of position as possible, and one in which the backward movements were expunged altogether. An interesting discus. sion followed.

*MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

MON. Asiatic, 4.-'The Babis of Persia: Personal Reminiscences, and
Sketches of their Beliefs and History, Mr E. G. Browne.
Victoria Institute, 8-Ethnology and Ancient Caronology of
China, Dr. Gordon.

Society of Arts, 8-Instrumen's for the Measurement of
Radiant Heat,' Lecture IV., Mr. C. V. Boys (Cantor Lecture).

Turs. Statistical, 70.

Civil Engineers, 8.

Folk-lore, 8.-'The Survival of Totemism in Britain,' Mr. G. L.
Gomme.

Zoological, 84.-'The Zoo-geographical Relationships of the
Island of Palawan and some Adjacent Islands, Mr. Α. Η.
Everett; Description of a New Genus of Muridæ allied to
Hydromys,' and The Mammals of Mount Kina Balu, North
Borneo, Mr. O. Thomas; New Indian Lepidoptera, chiefly
Heterocera, Col. C. Swinhoe.

WED. Meteorological, 7-Deaths caused by Lightning in England and Wales from 1852 to 1880, Dr. R. Lawson; Diurnal Range of the Barometer in Great Britain and Ireland, Mr. F. C. Bayard; Note on a Working Model of the Gulf Stream,' Mr. A. W. Clayden.

Geological, 8.- Production of Secondary Minerals at Shear-
zones in the Crystalline Rocks of the Malvern Hills, Mr. C.
Callaway: 'The Northern Slopes of Cader Idris, Messrs.
GA J. Cole and A. V. Jennings.

British Archæological Association, 8.-' Notes on Mediæval
Seals, Mr. W de Gray Birch; Mode of securing the Ring on
the Finger, Mr. H. Syer Cuming.

THURS. Linnean, 8-On Coniferæ, Dr. Maxwell T. Masters; On
Helcion pellucidum, Mr. R. J Harvey Gibson.
Chemical, 8.-Notes on Naphthalene Derivatives, Dr. Arm-
strong and Messrs. Heller, Holding, Percival, Rossiter, and
Wynne.

An Investigation of the Principles of Athenian Architecture; or, the Results of a Survey conducted chiefly with reference to the Optical Refinements exhibited in the Construction of the Ancient Buildings at Athens. By F. C. Penrose. New and Enlarged Edition. (Society of Dilettanti.)

It is with unusual pleasure that we welcome this magnificent volume-a new edition with important additions of a work which, since its first publication in 1851, has been accepted as truly monumental, an acquisition for all time. Of the ancient buildings which it treats of, the Parthenon is, of course, the chief. That temple was not merely distinguished by its adornment with the noblest sculptural compositions ever executed by human genius, but even as a work of architecture it surpassed all others in its union of imposing dignity with an accuracy of finish which might characterize a work of sculpture. Ruined as it is and has long been, it has never failed to impress the beholder with a sense of majesty and grace, of perfect proportions and refinement. Yet it was comparatively recently that the secret of this refinement was in some degree divined; and the survey which Mr. Penrose accomplished in 1846-7, and has now happily supplemented, had for its object to follow out the clue which had been grasped, and to obtain the means of subjecting what was surmised to a strict scientific test. For this purpose measurements of the minutest accu

racy were required. In the end Mr. Penrose extended his examination to the entire structure, and obtained and recorded such measurements of every member and moulding. In consequence a number of refinements were traced where they had not been before suspected; and in addition to this, and what was even more important, a basis was obtained for the study of the larger subject of the ancient architect's application of principles of general proportion.

The entasis of the classical column-the addition to the middle part of the shaft beyond a right line joining the upper and lower diameters-has always been known from Roman examples and Renaissance imitations in exaggerated form. But the Greek employed it with the intention that it should tell in effect without being distinctly observed. The difference is so delicate in the Parthenon column that it escaped the notice of Stuart and Revett, and was left to be identified by R. C. Cockerell in 1810.

It was known, both from Vitruvius and by an anecdote which Cicero tells of the ignorant meddling of Verres with architecture, that the Greek architects set up their columns with a certain deviation

from the perpendicular in the direction of the building; but this peculiarity, again, was only verified in the Parthenon by the late Prof. Donaldson about 1829; and it was as recently as 1837 that Mr. Pennethorne observed that the stylobate of the Parthenon façade was not level, but curvedwas higher in the centre than at either end. The exact amount of these deviations has been finally determined by Mr. Penrose with admirable care and labour; he has, moreover, identified and measured a number of others; so that, in fact, it appears that there is scarcely a single line or surface throughout the building which, when put to the test, bears that true relation to the level or the perpendicular which to a spectator it appears to have. An example will show how these tests are sufficiently decisive. The intermediate joints of the drums of the columns of the front are truly horizontal, but as they are erected on a plane slightly inclined, the lowest drum must necessarily be higher on one side than the other; and again, as the axis of the column has to lean back, the drum will be higher in front than at the back; and measurement, fully set forth in Mr. Penrose's plates, verifies these consistent variations. Such drums are, in fact, the "uneven stools" of Vitruvius-his scamilli impares, over which commentators have stumbled in their explanations time out of mind.

A chapter is given to the discussion of the reasons which induced the Greek architects to embarrass themselves with such infinite niceties. The chief motive was manifestly to countervail certain optical illusions due to the contrast of divergent lines. To cite examples within general opportunities of observation, the strictly horizontal cornice of a triangular pediment will appear to the eye to curve downwardsto sag. The triple windows of Bridgwater House towards the Park are crowned by a central segmental cornice with a horizontal ledge on either side; the horizontal lines appear to slope upwards like the rim of a hat. Distortions of this kind were probably more frequently and plainly apparent in the

bright atmosphere of Athens; but we must still allow much for the sensitiveness of the Greek to the slightest disturbances of that repose which, as contrasted with torpor, he manifestly required in architecture as absolutely as in the sculpture which animated the whole. The laws on which these visual illusions depend still await elucidation.

We may be surprised, but are bound to overcome our surprise, when we find it established by Mr. Penrose that the architects of Pericles already commanded the resources, among other curves, of the ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola. They need not have been under obligations to theoretical geometricians. It is quite as probable that we have here another instance of how the

Besides, as it was the central point of all the most venerated and mysterious traditions of local worship, the strangely combined arrangements of the interior are worthy of all scrutiny and discussion. Such discussion must be carried on elsewhere. On one point only a remark may be made. A strong presumption against the conclusion that the sacred olive tree was in a court beyond the temple, and not within it, is afforded by the fact that, by the testimony of Herodotus, it was within the earlier temple, and suffered with it from the incendiary Persians. What is most abnormal in the treatment of the elevation of this beautiful temple is the insertion of four windows between the en

The Propylæa-the structure which orators referred to as the very symbol of Athenian supremacy-was drawn and measured with equal conscientiousness by Mr. T. I. Willson, and Mr. Penrose now supplements the work of his friend with details derived from extensive recent excavations. The traces of polychrome decoration were more abundant here than in the Parthenon; it was applied exclusively to narrow flat bands and curved or carved mouldings. Details are given in beautiful coloured plates, and a perspective view of the angle of the Parthenon pediment and entablature exhibits admirably how it was subordinated to the general effect which it enhanced.

Among the extensions of the original work is a section, illustrated by a plate and woodcuts, on some excavations which Mr. Penrose conducted on his recent visit to Athens with a view to decide the vexed question whether the temple of Jupiter Olympius was octastyle or decastyle. The columns which remain standing have sufficient merit to invite expenditure of time and trouble to recover, if possible, the original plan. The substructions proved to have been obliterated for the most part; Mr. Penrose, however, concludes in favour of eight columns on the fronts. We are not equally convinced; at any rate, such a temple as that of which he gives a conjectural section and plan may have satisfied Hadrian, who brought it at last and in some manner to completion, but is quite without significance relatively to proper

Athenian architecture.

in ancient literature nor in any of the numerous temples of Greece is there any authority for the walls of a sacred edifice being so pierced. There is, however, one example in Sicily, and another is the Sibyl's temple at Tivoli, of which the artistic merit - its date and its Italian site notwithstanding-is quite sufficient to argue adherence to a true Hellenic model.

Mr. Penrose appears to defer too much to Dr. Dörpfeld in the supposition that "some fire or accident had so much ruined the original front that it required to be entirely rebuilt in the fourth or fifth century A.D."; and that "to meet the new demand for light, windows of the ordinary domestic type were supplied, in the place of the solid wall which had originally stood between the attached columns." This view is sustained by reference to traces of decidedly inferior workmanship in "the execution of the fallen fragments" of the upper part of this wall. But there is no need to descend to so late a date to account for what seem true indications of repairs or restorations posterior to the time which exacted the utmost refinement in finish. The Elgin inscription informs us that the temple was still unfinished, especially at this part, in the archonship of Diocles, 409 B.C.; and it reports on the particular stones, whether in place or still unset, and whether fully carved or yet unpolished. Whether the report was acted on within the next five years, the last years of the Peloponnesian War, before the capture of Athens by Lysander, is extremely doubtful, and the state of the city for many years afterwards may well account for a hurried and perfunctory restoration. Some of the poorly executed mouldings repeat others of fine section which were copied by Stuart while the front was still erect. We may, therefore, retain our confidence in it as a model of proportions in the Ionic order.

to

a

On this subject Mr. Penrose observes in his preface: "I have no occasion in this edition to repeat the observations I formerly made on the proportions of the different buildings of which mention is made, that subject having been completely solved by Mr. W. Watkiss Lloyd, and I am enabled to insert by permission an Essay contributed by him to the Royal Society of British Architects on the scheme of proportion employed by the Greek architects, especially illustrated in the case of the Parthenon." Reference is then made to Mr. Watkiss Lloyd's development of the same theory, which the late Prof. Cockerell sanctioned and incorporated in his splendidly illustrated work on the temple at Basse. It seems only unfortunate that Mr. Penrose did not see his way to following the example of the professor and admitting a selection of diagrams exhibiting directly to the eye the relations of the parts determined proportionately. It would also have been well had a demonstration of the theory been invited in the case of the Propylæa, of which the proportions are not only admirable independently, but are manifestly adjusted to bring it into harmonious relation with the Parthenon.

It may be fairly said of this sumptuous volume that it can neither be rivalled nor superseded; for the world contains no other building of a perfection and an importance to render it worthy of the exhaustive care and minuteness of the present survey of the Parthenon: there is no other on which they would not be thrown away. The book is published by the Society of Dilettanti in this its one hundred and fifty-fifth year, and surely a society is to be congratulated which gives present proof of the same spirit which animated it at the remote commencement of its career. Of this career, and of its happily mingled enthusiastic and festive characteristics, the best account has been given to the German public by Prof. Michaelis, author himself of an important work on the Parthenon. He thus sums up his testimony :

"When we look back on the long series of folios of which some are due to the initiation of

the society and others have been assisted and promoted by it, we can scarcely assign to this private society a merit too distinguished. Not only has the knowledge of Greek architecture been advanced by it, but by its publication of 'Athenian' and 'Ionian Antiquities' it gave the impulse which brought the dominant authority

of Roman architecture in theory and practice to an end. Moreover, the most subtle refinements of Greek architectural design have been first appreciably demonstrated by the labours of architects who have worked in our own century for this society."

THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF ANTIQUITIES
AT ROME.

HITHERTO the Italian museums have been

chiefly remarkable for the absence of classification of their contents; or if any has been attempted, it has had no relation to scientific method. Consequently, for all serious study they have been practically valueless. A diligent search among these miscellaneous gatherings will often reveal objects of first-rate importance; but their discovery will be due to the sharpness of sight of the student, not to the fact that they have any relationship with their surroundings. Even when examples of the same class are placed together it is rare that any chronological

sequence has been attempted in their display. I am rejoiced to say that this state of things is doomed in the peninsula, and that in a short time there is every probability that not only the museums of the great cities, but also those of the distant provinces, will be arranged on true scientific principles ; for the Italian authorities are evidently in earnest in their reforms in this as in other matters. They are clearly determined to bring the reign of slovenliness and disorder to a finish. In the same way that they insist on the streets of Rome being clean and sweet and orderly, they will give the directors and curators of museums to understand that the contents of their shelves and cases must follow similar rules. The new museums are specially designed as models in these particulars. The institution will be divided into two parts: (1) the antiquities of the city of Rome, to be exhibited at the Baths of Diocletian; (2) the extra-urban antiquities-that is, the results of excavations or discoveries in the cities within the Roman district-which will be collected at the Villa di Papa Giulio, on the Flaminian Way, and not far from the Porto del Popolo. The latter will be open to the public almost immediately, and will contain the results of the recent excavations instituted by Senatore Fiorelli at Civita Castellana, the ancient Falerii, which, by the kindness of Prof. F. Barnabei, the learned and obliging secretary of the department, I have been allowed to inspect.

The collection is exhibited in four rooms, and comprises the contents of numerous tombs belonging to the necropolis of Falerii. These objects are not dispersed; the whole of the vases, bronze articles, ornaments, &c., found in each separate tomb are kept together. They are accompanied also by a drawing of the tomb and a reference to its position and orientation on the large general plan of the excavations. The earliest tombs must date from the seventh century, the pottery-formed by hand and not on the wheel -being evidently the production of the aboriginal inhabitants. With these rude vessels were found flint implements. To them succeed tombs containing vases from Phoenicia and Cyprus, of the class bearing geometrical and animal decoration on a light ground, together with imitations of the same by the Falerians. Then comes the period of Greek vases, first with black figures on a red ground, and afterwards the art of the finest period. There are also shown the native wares produced under their influence. One, among the latest, of the third century bears a Latin inscription-a unique example, I believe. The series terminates with the art, of a very debased character, of the middle of the third century, Falerii being destroyed by the Romans 241 years before our era. The vases, although the most interesting from an artistic point of view, comprise naturally only a portion of the find. Phoenician and native ornaments in gold and silver (but these are rare, as the tombs had evidently been rifled in Roman times) furnish admirable examples of design; certain objects in bronze are of singular beauty. Glass is comparatively scarce; two specimens of the small vases in brilliant colours, of Egyptian origin, though perhaps of Phoenician production, were alone found; but as these objects were highly prized by the Romans, it is possible they were looted along with other precious articles. In examining the contents of the cases curious illustrations of the mechanical inventions of the period meet the eye; for instance, a skull shows the lost teeth of the upper jaw supplied with artificial ones in gold. The terra-cotta mouldings for architectural decoration belonging to a temple are especially important; these comprise a long band of architrave and specimens of the antefixes. Some heads and portions of figures in terra-cotta, mostly of small life size, are of really grand style and modelled in the most masterly manner. An Apollo, with the head bearing a strong resemblance to a marble bust in the small circular room in the British Museum, is a fine

MESSRS. CHRISTIE, MANSON & WOODS sold on the 5th inst. the following miniatures: The Countess Coloredo, by Isabey, 271. Catherine Payne, actress, in gold locket, with blue enamel back, and initials, 109l. Louis XIV., a fine enamel by Petitot, in gold frame, 84l. Portrait of Mr. Featherstonhaugh, by Smart, 38l. Portrait of a Gentleman, by Smart, in gold frame, with initials I. M., 251.

The same auctioneers sold on the 6th inst. the following pictures, from various collections: S. Ruysdael, A View near Dort, with ferry-boat and figures, 105l. Sir H. Raeburn, Miss Macartney, 115l. J. Hoppner, Richard Humphreys, the Pugilist, 1521. W. Van de Velde, A Calm, 168l. Van der Helst, An Artist exhibiting a Portrait of a Lady to a Gentlemen, 220l. K. Du Jardin, The Return of the Holy Family from Egypt, 141l. Snyders, Interior of a Larder, with a sportsman, dead game, and fruit, 120l. T. S. Cooper, Summer in Canterbury Meadows, 3047. G. Morland, The Windy Day, a landscape, with a horseman, a horse and cart, and figures on a road, 336l. P. Nasmyth, A Woody Landscape, with figures and dog on a road, 189l. Le Duc, An Interior, with figures, 126l.

Fine-Art Gossip.

MR. E. BURNE JONES will not be an exhibitor this season at the Academy, Grosvenor, or Old Society of Painters in Water Colours. He will probably send a monochrome drawing in water colours to the New Gallery. The artist needed rest, and has some important commissions in hand which have to be finished.

SIR JOHN MILLAIS's pictures, the titles of which we mentioned last week, may be described as follows:-1. A life-size standing figure (threequarters length) of 'Mrs. Paul Hardy,' wearing a costume of deep black, which harmonizes with the rich and glowing complexion of the brunette, her abundant dark hair bound coronet fashion about her head and adorned with marigolds, and her dark and vigorous eyes; she holds a fan in one hand. The background is graded in warm grey. 2. A large landscape called 'Murthly Water,' a view of the Tay near Dunkeld as seen on a very bright late autumnal day, when the verdure of the meadows has gained brilliancy, while the foliage and ferns have changed from russet to pallid yellow, and the purple hills beyond the river have become pale lavender, and are dashed with cloudshadows of a deeper hue. The wind-swept sky is a bright pure blue, clouds of dense white fly aloft, and the rippling of the river's surface indicates the briskness of the breeze. This brilliant and original portrait of nature in an aspect with which we are all familiar demands careful study, and will reward the visitor none the less because the charm of the effect has often attracted artists less competent to do justice to it than Sir John. 3. A second large landscape, 'The Old Garden,' depicts a sort of afterglow, before what the Scotch call the gloaming has begun, while the sky is still resplendent, and all the shadows of the place, though still charged with light reflected from above, are merged together. In the foreground a quaint fountain of the seventeenth century pours its waters into a lower basin, and no other sound is heard within the space before us, which is enclosed by formal hedges of clipped box and yew, and

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guarded by the poplars whose dark and lofty forms rise in the rosy air. That air is so still that thin smoke goes straight up from one of the chimneys of the old stone mansion, whose slate roofs and ancient gables gleam in the last of the sunlight. The chiaroscuro and illumination of this work are extremely impressive, although its elements are so simple, and no "effect" was aimed at in painting it. John, while he has often tried to attain higher finish, never produced better or truer "colour," or a picture with greater breadth stronger tonality. 4. 'Shelling Peas,' which bears an affectionate ex dono to Sir Frederic Leighton, has all that élan of design and brilliancy of handling which characterize the later art of the R.A. It is a life-size figure of a young lady with a beautiful English face, seated, with an apron on, at a kitchen table. A blue and white bowl is in her lap, and she is diligently shelling peas into it. Her expression is very sweet and sincere, and treated with great taste and spontaneity. Her gown is pale yellow with a soupçon of pink, adapted to her fair hair and skin, as well as to the black hat at her side, her sash of pale golden citron, and the yellowish-buff background. The features are beautifully drawn, and the serene aspect of the whole picture will charm even those who usually cry out for more labour (more pains they could not, in this instance, have) in the works of Sir John Millais. The most popular of all the pictures of the year will undoubtedly be this artist's largest work, named 'Afternoon Tea' or The Gossips, because it shows three little girls, at life size, seated under trees at the edge of a meadow, and taking tea from toy cups. chief figure faces us, a lovely little girl, with her clustering dark hair collected under a quaint mob cap, her complexion slightly flushed, and her brown eyes expressive of the deepest wonder at, and most serious attention to, the tale of her vis-à-vis, another little maiden, whose back is towards us, while her attitude attests that she tells a thrilling story. The third girl is nearly in profile on our right, and has charge of the tea-things. The first child wears a white frock and a yellow sash, the others wear pale blue and very light amber-coloured dresses.

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BESIDES his paintings, Mr. W. B. Richmond has completed for the Academy a full life-size statue of a shepherd carrying his staff across his shoulders and grasping each end of it, while he walks and looks forward in a sort of rapture of delight in living. The very sunrise is in that early pastoral time in which the sculptor has laid the scene an ever-fresh pleasure, so that the shepherd seems to hail the sun as the god of nature, creator of every blessing to him, his flocks, herds, and fruits; he knows nothing of sadness, has experienced no loss, and sees life without a shadow. His eager action as he moves rapidly along, the attitude of grasping his crook strongly, are elements of an original, well-sustained, and energetic design, which, as well as the fine and masculine style and accomplished execution of the figure, demands and deserves praise.

MR. WOOLNER will exhibit at the Academy one of his finest busts, that of the late Sir Joseph Whitworth, but he sends no ideal sculpture. The bust is full life size, and is intended for Owens College, Manchester, as a companion to the same sculptor's bust of the founder of that institution. Energy and intense characterization, without the least strain or obvious effort, mark this masterpiece. Sir Joseph is represented in middle lif life, and this has given Mr. Woolner ample opportunity for feats of modelling and the most exquisite finish. To reproduce an abundance of such details would be, with many, a simple question of labour and research; not so only is it when, as in this noble work, a style almost worthy of the best antiques is not wanting, and every crease of the skin, every curve of the hair clustering in soft curls about the head, is an example of what carving