versified version of the Psalms. But only very
gradually were there added to the Psalter any
"spiritual songs" founded upon any other por-
tion of the Bible, and the few that came into
use do not appear to have received any formal
ecclesiastical sanction. In the middle of the
seventeenth century there was an outburst of
song in the Scottish Church, and the General
Assembly was busy with proposals for selecting
and revi revising the Scriptural paraphrases of Leitch,
Simson, Zachary Boyd, and others, when Crom-
well cut short its proceedings. Almost another
century passed by before it was once more pro-
posed in the General Assembly "that it be re-
commended to some fit persons to turn some
passages of the Old and New Testament into
metre to be used in the churches as well as in
private families." The first edition of the
present collection of paraphrases was printed in
1745, the second in 1751, and the final revision
in 1781. It is the history of these paraphrases
that Mr. Douglas Maclagan has elucidated.
His work is most carefully done, and is a valu-
able addition to the bibliography of the national
hymnology. Especial pains have been taken
with the biographical and literary notices of
the various authors who are known or conjec-
tured to have contributed to the collection. The
text of the hymns, as it stands in the three
recensions, is printed in parallel columns, and
occasionally a fourth column gives the original
form of hymns which had a previous and inde-
pendent existence. It is curious that it is only
in hymns-the most ancient form of literature
that the barbarous malpractices of primitive
ages survive. Hymns are apparently treated
by all sects alike as common property, to be
appropriated, improved, or adapted out of all
recognition by their authors. A notable change
will be found in the well-known hymn of Watts:

foundation. His leading doctrine, that "lord-
ship is founded on grace," was but a scholastic
dogma, almost certain to be misapprehended, as
it actually was, and to be used in support of
movements which he himself would not have
justified. Wherein, then, consisted the essen-
tial greatness of the man? If genius, as has
been said, means a supernatural power of work,
there is certainly abundant evidence of his im.
mense intellectual energy. But what is the dis-
tinctive character of that work? Possibly it
consists in the very thing which made him but
a second-rate schoolman. If he had only kept
his philosophy to the schools, to be discussed and
debated among the learned, it would have had
its day and perished, and the world might have
been little either the better or the worse for it.
But he was essentially a popular teacher. He
wrote in Latin, but also (in his later years) to a
large extent in English. He translated the
Bible into English, and indeed may be said
to have instituted a school of translation by
which the work was considerably amended after
his death. He was a politician and a pam-
phleteer as well as a divine. Mr. Poole shows
us how the great political events of the age, from
the day that his opinion was asked on the de-
mand for the renewal of the Papal tribute levied
on the kingdom in King John's day, naturally
tended to the development of his particular
theories; how these were tending more and
more to discredit sacerdotalism; and how, in
order to destroy the groundwork on which sacer-
dotalism rested, he was at length led to re-
pudiate the doctrine of Transubstantiation. If
a priest could not "make the body of Christ,"
then the essential distinction, as it was commonly
viewed, between priests and laymen vanished.
The laity had a priesthood no less than the
clergy, and the laity were to keep the clergy in
order, to take away their endowments, and
where the priest was in mortal sin to refuse to
pay him his tithes and defy his excommunica-
tion. Formal excommunication was invalid
against any one who was not excommunicated
already by being in a state of sin. Those who
were so had no rights of property, no true lord-
ship in this world; while, on the contrary, any
one in a state of grace possessed all things.
There was thus a true community of goods
among Christians, for all the wealth of this
world was equally the property of each indi-
vidual in a state of grace. It is easy to see how
doctrines such as these-fostered as they were
by the visible breakdown of the Papal system
in the great schism-should have been looked
upon as heretical and dangerous. Moreover,
they were too unpractical to retain their hold
upon the community at large; and as the
Papacy again righted itself and external order
was restored for another century in the Church,
they were more and more discredited. What
little influence they still possessed was due to
their negative, not to their positive teaching; poetry into prose; and in no case is it easy to
the Lollards were undoubtedly the spiritual
ancestors of the Puritans. But how far Puri-

While shepherds watched their flocks by night,
All seated on the ground,

The angel of the Lord came down

And glory shone around.

There is no Scriptural authority for the "all
seated," and in the 'Paraphrases' of 1745 the

verse is altered to :

While humble shepherds watched their flocks
In Bethlehm's plains by night,
An Angel sent from heav'n appeared
And filled the plains with light.

In 1751 "fields"

was substituted in both lines

for "plains"; and in 1781 "plains" was re-
stored. But contrast either of these with the
"spiritual song" of Patrick Simson on the same
topic:-

The night our Lord was born, there were

In fields of Bethlehem

Some shepherds staying by their flocks,
And watching over them.

Or with this on Isaiah xii. 1 by Zachary Boyd:

I will thee praise, O Lord, though thou
With me most angry wast;
Thine anger is now turned away.
Thou me comforted hast.

As a rule these earlier Scottish versifiers turned

or Lollardy had to do with the Reforma- can be done in this way has, perhaps, been

tion, except in weakening generally the sense of Pontifical and sacerdotal authority, and supplying as a counterpoise a Bible in the vernacular speech, there seem no clear indications. Mr. Poole's book, however, will be of great assistance to those who wish to think these matters out.

improve on either Isaiah or the gospels by put
ting them into English rhyme. The best that
done in these paraphrases, of which, as Mr. Mac-
lagan remarks, the Scottish people need never
be ashamed.

LAW BOOKS.

Outlines of the Science of Jurisprudence: an

Introduction to the Systematic Study of Law.
cyclopædias of Puchta, Friedländer, Falck, End

The Scottish Paraphrases: being the Translations and Paraphrases in Verse of several Pas- Translated and edited from the sages of Sacred Scripture collected and prepared the committee scottathe General Assembly of Ahrens, by W. Hastie, M.Anders, and

Church of Scotland in order sung Clark)-By far the larger portion of this book

in Churches. An Account of their History, consists of the translation of Puchta's "Juristic
Authors, and Sources By Douglas J.
(Edinburgh, Elliot.)-Among the main forces dence as the Science of Right'; the smaller
which brought about the Scottish Reformation portions of the works of Friedlandethend maller

Mac'agan. Encyclopædia," entitled 'Outlines of Jurispru

-on

reckoned

spiritual side at least-must be

the "good and godly ballads"

should occupy only about half of a book exten
to less than three hundred pages in all; i
some of our readers are doubtless aware
"encyclopædia" in Germany is something re
different from the voluminous repertory
general knowledge, alphabetically arran
which it is usual to call by that title in Engla
When, however, we try to ascertain in
sense the German writers really use the wordin
find that their meaning slips very easily from
grasp. According to Friedländer, science s
living organism, and the essential functies
scientific encyclopædia is to show what
idea that animates the several members
organism. So far we do not seem to get
in the way of definition, if definition
explanation, as old-fashioned people are v
to think. The same writer tells us that en
pædia is the science of the sciences, and u
a systematic encyclopædia of a science is
its organism translated into conceptions;
having read this, we feel that there is
something wanting. Turning to the tr
lator's preface, we find that, apparently:
certainly, for the author seems to be in a
confusion between the structure of an en
clopædia and the structure of his own bois
the true method of framing a scientific treate
is the representation of all the rational elemen
of the science as constituting one systema
whole, and that this is what the Germans Le
by encyclopædia as a method of science, anda
the highest culminating method of reason,
its ultimate determination of truth. And the
author thinks it high time that both the mat
and the reality of "juristic encyclopedia
should be introduced into England. We won→
humbly ask whether a "treatise" or a "synopsis
would not do as well; we have always sym-
pathized with the officer in the old Spectator
who averred that ditches could be filled just as
well with plain English faggots as with new-
fangled French fascines. Mr. Hastie in his
preface, which is evidently written with a good
grasp of a favourite subject, has quite caught
the trick of grand and mystical diction so much
affected by the Germans whose methods he
desires to introduce to English readers. When
he comes down from the clouds a little, we seen
to catch his meaning to some extent a
we think that, at the present day, a guod
many people will agree with him more
less. His practical working idea is, we think
that those who desire to study positive lan
should begin by laying a foundation of jurispr
dence, or theoretical law; and to this he adds.
a secondary doctrine, that the utilitarian Engin
school is not sufficient for our needs, and that an
infusion, at least, of the more objective Germa
mode of thought will be good for us:
Encyclopædia is...... the appropriate disciplinary
preparation for the systematic study of pestov
law." The author is supported by Austin, br

Jurist

Mr. Sheldon Amos and Mr. Frederic Harrace

we

and probably by other eminent deceased an living writers, in this viewminent is one whic are concerned to oppose, even if we ac that there may be two opinions about it. ceding the propriety of such a sequence of staf may admit, further, that the high hơn which Puchta has long been held among juridica writers appears to justify the choice of his "Encyclopædia" as a text-book, while the brevity of the work in itself is a further recommends this character everything bered that and this character rything is dogma

of

of the origin of "the State." Describing brie

the
pendent of the human will, Puchta summar
theory that the growth of the State is incl
pondemns the one and the other, saying, "B

"Contrat Social" of Rousseau, and the riv

being introduced as supplementary to Puchta, theories are equally removed from the truth of and the half dozen pages of Ahrens supple truth of each lies only in its negation of t the Wedderburns. But these songs, rude almost mentary to Falck. To a commonplace Ele other." We have carefully considered his of

to coarseness, yet homely, earnest, and vigorous, man it may cause some surprise that were soon displaced by the more decorous bearing the imposing name of

a work medium view on the same point, and we find "Encyclopædia " to amount to this-that the State arises from th ill of the people, but that it is, in its ultimate rigin, a thing given and instituted by the reator, though left by Him to be formed and eveloped by human agencies and methods. here is no attempt to prove this position, Which amounts apparently to an adoption of the rinciple of "divine right of kings, and its exPension to every kind of government under the This is only one of many instances in hich Puchta appears to take a private view of hings as they have been, are, or may be, and place them before the world, under a veil of High-flown language, as things which must be end ought to be. The student will suffer no inury from the perusal of such passages, if he onstantly bears in mind that big words do not

un.

norance and corruption, but not when a man
called a certain magistrate a liar by word of
mouth, or when another contemner of the great
unpaid said of another magistrate, "If he is a
sworn justice he is a rogue and a forsworn one.'
An information was granted, however, when a man
called a mayor a scoundrel, and challenged him
to fight. A quo warranto information relates
to matters of a civil character, and is more in the
nature of an injunction forbidding a person
wrongfully claiming some particular office from
intermeddling with the duties and privileges of
that office. A mandamus may be roughly de-
scribed as an order to a person or body of
persons to do something which ought by rights
to be done without any order at all. One of the

tronstitute arguments, and that the conclusions | earliest known instances took the form of a com

f one writer, however distinguished, are not riteria of truth for all mankind. The little cragment of Ahrens inculcates the principle hat jurisprudence should be taught as philoLophical, historical, and positive science, and hat the three aspects should not be separated rom one another. The book concludes with a Definition and History" of "Encyclopædia" by Friedländer), containing a good deal of Dibliographical information, and awarding to Bacon, as author of 'De Dignitate et Augnentis Scientiarum,' a high place both as a scientific and as a juristic encyclopædist.

Informations (Criminal and Quo Warranto), Mandamus, and Prohibition. By John Shortt, LL.B. (Clowes & Sons.) - The popular idea of a court of law is that of an authority sitting in judgment to determine which of two or more claimants is the true owner of a particular property, or whether (and if so, to what extent) one person is indebted to another in respect of a particular transaction. This is, in truth, the ultimate aim of "the court," but there are certain ancillary mandates which, though not in the nature of decisions as to property, are useful in reserving it for decision by averting dangers which threaten it. Conspicuous among these, from very early times, have been injunction in courts of equity, and information, mandamus, and prohibition in courts of common law. Mr. Shortt has done wisely in choosing the last three as the subject of a new book; for, while injunction is the subject of one or two voluminous modern treatises, its sisters of the common law have been strangely neglected by recent authors. An information may be popularly described as a proceeding by which certain kinds of offences may be brought directly before the court, instead of passing through the usual ordeal of the grand jury. A multitude of ancient technicalities are mixed up with the "learning" on informations, and our readers would scarcely thank us for going at length into such matters. In modern times ex officio criminal informations (filed by some public officer) have been used very frequently to repress libels of a public character; for instance, an ex officio information was filed against the managers of a newspaper, in 1704, for "lamenting the sad state of the country owing to the influence of French gold on those who had the conduct of affairs"; another, in 1777, for reporting a resolution at a public meeting to the effect that certain Englishmen (apparently our American colonists, then in revolt), "preferring death to slavery, were for that reason only inhumanly murdered by the king's troops." Criminal informations not ex officio, which require the permission of the court, were formerly used in the case of private libels, but that practice has of late years been discredited. General Sir Charles Napier failed to obtain permission after he had ceased to be commander-in-chief in India, though the libel related to his conduct in that capacity; and a shipowning M.P. failed in an application against Mr. Plimsoll, who had accused him of overloading his ships in order that they might sink and he might pocket the insurances. An information was allowed when the Middlesex magistrates were accused, in a pamphlet, of ig

mand by Edward III. to the University of Oxford to restore a man who was bannitus! (No such remedy, alas, in these degenerate days!) This cunning instrument of judicial torture is, however, most commonly applied in cases of appointment to offices of a public, not of a private description. Thus the court will grant a mandamus to elect a mayor, an alderman, a town councillor, or perhaps any other officer of a municipal character, but it will not interfere in the case of a barrister, an advocate, a member of the College of Physicians, or an unendowed lecturer. Mr. Shortt is right, ap. parently, in thinking that the provision as to mandamus in the Judicature Act, s. 25, sub-s. 8, is to be taken in a limited sense, and is not designed to extend to courts of equity the ancient rights of the common law courts in their full luxuriance; but the framers of the Act might have made the matter clearer. A prohibition is an order made by one court to keep another within the proper limits of its jurisdiction. It is provided by statute that no prohibition can be issued agains against the High Court of Justice or the Court of Appeal; but by a strange omission there is no such provision as to the Judicial Committee, and that august tribunal may perhaps be prohibited in its character of an ecclesiastical court of appeal. As a rule, the courts against which prohibitions may issue are those which are manifestly inferior to the court which issues them. Mr. Shortt's book is one of a good old type, going into the subject in a business-like manner, and giving cases for every point. Such a work depends for its value on the amount of accuracy with which the decisions are summarized. At p. 143 there is a misleading statement which, substantially, occurs twice over. After the words "the following have been held incompatible offices" we find "alderman and town clerk," on the authority of R. v. Pateman, 2T. R. 777, and "jurat and town clerk," on that of Milward v. Thatcher, 2 T. R. 81; but the former case distinctly asserts that the offices are not necessarily incompatible, though they were so in the particular case; the latter settles nothing as to incompatibility, merely deciding that, if the offices are incompatible, the election to the lower amounts to a resignation of the higher. Generally speaking, however, we have found Mr. Shortt's statements of cases to be clear and accurate. An appendix, consisting of nearly one hundred and fifty pages, contains the 'Crown Office Rules, 1886, a valuable collection of forms, &c. The index is copious, and the production of the book is unexceptionable.

OUR LIBRARY TABLE.

ever, have been vastly improved by more careful arrangement. Why should chapters on "Field Sports" and "The Turf" be interpolated between chapters on "Card-Playing" and Gambling," and a chapter on "Money Matters" between those on "Brilliant Talkers" and "Wit and Humour"? Lord Stradbroke's coursing has not much to do with the turf (vol. i. pp. 132-33); and we are totally at a loss to conceive why George Selwyn's fondness for witnessing executions is styled a "recreation," while the artistic propensities of a professional painter like David Allan are called "hobbies." Again, why should we be twice told about Shelley's paper boats (vol. i. pp. 48 and 327) and twice about Addison's visits to the pot-house (vol. ii. pp. 48 and 83)? Some of the omissions are rather astonishing. Of two statesmen who really could play, the account of Sir Robert Walpole's "happier hour of social pleasure ill exchanged for power" is singularly incomplete; and though we are told about Pitt's cushion fight with young Napier, there is no mention of his strewing the garden beds with the fragments of Dudley Ryder's opera-hat. Again, the two most remarkable of statesmenagriculturists are left out-Lord Townshend, to whom we owe the cultivation of the turnip; and Lord Althorp, who said of himself that "nature intended him to be a grazier." Among statesmen-scholars search will be made in vain for the names of Melbourne and Wellesley; among the impecunious, for obvious instances like Coleridge and B. R. Haydon; among sportsmen, for Jack Mytton and Osbaldeston, though some of them are incidentally noticed in other connexions. But it is in turf affairs that Mr. Dyer is most defective. He mentions that the twelfth Earl of Derby founded the Oaks, and says nothing about his foundation of the Derby as well; and he actually talks of Voltigeur as "which." Ag Again, his account of Admiral Rous's dictatorship at Newmarket is unsatisfactory; and as to Lord George Bentinck, he has no mention of his turf reforms, his exposure of the Running Rein fraud, or of the deeds of his famous filly Crucifix. Greville's well-known character of his cousin would have enlightened Mr. Dyer considerably, and it is remarkable that he should describe the diarist as one "whose interesting memoirs have thrown so much light on the state of political parties in the two preceding reigns." Can it be that Mr. Dyer is unaware of the publication of the second and third parts of the journals? Except an appalling statement that O'Connell died in 1835, we have not come across many absolute errors, and those chiefly trifling mistakes in proper names, of which Thomas Henry Buckle and Lord John Hervey (for Lord Hervey) are specimens. But the punctuation is often most irritating, and the style enigmatic and sententious. Card-players, however, will be glad to hear that Mr. Dyer opines that "so long as prudence, and moderation, influence this pleasing diversion, there is little fear of its forfeiting the popularity which it has rightly earned."

The Civil Service Manual of Mr. Skerry (Simpkin & Marshall) is intended to aid those mainly who wish to face the examiners of the Civil Service Commission. It gives the regulations and other particulars, and specimens of examination papers. The book seems well adapted to its purpose. The sudden popularity obtained in England by golf will no doubt secure sufficient support for the Golfing Annual of the late Mr. Bauchope (Cox), which now appears for the second time under the editorial care of his brother. The "Directory of Clubs" is very welcome, the plans of greens have their use, and much of the letterpress is good, but the comic illustrations are at once silly and vulgar.

Great Men at Play, by Mr. T. F. Thiselton Dyer (Remington & Co.), would have been better entitled 'Great Men in Private Life,' and even so the book includes numerous personages who have little or no claims to greatness, and is confined for the most part to Englishmen, and to Englishmen who have flourished since the We have on our table a large number of new Tudors. Still, it does not do to be too par- editions of works of fiction; among them a handy ticular in these matters, and within their modest reprint in one volume of Mr. Black's Strange limits the two volumes are by no means a dis-Adventures of a Houseboat (Sampson Low & Co); creditable piece of work. They would, how- Magnum Bonum, by Miss Yonge, and also

are

LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
ENGLISH.
Theology.

Relation to the Law of Forgiveness, er. 8vo. 2,6 cl.

Deli zseli's (F.) New Commentary on Genesis, translated by

S Tayler, Vol. 2. 810, 10.6 cl.

Lady Hester, in the welcome edition of that
lady's novels which Messrs. Macmillan
issuing; a delightful reprint of that delightful
tale of Kingsley's The Water Babies (Macmillan); Biker's (J. F. B.) The Sternness of Christ's Teaching and its
a new issue in one volume of Mrs. Walford's
popular story Mr. Smith (Spencer Blackett);
and last, but not least,
splendid edition of
L'Abbé Constantin, published by M. Calmann
Lévy. The drawings by Madame Lemaire are
extremely clever, and quite beyond the reach
of any English illustrator of books. They are
also reproduced in a fashion the publishers of
other countries may imitate, but cannot rival.

a

THE "Lotos Series" will raise the reputation of Messrs. Trübner for taste. Both the largepaper and the small paper editions are pretty books-as pretty as any we have recently seen. The second volume consists of the ever popular Breitmann Ballads. In an interesting little preface Mr. Leland pays a graceful tribute to the memory of the late Mr. Trübner. Mr. Trübner's own introduction to the book is rightly retained. This edition certainly deserves to be preferred to all others.

We have on our table Old Yorkshire, edited by W. Smith, New Series (Longmans), - Bicentenary Lectures, by Principal Fairbairn and others (Congregational Union of England and Wales), The Antiquary, Vol. XVIII. (Stock), -Crustula; or, Unseen Passages for Lower Forms, edited by E. A. Wells (Rivingtons), Practical Iron Founding, by the Author of 'Pattern Making' (Whittaker), Modern Cremation: its History and Practice, by Sir H. Thompson (Kegan Paul), -Stellar Evolution, by J. Croll, LL.D. (Stanford), -Science and the Faith, by Aubrey L. Moore (Kegan Paul), Shelley & Co.'s Complete Press Directory for 1889 (Shelley & Co.), -Evans's Illustrated Guide and Directory to Paris and Exhibition of 1889 (Evans), The Wandering Knight, by Jean de Cartheny (Burns & Oates), - Dollars or Sense ? by A. Louis (Ward & Lock), - The Girl from Malta, by F. Hume (The Hansom Cab Publishing Company), - Golden Love, edited by G. C. Haité (Griffith & Farran), -A False Scent, by Mrs. Alexander (White & Co.), — A Fatal Affinity, by S. Cumberland (Spencer Blackett), - A Summer Day, by Alice and Louisa M. Fenn (Griffith & Farran), -The Mystery of Belgrave Square, by C. Yorke (White & Co.),-A White Umbrella in Mexico, by F. H. Smith (Longmans), - Told in a City Garden, by E. Kidson (Stock), - Poems, by Antæus (The Author), Character Studies in Macbeth, by G. Author), Fletcher (Longmans), ),-Shakespeare's --Shakespeare's 1 The Winter's Tale, with an Introduction and Notes by K.

Burns's Holograph

Orelli's (Dr. C. von) Prophecies of Isaiah Expounded, trans-
lated by Rev. J. S. Banks, 8vo. 10/6 cl.
Rawlinson's (G.) The Kings of Israel and Judah, er. 810.26
Ridgeway's (Rev. C. J) Is not this the Christ? cr. 8vo. 2/6
Law.
Bradlaugh's (C.) The Rules, Customs, and Procedure of the
House of Commons, 12mo. 2/6 cl.
Poetry.

Smith's (Horace) Poems, 12mo. 5/ cl.

History and Biography.

Carlyle (Jane Welsh), Early Letters of, edited by D. G.
Ritchie, 8vo. 12/ el.

Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel 787-1001 AD, edited
by C. Plummer, 8vo. 3/ bds.

Geography and Travel,
Behind the Bungalow, by Eha, cr. 8vo. 6/ cl.
Percival's (W.S) The Land of the Dragon, 8vo. 12/cl.
Bibliography.

Edgar's (A.) The Bibles of England, 8vo. 7/6 cl.

Science.

Brooksmith's (E. J.) Woolwich Mathematical Papers for
Admission into the Royal Military Academy, 1880-88, 6/
Graham's (R.) Elementary Algebra, cr. 8vo. 5/cl.
Pendlebury's (C.) Examination Papers in Arithmetic, 2/6 cl.
General Literature,

Allen's (G.) The Tents of Shem, 3 vols. cr. 8vo. 31/6 cl.
Blackie's Modern Cyclopedia of Universal Information,

edited by C. Annandale, Vol. 2, 8vo. 6/cl.
Hervey's (Mrs. C.) Prett's Notions, er 8vo. 2/6 cl.
Japp's (A. H.) Days with Industrials, cr. 8vo. 6/ cl.
Oliphant's (Mrs.) Lady Car, the Sequel of a Life, cr. 8vo. 6/

Price's (Mrs. Hilary St. John, 2 vols. cr. 8vo. 21/cl.
Searelle's (L.) The Dawn of Death, cr. 8vo. 4/6 cl.
Stevenson (R. L.) and Osbourne's (L.) The Wrong Box, 5/ cl.
Sturgis's (J.) Comedy of a Country House, 2 vols. cr. 8vo. 21/

FOREIGN.
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Baur (A.): Zwinglis Theologie, Vol. 2, Part 2, 9m.
Ledrain (E.): La Bible, Vol. 5, 7fr. 50.
Schwane (J.): Die Eucharistische Opferhandlung, 1m.
Steinmeyer (F. L.): Beiträge zum Verständniss d. Johan-

Deischen Evangeliums, Part 4, 2m.

Weiss (A. M.): Apologie d. Christenthums, Vol. 5, 6m.

Fine Art and Archæology.

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Fabre (C.): Traité Encyclopédique de Photographie, Part 1,
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1m. 50.

Science.

Deighton (Macmillan),
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Museum, with Notes, edited by D. Sneddon
(Kilmarnock, Brown), -Poems, by A. V. Hall
(Simpkin), Poems, by Mrs. Fronde (Griffith &
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Reiff (R.): Geschichte der Unendlichen Reihen, 5m.
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son and others (R.T.S.), - Art thou Weary?
edited by G. C. Haité (Griffith & Farran), -
Études sur la Société Française, by E. Bertin
(Paris, Lévy),-Histoire de la Littérature Alle-
mande, by G. A. Heinrich, Vol. I. (Paris,
Leroux), and Questions de Morale Pratique, by
F. Bouillier (Paris, Hachette). Among New Edi-
tions we have Wharton's Law-Lexicon, by J. M.
Lely (Stevens & Sons), - The Illustrated Practical
Mesmerist, by by W. Davey (Burns), and Hand-
book of Patent Law of All Countries, by W. P.
Thompson (Stevens & Sons).

5m.

General Literature.

Adam (J.): Jalousie de Jeune Fille, 3fr. 50.

Claveau: Pile on Face, 3fr. 50.

Gréville (H.): Louk Loukitch, 3fr. 50.
Mendès (C.): L'Infidèle, 3fr. 50.
Nisard (D.): Ægri Somnia, 7fr. 50.
O'Monroy (R.): Souvent Homme Varie! 3fr. 50.
Pontmartin (A.de): Péchés de Vieillesse, 3fr. 50.

GIORDANO BRUNO.

JUNE 9TH, 1889.
I.

NOT from without us, only from within,
Comes or can ever come upon us light
Whereby the soul keeps ever truth in sight.
No truth, no strength, no comfort man may win,
No grace for guidance, no release from sin,

Save of his own soul's giving. Deep and bright
As fire enkindled in the core of night

Burns in the soul where once its fire has been
The light that leads and quickens thought, inspired
To doubt and trust and conquer. So he said
Whom Sidney, flower of England, lordliest head
Of all we love, loved but the fates required
A sacrifice to hate and hell, ere fame

Should set with his in heaven Giordano's name.

11.

Cover thine eyes and weep, O child of hell,

Grey spouse of Satan, Church of name abhers Weep, withered harlot, with thy weeping lord, Now none will buy the heaven thou hast to sell At price of prostituted souls, and swell

Thy loveless list of lovers. Fire and sword No more are thine: the steel, the wheel, the The flames that rose round living limbs, and fell In lifeless ash and ember, now no more Approve thee godlike. Rome, redeemed at last From all the red pollution of thy past, Acclaims the grave bright face that smiled of Even on the fire that caught it round and el To cast its ashes on the face of Rome.

ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNL

A UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE.

7, Norham Gardens, Oxford, May, HARDLY a month passes without my receivi some new proposal for a universal langua They are all more or less ingenious, but they seem to have fallen upon stony places wher they had not much earth, and forthwith the sprang up, because they had no deepness earth; and when the sun was up they we scorched, and because they had no roots, the withered away.

The last proposal I have received came fro Sweden, and the enclosed letter, written in what is called the "Central Language," may possibly interest some of your readers.

F. MAX MÜLLER Svezia, Gefle, 9/7, 1889.

CHER SIGNORO! - Pardonnee mi, ke io n skribar al You in mon propre prov-dialekto, kirio dock esperar, ke You virt kompreni par les principal'le nur anglik, french e germanik vortos in kis ce-chi dialekto estar kompositate! Io kredar, ke an vest-evrojuk litteratur-lingvo devar esti kom prenate fen chack kultivate evropiano, e ce-lo one kelk speciale preparezios. Mon prov-dialekto نجا elektet its plazon, as an kompromiss-lingra, betvin les former lingvo-proponios de dr. Sisy, herr Lott, herr Lentze e mr. Hoinis. Io bai evitet to employi softe konsonant-tonons as terminatos del's (de les) vortos; puisk les russianik e germanis poplos not pouvar pronounzi dem. Io evitar atk gerne les french e anglik tonons ch, j, sh. etc.; puss sie havar som un decidate in its karaktero, lolai employet nur tre venige latinik vortons; puiska demie humanito: les veibas not konnezar la latick lingvon. Les french vortons io hai adoptet in der un'abbreviate formo, as sie pronounzar-se avale vortos, kommenzante mit vokalo. Aus la germanik lingvo io hai prendet principal'le nur substantives e help-vortons; puisk mon romanik passiv-forme not bene permettar la adoptezion de german' verbos. Puisk io estar an enmio de chack sistem tikezio in estetik mattros, io not amar artificale vortons; ma io may dock toleri kelk bene fundate prefixons e suffixons, exemple: sen' (ohne); (riche, plene par); -eble (-obl, -ibl); -io, -ezio (ata -asion, -ess, -heit, -keit, -schaft, -ung); -less (ohn: -eni (fari al-); softe, soft'eni fari al softe, ett Io preferar dock la analitik stilon, in kel on wel gerne dirar: "tu fari him softe," als: "tu soft'est him," etc. Aus la anglik lingvo on probab'le poc recevi les bonest pre-e suffixons; kar ce-chi ling? estar in se shon an mediatezio inter les romanik e saxonik elementos, so as auk la central-lingvo derar esti. Io kredar, ke la lingvo-sensa virt noxiar se. si la central-lingvo in its tute karakterop nahe similar la anglik, french, italik or kelk nation-lingvon; darum may es havi an mixet grac maron e vort-kollekton, ma an bone inner bar monio

AUG. NILSON (Ingenieur). P.S.-Here is another letter just received, and which I cannot quite decipher :Esperantalingre.

ESTIMATA SINJORO!-Vi skribis al mi, ke nis lingvo internacia placas al vi kaj ke vi konsilas kunvoki la kongreson: gi estos kunvokata, kiam ni havos la plej multajn adeptojn, por ke ciuj povas doni sian vocon, car unu sago estas bona, sed du da sagoj estas pli bonaj.

Estu tiel bona: skribu sur la posta karto por respondo, kian mi sendas al vi, ke vi promes ellerni la lingvon internacian de Esperanto senkon dice kaj sigelu je via [sic] promeso (tion ci autors petas en antaupa rolo de gramatiko), car ni eldonos baldaue la adresaron de l'Esperantalingvistoj kaj por la lingvo estos plej grava havi inter siaj adeptoj la plej grandan instruit, ul, o, n [sic] de l'mondo, Via estonta promeso suldigos vin je l'nenio, car vi jam

Literary Gossip.

MR. LOWELL, who is paying us his usual summer visit, has written a preface to a new edition of The Compleat Angler.' He has had the good fortune to discover one or two facts which, if not of great importance, will still be a welcome addition to a life of which there is so little new or exciting to tell as Izaak Walton's. The book is to be published

at Boston in the autumn.

THE annual dinner of the Incorporated Society of Authors is to take place on the 3rd of July, an occasion on which the society hopes to welcome some distinguished French writers whose names have not yet transpired. MESSRS. MACMILLAN will issue shortly a popular life of Father Damien by his friend and correspondent Mr. Edward Clifford, who visited him within a few months of his death.

very

In the forthcoming volume of the 'Dictionary of National Biography,' which extends from Finch to Forman, Mr. Richard Garnett writes on Finlay, the historian of Greece; Mr. J. Bass Mullinger on Cardinal Fisher; Mr. Robert Dunlop, Prof. Tout, and Mr. T. A. Archer on the Fitzgeralds, Earls of Desmond and Kildare; Mr. G. P. Macdonell on Fitzgibbon, Earl of Clare; Mr. R. L. Poole on Fitzralph, Archbishop of Armagh; Mr. W. P. Courtney on A. H. Fitzroy, Duke of Grafton; Mr. T. E. Kebbel on Earl Fitzwilliam; Mr. T. A. Archer on Rannulf Flambard; Miss A. M. Clerke on Flamsteed, the astronomer; Mr. Sidney Colvin on Flaxman; Mr. C. H. Firth on Fleetwood, Cromwell's general; Mr. Francis Espinasse on Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun; Mr. A. H. Bullen on Fletcher and Ford, the dramatists; Mr. Sidney L. Lee on Phineas Fletcher and Simon Forman the astrologer; Prof. J. K. Laughton on Capt. Flinders; Mr. G. F. Russell Barker on Flood; the Rev. Alexander Gordon on Fludd, the Rosicrucian; Mr. Cosmo Monkhouse on Foley, the sculptor; Mr. Joseph Knight on Foote; Mr. Leslie Stephen on Duncan Forbes; Mr. G. T. Bettany on Edward Forbes, the naturalist; and Mr. Ormsby on Richard Ford, author of the 'Handbook for Spain.'

AMONG those talked of as possible successors of Mr. Gosse in the Clark Lectureship at Trinity College, Cambridge, are Dr. Garnett, Prof. Hales, Prof. Minto, the Hon. Roden Noel, Mr. Saintsbury, and Dr. Verrall. Another vacant chair of English literature is that of Glasgow, which is supposed to be worth some 800l. or 900l. a year. M. JUSSERAND, Councillor to the French Embassy in London, well known as a writer on certain aspects of social life in England during the reigns of the Plantagenets, has made considerable progress with a work on English literature, the publication of which may be expected in the autumn.

MRS. LYNN LINTON is writing an article on the question of woman's suffrage for the New Review.

IT is understood that there will be no serious opposition to Mr. Robertson Smith's candidature for the Chair of Arabic at Cam

bridge which Dr. Wright held, and Mr. Jenkinson, of Trinity, is being talked of as Mr. Smith's successor as University Librarian.

A COMPLETE bibliography of the numerous works of Prof. Ruskin is now being

compiled. It will include the entire series
of Mr. Ruskin's published writings, syste-
matically arranged and minutely collated,
and will be accompanied by a full list of
Ruskiniana. It will be edited by Mr.
Thomas J. Wise, honorary secretary of the
Shelley Society, and will form a quarto
volume, issued to subscribers only, in parts,
periodically. Each part will contain not
less than thirty-two pages for half-a-crown.
It is hoped that eight parts may serve to
complete the book.

A NEW novel, by the author of 'John
Westacott,' will shortly be published by
Messrs. Longman & Co. It is a story of
artist life, entitled 'By the Western Sea,'
and deals with the development of a curious
phase of character. The scene is laid in
some lovely spots in the west of England.

A SET of Arabic MSS., lately purchased in Mossul for the British Museum by Mr. Ernest Budge, includes two rare and important works. One is al-Nawawi's commentary upon the Sahih, or collection of authentic traditions, of Muslim, a fine fourteenth century copy of a work as yet unknown to European libraries. The other is a volume of the 'Akhbar al-Duwal alMunkati'ah,' a history arranged according to dynasties, by Ali Ben Záfir al-Azdi, who died A.H. 623. The only hitherto known copy of that valuable work is in the Gotha Library, and has been described by Dr. Pertsch under No. 1555. It is the chief authority followed by Freytag in his account of the Beni Hamdan, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morg. Ges., vol. x., and is also frequently quoted by Weil in his 'Geschichte der Chalifen.'

THE monthly magazine To-Day, which has ably expounded the views of the Socialists from a literary standpoint, passes after this month into the hands of a new proprietor, who promises a further development of its programme.

THE death is announced of a well-known antiquary, Mr. William Beamont, of Warrington. He was a prolific writer, most of his books being of a local character, appertaining to Lancashire and Cheshire. Amongst his most recent publications may be named 'A History of the Castle of Halton and the Priory or Abbey of Norton,' a quarto volume, with illustrations, issued in 1873. Mr. Beamont was at one period vice-president of the Chetham Society, and was a contributor to the "Chetham Library Series." He died on the 6th of this month at the age of ninety-two.

MESSRS. SAMPSON LOW & Co. are going to publish a new book of travel, entitled Friesland Meres: Round about the Netherlands in a Norfolk Wherry,' by Mr. H. Montagu Doughty. The book will be fully illustrated by reproductions of original penand-ink drawings done by the author and his family.

An édition de luxe is to be published by subscription of Mr. Austin Dobson's translation of Manuel's 'Captain Castagnette,' which originally appeared in 1866.

A DINNER was given the other day at Camden, New Jersey, in honour of Mr. Walt Whitman's seventieth birthday. "The good grey poet," who was wheeled in in a chair, said a few words. Mr. Gilder, of the Century, and Mr. Julian Hawthorne were

among the speakers. Mr. H. H. Giletz represented the English admirers of Whitman.

A GERMAN translation of Max OTA 'Jonathan and his Continent' has just peared in Stuttgart, and a Danish one in preparation in Copenhagen.

A MEETING to commemorate the death Giordano Bruno in 1600 at the hands of Inquisition was held at an Italian clut Gerrard Street on Sunday last, in connere with the commemoration simultanena taking place at Rome. After a speec the chairman, Dr. Guastalla, recounting debt of Bruno, as of later Italian wanderer to the sanctuary of England, Signor D Bassi delivered an eloquent oration on life and teachings of the Nolan thinker, 1 key-note of which was naturally a claim universal liberty of thought. Letters we read from Mr. Gladstone and Prof. We Müller regretting their inability to be pr

sent.

THE extensive collection of books shorthand which had been gathered gether by the late Mr. J. Eglington Bailey the sale of whose library will take pus in the last week of this month, will acquired by the Manchester Free Library which will thereby, it is presumed, have of the largest and rarest accumulations ci shorthand books in existence.

AT the annual general meeting of th: Goethe-Gesellschaft, held last Thursday at Weimar, Prof. M. Bernays, of Munich, delivered the "Festrede," treating of 'Goethe's Geschichte der Farbenlehre. Prof. Suphan read a paper on the extension of the Goethe Archives, and the usual festive performance took place in the evening at the Court Theatre.

THE chief Parliamentary Papers of the week are Public Income and Expenditure, an Account for the Year ending March 31st. 1889 (1d.); Sugar Trade, Copy of Report to Board of Trade (9d.); East India, Factory Act, Correspondence (1d.); Spain, No. 1. 1889, Amending Treaty of June, 1878, fr Surrender of Fugitive Criminals (1d.); East India, Estimate of Revenue and Expend ture of the Government of India for 1888(2d.); Sweating System, Third Report (7s. 6d.); Education, Report of the Inter mediate Education Board for Ireland the Year 1888 (5d.); East India, Review of Indian Administration during the past Thirty Years (5d.); and Colonial Possessions, Bermuda, Report on the Blue-Book for 1888 (1d.).

SCIENCE

The Life of Sir William Siemens, F.R.S. By
William Pole, F.R.S. (Murray.)
The Scientific Works of C. William Siement,
Kt., F.R.S.: a Collection of Papers
Discussions. Edited by E. F. Bamber, C.E.
3 vols. (Same publisher.)

CHARLES WILLIAM SIEMENS was the youngest
of four brothers, all of whom became dis
tinguished as inventors. Though resident
in England for the last forty years of his
life, he was German by birth, descent, and
education. Born in 1823 at Lenthe in
Hanover, his childhood gave no promise of