and in the humble branch of literature to which they belong they are excellent. To read them is simple recreation, and to a mind seeking relaxation after hard work they may be safely prescribed.

The author of 'A Hard-won Victory' is already known as an American writer who has made some mark. Her literary style is above the average, and she throws so much feeling and earnestness into her work that one cannot but regard it with respect. She has, too, a good deal of appreciation of character and some indication of the gentler sort of humour. But still 'A Hard-won Victory' does not catch one's interest or reward the effort which it demands from

the reader.

LIVRES D'ÉTRENNES.

Les Grands Voyageurs de notre Siècle, par G. Meissas (Hachette & Co.), is a handsome folio volume, luxuriously printed, artistically bound, and illustrated with liberal hand. The

a

a

on

author has not attempted to supply a history of the progress of exploration and discovery, but has wisely chosen to present his readers with series of monographs distinguished travellers, whose names, for the most part, have become household words throughout the world. Many familiar names will no doubt be looked for in vain, but this was hardly to be avoided in a popular work, which aims at giving a readable narrative rather than a dry record of results achieved. The author, at any rate, has not been tempted by a mistaken patriotism into giving undue pre-eminence to his own countrymen, for out of forty-seven portraits which are given thirteen only are those of Frenchmen, whilst as many as eighteen are allotted to our own countrymen.

Les Femmes dans l'Histoire of Madame de

Witt (Hachette) will make a charming gift-book for girls. The illustrations are exceedingly good. The account of Jeanne d'Arc is excellent, and there is a delightful chapter devoted to the Port Royal. There is a good reproduction of a contemporary engraving of the Port Royal. Le Général du Maine is good tale for boys by

a

Madame P. de Nanteuil, published by the same firm. The cuts are far above the reach of the English illustrator of books. La Filleule de Saint Louis (same publishers) is an historical romance of the thirteenth century by M. Dil

laye, suitable for boys with a turn for archæology. Les Premières Pages (same publishers) is a pleasant

story of modern life by Mdlle. Zénaïde Fleuriot, a well-known writer for young people. These works are all excellent, but the binding is inferior to that our publishers can contrive, while the drawings are superior to what we can do.

OUR LIBRARY TABLE.

THE first portion of the work on London Government under the Local Government Act, 1888 (Knight & Co.), which we owe to Mr. J. F. B. Firth, M.P., and Mr. E. R. Simpson, is devoted to a summary and explanation of the constitution, powers, and duties of the representative council which was elected for the metropolis on Thursday under the Local Government Act, 1888. Critically annotated copies of that Act and of several other statutes which directly affect London government are next supplied; and the whole work concludes with statistical tables and accounts, treating principally of boundaries, divisions, and finance. The authors describe the change which the new Act effects as regards London as "little short of a revolution," yet the non-political critic may possibly feel some doubt whether, however beneficial the statute may be in other respects, the map-maker will find his labours lightened. It may be that for some time to come the instructors of youth

will adhere to the formula that England and Wales are divided into fifty-two counties or shires; but the Legislature has decreed a different order of things, and formed geographical counties, administrative counties, counties for non-administrative purposes, county boroughs, and counties of cities. This is what the reader is told in the present work as regards the county areas in London: "Under the Metropolis Local Management Act, 1855, the metropolis was defined to include the City of London and the parishes and places mentioned in Schedules A, B, and C to that Act. The City of London continued to be a county of itself, and the remainder of the metropolis was situated in parts of the counties of Middlesex, Surrey, and Kent. The County of the City of London remains for the present a county for non-administrative purposes-i.e., for the purposes of quarter sessions, justices, militia, coroner, sheriffs, &c. For all other purposes it is merged in the metropolis, which is, for all administrative purposes, constituted a county by the name of the Administrative County of London.' For nonadministrative purposes the metropolis outside the City of London is constituted a county by the name of the County of London.' The result is that for non-administrative purposes there will be two counties, the County of London and the County of the City of London, but for all the other purposes of the Act the metropolis will be one county, and will be subject to the jurisdiction of the London Council." The clearness of the foregoing description only brings the complexity of the subject into greater prominence. "An administrative county" has been defined by Parliament to mean "the area for which a County Council is elected in pursuance of the Local Government Act," but does not (except where expressly mentioned) include a county borough. The purely artificial sense

thus au authoritatively

attached to the expressions "administrative" and "non-administrative" is noteworthy. We feel no doubt, however, that to all who have been elected to serve on the London County Council, and to the executive officers who will have to conduct the Council's business, the present volume will prove of great service; and it is, indeed, not going too far to say that the greater number of the subjects of which it treats are of immediate personal interest to every inhabitant of London.

Greater London and its Government: a Manual and Year-Book for Members of Governing Bodies, Electors, Citizens, and Ratepayers in the Metropolis. With Statistical, Financial, and other Tables. By George Whale. (Fisher Unwin.) As the author states in his preface, this little volume of 141 pages is intended chiefly for the non-legal public. Its object is to explain to London ratepayers, who want to know something of London government beyond the contents of the rate-paper-if any such there bewhat may be their share in public work and how they may enforce their rights, who can become members of the numerous local bodies, what are the powers and duties of these bodies, and what may be done to prevent any abuse or neglect of those powers. A great great portion of the book is necessarily taken up with an account of the new Local Government Act, and of the manner in which its provisions affect the metropolis; but there are also chapters treating of the City, the vestries and district boards, the School Board, the Poor Law authorities, gas, water supply, and other kindred topics. The work-so far as we have been able to test itseems to be carefully and correctly put together; the text is clear; the foot-notes are concise and to the point. Probably the statistical tables in the appendix will possess small attractions for most readers; but the index is a good one, and the book without an index would have been deprived of half its value.

MR. PURNELL'S Dust and Diamonds (Ward & Downey) is, if we mistake not, a collection of

articles contributed to the columns of a wellknown evening newspaper. Mr. Purnell is a sprightly writer, and has the great advantagerare in a journalist of having a style of his own, so that his articles stand out from those of other clever men. At the same time he does not altogether avoid faults probably inevitable in articles written to serve as padding in a newspaper-faults which come to light when they are reprinted in a volume.

We have received the first volume of the

Bookworm, one of the latest of the somewhat bewildering series of Mr. Elliot Stock's bibliographical journals. For the most part the Bookworm seems to be a réchauffé of old materials without much to recommend them in the style in which they are prepared.

The editors and printers seem quite incapable of reproducing correctly either the names of leading bibliographical authorities or the commonest Latin quotations. The volume is largely made up of unreasonably long extracts from such well-known and recent books as Mr. Lang's volume on 'The Library' and Mr. Henry Stevens's 'Recollections of Lenox,' and from such valuable bibliographical sources as the 'Percy Anecdotes.' The standard of accuracy set before himself by the editor may be inferred from his reproducing the exploded anecdote of Snuffy Davy and the 'Game of Chess' as the "first book ever printed in England," and that in a volume to which Mr. William Blades is a contributor!

MESSRS. WARD, LOCK & Co. have sent us a new edition of that standard work Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management. It is full of information valuable to well-to-do middle-class households, and has been much added to and improved in the new issue. The information seems to be accurate, and the only slips we have detected have been when the editors have

wandered from their text and, for instance,

informed their readers that Themistocles was an "Athenian king."

We have received catalogues from the following London booksellers: Mrs. Bennett (two catalogues, one of them autographs), Mr. Burgess (Italian and French books), Mr. W. V. Daniell (English topography), Messrs. Dulau (geology), Mr. dwards, Mr. W. Hutt (books from the Turner and Gibson Craig libraries), Mr. Irvine, Messrs. Jarvis & Son (interesting), Mr. W. T. Spencer, Mr. Stibbs (political economy), and Messrs. Williams & Norgate (classics). Mr. Downing and Mr. Wilson of Birmingham, Mr. Miles of Bradford, Mr. Baxendine of Edinburgh, Mr. Cornish of Manchester (rather interesting), Mr. Thorne of Newcastle, and Mr. King of Torquay (rather interesting) have also forwarded catalogues; and so have Mr. Cohn of Berlin, and Mr. Twietmeyer of Leipzig.

We have on our table The Wealth and Progress of New South Wales, 1886-7, by T. A. Coghlan (Robertson), - English Associations of Working Men, by J. M. Baernreither, translated by Alice Taylor (Sonnenschein), Matrimonial Law and the Guardianship of Infants, by D. M. Ford (Clowes), First Wiltshire Rifle Volunteers, by R. D. Gibney (Allen & Co.), - Mendelssohn, by J. C. Hadden (Allen & Co.), -My First French Phrase Book, Part I., by A. Grover (Relfe Brothers), - A System for the Construction of Crystal Models on the Type of an Ordinary Plait, by J. Gorham (Spon), - Mathematical Tracts, Part I., by F. W. Newman (Cambridge, Macmillan & Bowes), -Physical Realism, by T. Case (Longmans), The Natural History of Local Boards (Simpkin), Birds and Beasts, by the Rev. J. G. Wood (Shaw), - The Hunting of the "Hydra"; or, the Phantom Prahu, by H. Frith (Routledge), Wanted a Camel, by P. Allen (Hatchards), - Summer Sunshine (Routledge), "Our Darlings," edited by Dr. Barnardo (Shaw), - Our Christmas Annual, 1888 (Simpkin), - People We Meet, by C. F. Rideal (Field & Tuer), - The Holiday Pranks of Dolly

appear useless; what the Custom House seem to want is "printed in Germany" on the sheets, a process which renders the "signatures" valueless. In the interests of publishers the issue of this letter might be beneficial, as the annoyance is stopping legitimate trading, and causing, through utter ignorance of the authorities, unnecessary delay, trouble, and some expense.

as

FRED, WARNE & CO.

"ALL RIGHTS RESERVED."

3, Plowden Buildings, Temple, Jan. 14, 1889.

In reply to "A Publisher," whose letter appears in your issue of the 12th inst., I may say that there is no doubt that expressions such "All rights reserved," "The right of translation is reserved," and "Entered at Stationers' Hall," are mere meaningless phrases, which are not, and never have been, of the slightest efficacy in this country. By the latest Musical Copyright Act musical publications must bear an intima

preparing a second edition of this criticism when death came upon him. His studies in archeology were considerable; he edited several ancient Italian ecclesiastical books, and some of the Rolls Series. He published catalogues of the Greek and Roman coins in the Fitzwilliam Museum, and he also edited the classical portion of the catalogue of MSS. in the Cambridge University Library.

His interest in natural science was very keen, and he twice examined for the Natural Science Tripos. He wrote in Hooker's Journal of Botany, on the lichens for Hooker's 'Flora of New Zealand,' and on ornithology and botany for Potter's 'History of Charnwood Forest.' He lately published a book on the birds of Suffolk, and was engaged on a book on the botany of Suffolk at the time of his death.

The conclusions of a man with such varied learning and culture must always be of great worth, and particularly so in this age of narrow specialism. Even when he came up as an undergraduate to Cambridge in 1840 his reading had been already of a very wide nature, and his

tion to the effect that the copyright in the performance is reserved; but this Act does not apply to any other description of literary property. In the United States a book if regis contemporaries called him "the Doctor." He

tered according to Act of Congress must be stated to be so entered on the face of it. In this country the author of an original literary production is primâ facie entitled to the copyright, and he need not register it at Stationers' Hall unless and until he finds it necessary to bring an action with regard to it. J. H. SLATER.

"A

The Leadenhall Press, Е.С. PRINTING on a book "All rights reserved" has exactly the same value as a placard pinned on one's coat-tails, "You mustn't steal my handkerchief." The law metes out punishment to both infringers of the rights of property, and the warnings are equally unnecessary. Publisher" should know that the mere act of publication that is, having an edition of a book ready and copies for sale gives in this country absolute copyright without the words "Entered at Stationers' Hall"; and as for "The right of translation is reserved," this right forms part of the copyright. It does not require one "learned in the law" to point out that these intimations are mere waste of type and ink.

ANDREW W. TUER.

CHURCHILL BABINGTON, D.D.

By the death of Dr. Babington, England has lost a distinguished archæologist and classical scholar who was also a botanist and ornithologist. He is best known as the earliest English scholar who edited the oration of Hypereides against Demosthenes, which was discovered in 1847 at Thebes in Egypt, and had previously been supposed to have been lost in the burning of the Alexandrian Library. This edition was undertaken and completed by Dr. Babington before he was aware of the labours of the German | scholars; it contained a facsimile of the manuscripts, and gave Dr. Babington an opportunity of showing his skill as a palæographer. Bishop Lightfoot says in the Journal of Classical and Sacred Philology, 1854: "The purely literary value of these orations will not easily be exaggerated. We have at length a tolerably adequate expression of the most charming, if not the most powerful, of the Attic orators." Schneidewin said of Dr. Babington's edition : "Babington has done everything that could be demanded,

was remarkable for his simple and childlike character, and much loved by all who knew him. He never went to a public school, but was educated by his father, who also was a very learned

man.

BRADSHAW'S RAILWAY GUIDE.

II.

Oxford.

On December 24th, 1887, the Atheneum contained an article on early issues of Bradshaw, in which six copies were described from personal inspection, and used to illustrate the gradual development of the book, while a brief account was given of the chief places where these points had been formerly considered. One good result of rushing into print before the whole matter is worked out is that friendly critics at once begin to correct and supplement the first essay, by which means, even if the reputation of the original writer suffers, the literary world is decidedly a gainer. Perhaps, then, I may be allowed to put together the supplements which either privately or publicly (in the Athenæum of January 7th and 14th, and February 4th, 1888, and elsewhere) have come before me. No one wishes to exaggerate the value of the inquiry, or, on the other hand, would deny that it has a certain real interest in view of the subsequent history of railways. In the following notes "old list" refers to the former article, where the editions so referred to are more minutely described.

39. and

I., II. (old list 1, 2). Nothing has been brought forward to disturb the account of the earliest known Bradshaw's Railway Time Tables, the Northern issue of October 19th, 1839, the Southern one of October 25th in the same year. But Mr. Robert D. Kay, editor of Bradshaw, has on two occasions alluded to a still earlier "Time Table" in 1838, first in a letter in the Atheneum of January 17th, 1874, summarized in my first article, and next in Tit-Bits for February 24th, 1883, where he says that he was engaged by George Bradshaw in 1838. In the middle of 1838 "Mr. Bradshaw handed me one of the Liverpool and Manchester passenger time tables to condense into a form and size suitable for the waistcoat pocket. The information thus prepared was put into a stiff cover,

even by unfavourable critics, from a first editor. | accompanied by a map of Great Britain and He has reaped the harvest and left others to gather the straw." And the volume was most favourably noticed by Blass in 1869, when he edited the same orations for the Teubner series of classics.

At Cambridge Babington gained the Hulsean Prize in 1846 on 'The Influence of Christianity in promoting the Abolition of Slavery in Europe.' As an historical critic he controverted in 1858 some of Macaulay's statements in reference to the clergy of the seventeenth century, and he was

labelled 'Bradshaw's Railway Time Table.' The idea was suggested in order to create a sale for a large number of maps of England and Wales which he had in stock lying idle." Three editions were quickly sold. Then came the more elaborate edition of October 19th, 1839, previous to which the issues had been very irregular in date. The promise about "1st of 1st Mo., 1840, and then every three months," could not be carried out owing to the sudden and irregular changes of the com

panies, which nearly wrecked the enterprise. Some time in 1840 Bradshaw and Blacklock, with Mr. Kay, laid a complaint before one of the monthly Normanton meetings of the "various heads of passenger departments," who agreed to make their alterations in general to take effect on the 1st of each month. It was the difficulty of pasting leaves together which led to the present form. The Companion ceased in 1848. This interesting letter was in answer to a short one in Tit Bits, January 27th, 1883, describing the Bradshaw for May, 1842. But no one has yet produced any time tables before October, 1839.

III. With the same date as No. II, i. e., Oc. tober 25th, 1839, occurs a combination of the two issues, fully described by Mr. J. K. Waite, of Bolton, in the Atheneum of February 4th, February 1888, the title being similar to the others, but followed by thirty-five (?) pages. The interesting point is that it is marked "No. 3," showing, we may believe, that this combination was only preceded by the two separate parts. If this be so, we must conclude that this book was itself re

garded as practically the first number of a general Bradshaw-see the next item, which is counted "No. 2."

IV. The issue for the "1st Mo. 1st, 1840," promised in Nos. I., II., and III., did come out, and a copy, which I have seen, is in the possession of Major Norris, of Chacombe House, Banbury. This bears the same general title as Nos. I., II., and III., as follows: "Bradshaw's Time Tables, and assistant to Railway Travelling, with illustrative maps and plans. Price sixpence. London: R. Groombridge, Paternoster Row; and sold by all booksellers and railway companies. 1st Mo. 1st, 1840 (No. 2)." Instead of the latter part of the address is an appeal "To Railway Companies" for early notice of corrections. The contents are the whole of those of No. II., rearranged, but add (pp. 23-24) "Liverpool & Manchester Railway," and (pp. 25-26) "London & Southwestern (late Southampton), York, Leeds, and Selby, Manchester and Leeds, Manchester, Bol ton, and Bury, North Union Railway, Nottingham and Derby, Sheffield and Rotherham." In all twenty-eight pages, bound in limp, not stiff, cloth with green label.

V. Next comes a new edition of No. IV., with "No. 3" on the title, but still dated 1st Ma 1st, 1840. This is fully described by Mr. Charles Madeley in the Atheneum for February 4th, 1888. It has the table of speeds mentioned in the old list describing No. VIII., and almanac.

no

VI. Mr. Carson, of Dublin, has an 1840 issue of the Companion like No. VII.; but instead of "Charles Tilt, Fleet Street," this has "Shepherd and Sutton, Priest Court, Foster Lane, Cheapside." It shows an advance by the leaves being numbered 1-28, with an almanac added.

VII. (old 3). Companion, 1840. This seems to be identical with Mr. William Madeley's described in the Atheneum, January 14th, 1888, and to be a copy of the July 1st issue; it has the notice of August 23rd change.

VIII. (old 4). Companion, 1841, 38 leaves.

IX. In the Atheneum, January 7th, 1888, Mr. Stuart Thompson mentions a variety of VIII., with an omission of "Tilt & Bogue," and instead, "and sold by Renshaw & Kirkman, 12, Budge Row, London; and all Booksellers and Railway Companies."

X. Mr. Frazer, of Dublin, has a Companion of 1841, paged irregularly and only paged at all up to p. 41.

XI. Companion, 1841. Issue with imprint as VI., in the possession of Mr. H. Selby, with about 48 leaves and index.

XII. Companion, 1841. As No. VIII. in title, but with 48 leaves and index and a new "Notice to the public. The Time Tables forming this little work are arranged as a sheet, and published, with the assistance of the Railway Companies, on the 1st of every Month, price 30 Parties desirous of keeping the Companion cerect may be enabled to do so, by purchasing one of those Sheets and substituting the Tables, in which alterations are made, for those in the Work. The names of such Tables as have undergone a change will be mentioned at the foot of the Sheet." This is important as showing the close connexion in type and development between the Companion and the sheet time tables, which may be assumed to have begun now. Copies of the edition from which the above notice is taken are in the hands of Major Norris and the Rev. W. Warner, of Christ Church, Oxford. An allusion in one place to the "summer season" enables us to place it in about the middle of the year. (Major Norris has also a copy with 46 numbered leaves, not, as above, 47 numbered leaves; while Mr. Frazer seems to have one with about 42 leaves. "Leaves" and "pages" happen, oddly enough, to be for once identical, since the verso of each alternate leaf is pasted the recto of the next, in all these early

on

editions.)

XIII. The sheet time table is only known to

have been issued in and after the summer of

1841; see No. XII. The British Museum has a copy of it for September, 1842; see my first

article.

XIV. (old 6). The first issue of the familiar monthly Bradshaw's Railway Guide, December, 1841. These early issues were originally in glazed yellow paper covers, which alone (in general) bore the date, as, for example, No. VI. 5th Mo. (May), 1842. Price 6d.," in a headline. Accordingly, many copies which have lost the outer cover can only be dated by internal evidence. It is remarkable, too, that the maps vary, certain county maps being inserted in different months. Some, too, have a quarto sheet affixed at end, "Table of the Principal

Railways in Great Britain, exhibiting the cost, traffic, length, dividend of each......," as in the May, 1842, issue belonging to Major Norris.

XV. Companion, 1842. Major Norris has an edition dated "1st Mo. 1st, 1842" in the two leaves relating to steamers, which, with adver

tisements, betoken a gradual improvement. On the title, instead of "Charles Tilt," it has "W. J. Adams, 170, Fleet Street, London," the rest as No. VIIL, with seventy numbered leaves.

XVI. Mr. Caswell, of Horncastle, has a Companion of 1842 with a "Tilt & Bogue" titlepage pasted over the ordinary "Adams" titlepage; this issue also has a speed table, which is not in No. XV.

XVII., XVIII. The British Museum contains Companions dated 1843 and 1844, as well as one of 1842.

XIX. (old 5). Companion, 1845. I have seen copies dated also "4th Mo. (April) 1st, 1845," with no "second edition" on the title; "8th Mo. (August) 1st, 1845, second edition"; and "10th Mo. (October) 1st, 1845," not second

edition.

Your readers will probably think that the investigation has now gone far enough. Several interesting points have been brought to light since my former article, and the general results may be stated with some confidence as follows, certain vague statements at present unsupported by evidence being disregarded.

October, 1839, saw the issue first of a Northern, then of a Southern Bradshaw, under the title, "Bradshaw's Railway Time Tables," followed at once by a fusion of the two. The fourth issue was on January 1st, 1840, and at intervals of about three months new ones were published, the arrangement and development by advertisements, paging, and the like being at first irregular, while the pasting of the separate leaves together made the book clumsy to make and use. This went on till 1845, according to the copies known. In the summer of 1841, if not before, the issue of the type of the Companion on a single large sheet began; it was continued monthly for some, perhaps many years. Meanwhile, in December, 1841, began the familiar Bradshaw's Railway Guide, in small

quarto, which has been published monthly from then till now, and still retains the quaint Quakerly appellation, "12th Mo., 1888." The earliest railway maps issued by Bradshaw and the financial publication bearing his name I have left aside. The best thanks of your readers and myself are due to the gentlemen named above as owners of early Bradshaws, and to Mr. Hockliffe, of Bedford; and not least to yourself for allowing the subject to be discussed. An article in the Cornhill Magazine, April, 1888, on Bradshaw is popular, not to say superficial. FALCONER MADAN.

MENTAL EVOLUTION.

MR. ROMANES writes:

In your not altogether unfriendly notice of

my work on 'Mental Evolution in Man' there are certain statements so very erroneous, that I feel it is desirable to furnish corrections. For example, in the most severe of all his passages my reviewer writes as follows :

"Psychogenetically Mr. Romanes's position is opposed to all we know or can conjecture as to the

beginnings of mind in the animal world or in the human individual. If there were any such distinction as he tries to make out between percepts and generic images or recepts, it is the latter, strange to say, which, as a matter of psychogenesis, come first. The mind does not first perceive individual objects with their minutest distinctions all marked out, but rather a vague generic image of the object. To the stranger in China all Chinamen are alike; to the baby all men are 'papa'; to the ordinary man all dogs are dogs, big or little, while to the dog-fancier they are terriers, or greyhounds, or dachshunds, or what not. As a matter of mind growth the genus is first, not the species, and still less the individual. In truth, Mr. Romanes shows himself wanting in knowledge of the first principles of evolution in not recognizing this. If there is any truth in Mr.

Spencer's celebrated formula about homogeneity and differentiation, it is in reference to mind. Mr. Romanes is, as regards psychology, in a pre-evolutionist stage, and consequently his exposition tends rather to support the opposition than the true evolutionary theory of the development of mind."

Now, as a matter of fact, my book is through out charged with a recognition of the very point which I am thus accused of ignoring. For instance, to quote only a few sentences :

"But the point now is that, in my opinion, many psychologists have gone astray by assuming that the most primitive order of ideation is concerned only with particulars, or that in chronological order the memory of percepts precedes the occurrence of recepts...... Hence, the feebler the powers of perception, the more must they occupy themselves with the larger or class distinctions between objects of sensuous experience, and the less with the smaller or more individual distinctions. Or, if we like, what afterwards become class distinctions, are at earlier stages of ideation the only distinctions......Therefore, I say, on merely a priori grounds we might banish the gratuitous statement that the lower the order of ideation the more it is concerned with particular distinctions, or the less with class distinctions. The truth must be that the more primitive the recepts the larger are the class distinctions with which they are concerned...... Accordingly we find,

as a matter of fact, both in infants and in animals, that the lower the grade of intelligence, the more is that intelligence shut up to a perception of class distinctions...... Therefore, without in any way pre

judging the question as to whether or not there is any radical distinction between a mind thus far gifted and the conceptual thought of man, I may take it for granted that the ideation of infants is from the first generic; and hence that those psychologists are greatly mistaken who thoughtlessly

assume that the formation of class-ideas is a prerogative of more advanced intelligence. We pronounce the word Papa before a child in its cradle, at the same time pointing to his father. After a little he in turn lisps the word, and we imagine that he understands it in the same sense that we do, or that his father's presence only will recall the word. Not at all. When another person that is, one similar in appearance, with a long coat, a beard, and loud voice-enters the room, he calls him also Papa. The name was individual; he has made it general. In our case it is applicable to one person only; in his, to a class."

So much for the main criticism. For the rest, of course, I abstain from debating with my critic any matters of psychological doctrine or in

dividual opinion; but as he has alluded to the article in the 'Encyclopædia Britannica' on "Psychology," I should like to take the opportunity thus afforded of stating that up to the time when my book went to press I had not read the article. It seems desirable to make this statement in order to explain why no allusion is made to that article in places where (as I have since found) there is a remarkable agreement between the writer and myself-agreement in some cases so remarkable that I could have better understood my present reviewer had he complained of plagiarism on my part instead of opposition to the essay in question. In particular, I should now like to acknowledge the writer's clear anticipation of my view that, to quote his words,

"the generic image constitutes the connecting link between imagination and conception...... Though actually complex, generic images are not necessarily known as complexes when they first enter into judgments; as the subjects of such judgments they are the starting-points of predication."

*** Mr. Romanes quotes his single and partial glimpse of the truth without reference to the general drift of his argument, which throughout rests on the order percept, recept, concept (chaps. ii., iii., iv., and frontispiece diagram). It is in his adherence to the older associationism, with its treatment of "ideas" as quasi-chemical atoms of mind, that Mr. Romanes shows his inadequate knowledge of the present state of psychological science, and it is this that causes him to refer to obvious corollaries of psychological principles as "my views." We did not suspect Mr. Romanes of plagiarizing from Dr. Ward's article, as all his psychology is sufficiently explained by a reference to M. Binet, to whom some acknowledgment is given in Mr. Romanes's volume (p. 37). Besides, it was obvious that Mr. Romanes is blissfully ignorant of the new standpoint to which psychology has advanced. Not to have known Dr. Ward's epoch-marking article argues Mr. Romanes an amateur in psychology. Mr. Romanes scarcely sees the humorous side of his remark that Dr. Ward "anticipated" his views. So a youth might observe that the

longest side of a triangle is generally opposite its biggest angle, and afterwards discover that Euclid had taken due account of the fact. We should be somewhat amused if the lad thought it necessary to assure the world solemnly and gravely that Euclid had "anticipated" him.

Literary Gossip.

IT is understood that it is not Mr. Ruskin's intention to extend the 'Præterita' beyond thirty-six parts.

We believe that a second volume of the Oxford Studia Biblica' is in preparation.

THE February number of Macmillan's Magazine will contain a paper by Mr. Goldwin Smith on Mr. Bryce's 'American Commonwealth'; one by Canon Ainger on Mrs. Sandford's 'Thomas Poole and his Friends'; and a new 'Tale of Birds and Men,' by Mr. Warde Fowler.

MISS MATHILDE BLIND has just finished a volume of poems, 'The Ascent of Man,' which is to appear shortly. The bulk of the book will consist of three pieces linked together by a common idea, respectively entitled 'The Ascent of Man,' 'The Pilgrim Soul,' and 'Chaunts of Life.' A series of lyrics headed "Poems of the Open Air," and some love songs and sonnets, make up the rest of the volume.

THE article "War" in the 'Encyclopædia Britannica,' which was reviewed in our columns last week, is, in accordance with our suggestion, to be issued forthwith in a