on vellum, first dated edition, 1471, 711. Vergilius cura Aldi Manutii, 1501 (imperfect), 73l. Waddingi Annales Minorum, 24 vols., 17311860, 721.

Literary Gossip.

MR. WILLIAM ALLINGHAM has in the press a new volume of poems, entitled 'Life and Phantasy.' The book is to have a frontispiece by Sir John Millais and a design by Arthur Hughes. It will be published by Messrs. Reeves & Turner.

MR. W. S. LILLY is about to publish with Messrs. Chapman & Hall a philosophical study of the French Revolution viewed in the light of a hundred years' experience, and with particular reference to questions of the day. The work will be entitled 'A Century

of Revolution.'

of the First, Second, Third, and Fourth Folio editions, there are between twenty and thirty of the plays in quarto, some being first editions, notably 'Love's Labour's Lost,' 'Much Ado about Nothing,' 'Pericles,' 'Othello,' and also the exceedingly scarce 'Lucrece' of 1594. The library also includes a large number of the original editions of the plays of Mrs. Behn, Shirley, and other seventeenth century authors.

THE principal business transacted at the Literary Congress at Paris, over which M. Jules Simon presided, has been the passing of the following resolutions, which it is to be hoped may be imported into the Convention of Berne, to which nearly every civilized nation, the United States of America excepted, adhered, and has legislated accord

A SET of articles, principally on social subjects, from the pens of leading novelists, will be published shortly by Messrs. Tillotson & Son, Bolton. The series will be opened | translation during the term of copyright,

by Mr. W. Black, who will write upon 'Authors and their Unknown Correspondents.' Mrs. Lynn Linton will follow with The Criminalities of Children.' The list of contributors also includes the names of Mr. G. A. Sala, Mr. Justin McCarthy, M.P., Mrs. Hungerford (the author of Molly Bawn'), Mrs. Alexander, Mr. Joseph Hatton, Mr. W. Clark Russell (who writes a sea

sketch), Miss Jessie Fothergill, and Mr.

George Gissing.

MR. THOMAS READER retired on Monday last from the famous firm in Paternoster Row. He entered the service of the Longmans as an assistant in 1834, and was for some years manager of the Paper and Print Department under the late Mr. Thomas and Mr. William Longman. He became a partner in 1865, and when he retired he had worked in the Row for nearly fifty-five years. Mr. Reader is a man of exceptional ability and versatility, and though his name was not widely known in literary circles, many authors are largely indebted to his practical knowledge and sound judgment.

THE University of Oxford will present to the King of Sweden, on the occasion of the Oriental Congress of which his Majesty is the President, all Oriental works printed by the order of the Delegates of the Clarendon Press. We may add also that Prof. Sayce has been appointed to represent the University of Oxford, together with Prof. Max Müller, at the next congress of the Orientalists.

PROF. SAYCE will deliver an address at the Victoria Institution, on Monday next, on the cuneiform inscriptions of Tel el-Amarna, according to the tablets belonging to M. Bouriant at Cairo and those in the Boulaq Museum. If Prof. Sayce's readings are right, the Palestinian localities of Gedor, Gath (Gimti), Keilah (Kilti), Gaza, Hebron, and others are mentioned in them as possessed by Egypt a century before the Exodus. The ubiquitous Hittites, of course, are not forgotten in them.

PROF. RHYS intends to make during the Long Vacation a scientific tour in Brittany, when he will be the guest of M. Renan.

THE library of the late Mr. Frederick Perkins, which Messrs. Sotheby will sell next month, contains a remarkable collection of Shakspearean books. In addition to copies |

ingly: 1. As an author's title to his work includes the sole right to translate it, or to authorize its translation, the author, his successors, and assigns enjoy the right of even though they may not have the sole right to reproduce the work in its original form. 2. There is no reason for an author notifying in any way that he reserves the right of translation. 3. There is no ground for limiting the period during which the author of a book or his representatives may

translate it.

THE new magazine East and West, of which the second number appears on Monday, is after this to be printed in London instead of in Paris.

DR. ETHÉ's Persian Catalogue, part i., will be presented by him to the Oriental Congress. It comprises the description of all Persian MSS. in the Bodleian Library. The second part will contain the Turkish and Hindustani MSS., with the index of all three collections together.

THE July number of the Law Quarterly Review will contain articles on The History of Specific Performance,' by Lord Justice Fry; 'The École des Sciences Politiques in Paris,' by M. Max Leclerc; and Possession for Year and Day,' by Prof. Maitland.

M. AUGUSTIN FILON is going to write the weekly "Causerie" in the Revue Bleue in succession to M. Maxime Gaucher and M. Jules Lemaître, and writes to us :

to know

to the authors and publishers at least, "It may be of some interest to your readers, that I am willing to include new English books in my review."

A new edition, which is expected to be ready in July, of Bridges's 'History of the Barony and Town of Okehampton,' which was first published about fifty years ago, is in preparation. This reprint, which will be brought down to the present time, is being edited by Mr. W. H. K. Wright, Borough Librarian of Plymouth. The book will contain illustrations, and consist of a small impression only.

PROF. MAX MÜLLER points out to us that in our "List of New Books" last week his Gifford Lectures were by an unfortunate slip called Clifford Lectures.

MR. WRIGHT is also preparing for publication a notice of the Blue Friars, a sort of literary and convivial club which existed in Plymouth between 1829 and 1846.

THE Library Association, which has abandoned the idea of meeting in Paris this

"the cur.

SOME particulars respecting rency of early New England" were recently communicated to the New England Historic - Genealogical Society by Mr. W. B.

Weeden, the following facts being the most

curious and least known:

"In the earliest colonial days barter was much resorted to in the absence or scarcity of coin John Winthrop, the younger, was the father of the fact that specie must be at the basis of all paper currency in New England. He recognized systems of currency. He devised a famous plan for a bank with a currency receivable in the markets, yet which should not be convertible into specie. In 1670 wheat and moose skins were made legal tenders. Pork and cattle were

also received in payment of taxes. In Hingham milk-pails were a legal tender: Wool was also

much used as a standard in barter. A paper currency was desired as a means of relief from this state of affairs. In 1690 the colonial government issued fiat money. But the best will of promissor and all the power of state were not enough to make a paper dollar equal to money. In 1712 a Bill was passed making bills of credit current for the purchase of merchandise. They were receivable for public dues and were to be

equal to money. But a fiat money could not be

maintained at par. The authorities made frantic efforts to keep specie at home. A law was passed forbidding the sending of more than a certain fixed amount out of the province at once. The pine-tree shilling was the most common coin then in circulation. The Spanish 'piecedecessor of the American dollar. Notwith. of-eight' was much valued, and was the prestanding the efforts of the colonies, they found it impossible to keep their bills at par. The payment of taxes was finally deferred from year to year, as the collection would be a virtual redemption of the currency. Repudiation of public indebtedness followed. Some of the colonies, however, were able to maintain their bille bills at par much longer than others."

FOREIGN journals announce the death of Prof. Orest Müller at St. Petersburg on June 14th.

NEXT week we shall publish our usual articles on the literature of continental countries during the preceding twelve months. Among them will be Belgium, by M. de Laveleye and Prof. Fredericq; Bohemia, by Dr. Mourek; Denmark, by M. V. Petersen; France, by M. J. Reinach; Germany, by Hofrath Zimmermann; Holland, by Miss Van Campen; Italy, by Commendatore Bonghi; Norway, by M. H. Jaeger; Poland, by Dr. Belcikowski; Russia, by M. Milyoukov; Spain, by Don Juan Riaño; and Sweden, by Dr. Ahnfelt.

THE most interesting papers of the week are Public Accounts, Third Report (84.); Colonial Possessions, Trinidad, Report on the Blue Book for 1888 (2d.); Army, Soldiers' Dietary, Report (4d.); Model Schools, Ireland, Returns (1d.); Italy, Proposed Expropriation of the Old Protestant Cemetery at Rome (18. 2d.); Commercial, No. 18, 1889, Greece, Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1d.); Navigation and Shipping, Annual Statement for 1888 (48. 2d.); Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom for 1888 (4s. 2d.); and University for London, Report of Royal Commissioners as to need of New University or New Powers (3s. 6d.).

SCIENCE

Darwinism : an Exposition of the Theory of

Natural Selection, with some of its Applications. By Alfred Russel Wallace. (Macmillan & Co.)

THE lively discussions that have during the - last few years arisen between the various

sects of evolutionists have revealed the soте

،

what astounding fact that the work least studied in these days is the "Novum Organon of biology," Mr. Darwin's 'Origin of Species.' To Darwin, as to Milton, it seems that we may apply the remark of Voltaire with regard to Dante, "Sa réputation s'affirmira toujours, parcequ'on ne le lit guère." As Mr. Thiselton Dyer has lately pointed out, the proper title of Mr. Darwin's book is The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. In the course of thirty years this principle of natural selection has become overlaid by various suggestions, for some of which, such as the theory of sexual selection, Darwin was himself responsible. We need not now enumerate the rest, of which some are more intelligible than others, and some "based on facts and others on fancies or misconceptions. Among those philosophers who have applied or had applied to them various party epithets, but all of whom have professed that Darwin was their prophet, Mr. Wallace has remained true to the theory which he enunciated independently of Darwin, and which he still regards as the most ■satisfactory explanation of the majority of biological facts. "Although," he says,

"I maintain, and even enforce, my differences from some of Darwin's views, my whole work tends forcibly to illustrate the overwhelming importance of Natural Selection over all other gencies in the production of new species. I thus take up Darwin's earlier position, from which he somewhat receded in the later editions of his works, on account of criticisms and objections which I have endeavoured to show are unsound. Even in rejecting that phase of sexual selection depending on female choice, I

insist on the greater efficacy of natural selection. This is pre-eminently the Darwinian doctrine, I therefore claim for my book the position of being the advocate of pure Darwinism."

and

Mr. Wallace has certainly succeeded in re-establishing natural selection in many places whence it has been thought to have been dethroned, and he has supplied as masterly a compendium of the evidence in favour of his case as we could have expected even from himself. In many instances, indeed, he cites phenomena which have already been used in support of the doctrine which he holds; but he adds so much that is new, and he writes in so charming and simple a style, that his readers more than he are to be congratulated on the latest service he has rendered to the science he has served so well.

In one important matter we must, however, venture to disagree with him. When Mr. Wallace comes to apply what he characteristically calls Darwinism to man, he finds that natural selection will not account for the origin and development of the mathematical, musical, and artistic faculties. He believes so completely in natural selection as the cause of changes beneficial to the organism, that he admits no other natural cause, or, at any rate, he makes no attempt to seek for one. He says that the Darwinian theory "teaches us that we possess intellectual and moral faculties which could not have been so [i.e., by the law of natural selection] developed, but must have had another origin; and for this origin we can only find an adequate cause in the unseen universe of Spirit." Granting that natural selection is not the cause of these special faculties, it by no means follows that some other natural process may not be; but such a process, if it be discoverable at all, is to

be found only by recognizing our present ignorance and keeping a sharp watch for phenomena which may help us in our search. By handing them over to the "unseen universe of spirit" we lose all hold on the origin of these faculties, and give up to nonmatter phenomena which are expressions

The idea that the characters used are often of a kind with which natural selection had nothing to do is vigorously demolished by Mr. Wallace. He points out that Mr. Darwin has shown for plants that "almost every detail is found to have a purpose and a use." On the other hand, it must be admitted that forms are often described as "species" which are really the same as, or but slight varieties of, forms already given specific rank. These are expressions of that

power By which we multiply distinctions, then Deem that our puny boundaries are things

That we perceive, and not that we have made.

And the moral is that formulators of new theories of the origin of species should, like Darwin and Wallace, first get to know something about species themselves.

We do not purpose to go through this book, for every lover of natural history will read it for himself. As there may, never

theless, be others who may read this notice,

and who regard the doctrine of natural selection as a physical expression of the poet's picture of

Nature red in tooth and claw
With ravine,

we cannot conclude without a reference to what Mr. Wallace calls the ethical aspect of the struggle for existence. He believes that "the 'torments' and 'miseries' of animals have little real existence, but are the reflection of the imagined sensations of cultivated men and women." Animals are entirely spared the pain we suffer in the anticipation of death; violent deaths, if not are painless and easy.

of the activity of living protoplasm.
One of the most interesting questions with
which Mr. Wallace deals is that of variation
within the limits of a so-called species, and
he has collected a large amount of informa-
tion on this subject, which he illustrates by
some ingenious diagrams. So long as
"species"
rate ancestors, variations were, of course,
regarded as signs of distinct ancestry.
During the last thirty years, however,
"species" have been studied in a very dif-
ferent way, and we wonder that Mr. Wallace
does not cite the high-water mark of the
change, which found expression in an essay
by Prof. Huxley, written nearly ten years
ago. Discussing the character of the dog
family, Prof. Huxley said :-

were held each to have had sepa- too prolonged,

"The suggestion that it may be as well to give up the attempt to define species, and to content

oneself with recording the varieties of pelage and stature which accompany a definable type of skeletal and dental structure in the geographical district in which the latter is indigenous, may be regarded as revolutionary; but I am inclined to think that, sooner or later, we shall have to adopt it."

At the very next meeting of the Zoological Society to that at which Prof. Huxley's paper was read, Col. Godwin-Austen commenced a memoir with the following words: "In certain groups of the Mollusca the many forms run so closely into the other that it is not easy to find differences sufficiently well marked to characterize even the genera."

An experienced entomologist, Mr. A. G. Butler, nine years ago declared his opinion that in time it will be impossible to decide, without rearing from the egg, whether any form is a species, a hybrid, or a variety. Much evidence as to variations will be found in the reports on echinoderms and sponges in the 'Report on the Collections of H.M.S. Alert.' Numerous other cases might also be cited in support and extension of those which are given by Mr. Wallace.

The fact, then, that species vary considerably must be accepted, and the next question that arises is, What are specific marks?

"As a rule animals come into existence at a time of year when food is most plentiful and the climate most suitable......they grow vigorously,

being supplied with abundance of food; and tinual round of healthy excitement and exercise alternating with complete repose...... This normal state of happiness is not alloyed, as with us, by long periods-whole lives often of poverty or ill-health, and of the unsatisfied longing for pleasures which others enjoy, but to which we

they reach maturity their lives are a con

cannot attain."

Is not this a happier existence than the lives of the Pope of Rome, the Czar of all the Russias, or the Chief Secretary for Ireland?

We cannot take leave of Mr. Wallace

without again giving expression to our sense

of the service which he has rendered to Darwinism by the publication of this book, nor without wondering at the self-denying manner in which he still regards his own valuable contributions to the great theory of natural selection.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES.

DR. J. D. E. SCHMELTZ, of Leyden, commences the second volume of his sumptuously illustrated Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie with a double number, containing an important memoir of Berlin, on the Turkish marionette show called Karagös, the by Dr. Felix von Luschau, publication of which has been delayed by the illness of the author. For the purpose of the show small grotesque figures are used, thirty-seven specimens of which are given in four plates, two of them coloured; and they possess much ethno

logical interest, one representing a smoker of

hashish and another of the combat of Köroghlu with a lion being especially noticeable. Dr. Heinrich Schurtz contributes an article on weapons of the boomerang type used in Africa. This is illustrated by more than sixty specimens. Mr.

R. Parkinson, of New Britain, supplies a paper on the ethnology of the Gilbert Islanders, who practise an artistic form of tattooing. Under the heading News and Correspondence" the editor keeps his readers well informed as to ethnological work in all quarters of the globe. In the department of " Questions and Answers " Prof. Aspelin elin seeks an interpretation of curious inscription surrounding a figure on a stone tablet in the Museum of the Imperial Archeological Society of St. Petersburg, and an explanation of some curious objects bearing grotesque human heads with flowing hair and beard found in Lapland. Other departments relate to museums, bibliography, reviews, explorations, &c.

a

A monograph on the ethnology of the Indian races of Guatemala, by Dr. Otto Stoll, of Zurich, dedicated to Prof. A. Bastian, of Berlin, is issued as a supplement to vol. i. of the Archiv. The plan of an ancient Indian city, with its gates and walls surrounded by watch-towers raised on mounds, its inner ditch (which not only follows the outer wall, but crosses the city) dividing it into two parts, in the centre of the eastern of which are the palace and temple, is well shown in a drawing copied from the work of Fuentes y Guzman, published at Madrid in 1882-3. The specimens of textile and fictile art are of a high order, though some of them appear to be modern, and bear signs of European influence.

Passing across to the other side of the Isthmus of Panama, we have before us an equally valuable work on the pre-Colombian ethnography of Venezuela, in the val valleys of the Aragua and

of Caracas, by Dr. G. Marcano, in the Mémoires of the Society of Anthropology of Paris. Here the native races have almost entirely disappeared, and it is to their monuments alone that we have to look for evidence of what they were. General Guzman Blanco, while President of the Republic, appointed a commission of exploration, of which M. V. Marcano was the chief. He opened a number of tumuli on the borders of Lake Valencia, and obtained from them a great quantity of funeral urns and other remains. The skulls were of two distinct types, one with broad forehead, square face, and orthognathous ; the other with receding forehead, long face, and prognathous. One skull, the smallest of all the forty specimens collected, had the general characters of the first type, but the prognathism of the second. About half the crania were artificially deformed by pressure on the forehead. ❘ The stone implements found were of advanced neolithic type. The ornaments included necklaces and buttons of bone, perforated shells, and carved bone figures. The pottery was abundant, and some of it artistic, though its forms are in general very simple. Hieroglyphic inscriptions are frequent on the rocks in the neighbourhood. The idols are rudely carved nude female figures, one of which bears on its forehead what may be a representation of the apparatus used in the

cranial deformation.

M. René de Maricourt contributes to the same Mémoires a paper on the superstitions of Wales.

GEOGRAPHICAL NOTES.

THE "German African Association" has ceased to exist, but before handing over the balance of its funds to Messrs. Reichard and PechuelLösche, to enable them to publish records of their travels, and to the Berlin Geographical Society, it has published a final number of its Mittheilungen, which bears evidence to the excellence of the work accomplished by its explorers. By far the most important contribution in this number consists of a huge map prepared by Dr. R. Kiepert in illustration of the exploration which the late Mr. Flegel carried on in the Benue basin. There are in addition to this a map of Eastern Abyssinia, embodying the surveys of the late Dr. Stecker; a map illustrating Dr. R. Büttner's journey from San Salvador to Stanley Pool; and a map of the Lower Quango, based upon Dr. Mense's surveys. In an appendix Dr. von Danckelman furnishes a sum

mary of meteorological observations made at Luluaburg. It is not often that so large an amount of important information is published in a single number of a periodical. The work hitherto carried on by the African Association is being continued on a much reduced scale under the direction of the German Foreign Office, and the results are being published from time to time in a series of Mittheilungen edited by Dr. von Danckelman.

The Scottish Geographical Magazine publishes a thoughtful paper on 'Scientific Earth-Knowledge as an Aid to Commerce,' by Dr. H. R. Mill; two papers by Mr. H. B. Guppy, on the 'CocosKeeling Islands' and 'Tridacna Pearls'; and an essay on the rainfall in South America, by Mr. W. B. Tripp, which is largely based upon information published in the Anales de la Officina Meteorologica Argentina, and is accompanied by a tinted map.

The Zeitschrift of the Berlin Geographical Society publishes notes of travel on Banda, Timor, and Flora, by Eduard von Martens, who visited these islands twenty-five years ago; a sketch of the geological history of the Central Plateau of France, by Dr. F. Frech, based upon personal observation; and results of magnetic observations in Emperor William Land (New Guinea), with a large map of the Augusta river. In the Verhandlungen of the same society will be found notes on Upper Assam by E. Hartert.

Dr. Hans Meyer proposes to start for Eastern Africa in the beginning of July. He takes with him an experienced Swiss "guide," and proposes to attempt not only the full ascent of Kilimanjaro, but also that of Mount Kenia. He has been promised the countenance and assistance of the British East Africa Company.

The Mittheilungen of the Vienna Geographical Society contains a further instalment of preliminary reports on Count Teleki's recent explorations in Masai Land. As the Count is expected in London, it is just possible that the British public will be the first to have communicated to it a somewhat fuller account of the remarkable work accomplished by him and his companion, Lieut. Höhnel, in the face of considerable difficulties.

Mr. Ravenstein is engaged on a large map of the territories of the Imperial British East Africa Company, which is to be published in the course of next month by Messrs. Philip & Son.

Guides to Paris grow numerous. Messrs. J. Walker & Co. send us The Pocket Atlas and Guide to Paris, by Mr. Bartholomew, a pretty little volume containing a number of section maps of the city, a plan of the Exhibition, and a modicum of letterpress. Messrs. Clowes & Son have produced a Guide to the Exhibition, authorized by the Council of the British Section; and Messrs. Philip & Son send us a plan of

Paris.

THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.

The annual general meeting of the Association was held on Wednesday last in the rooms of the Royal Society. The annual report-the first since the opening of the laboratory-was of special interest. In moving its adoption Lord Walsingham, F.R.S., remarked that the amount of work done during the year was more considerable than he could have thought possible. Prof. Flower, C.B., in moving the adoption of the treasurer's report, expressed a hope that the funds at the disposal of the Association would be considerably increased that their range of work might increase too. His references to the many and very valuable services rendered by the retiring treasurer, Mr. Frank Crisp, were warmly supported by Mr. Gassiot and Prof. Ray Lankester. Admiral Sir E. Ommanney, seconded by Dr. Hickson, moved the list of officers and Council recommended in the report. It is most unfortunate that the appeal made

of a good seaworthy boat has been so pour responded to. The officers of the laboratory vi be hampered and limited in their inquiries in the habits of sea-fish till they have a first-cine boat at their command.

SOCIETIES.

ROYAL.-June 20. -The President in the chieDr. E. Ballard. Prof. W. J. Sollas, Prof. G. F. + Messrs. J. Aitken, A. B. Basset, H. T. Brown, Clark, L. Fletcher, W. B. Hemsley, C. T. Hader E. B. Poulton, and H. Tomlinson were admitted in the Society. - The Society adopted a letter drawe by the President and Council expressing sympar with the action of the Lord Mayor in attemptingu obtain some public recognition in this country of services of M. Pasteur to science and humanity. appointing delegates to the meeting convene for July 1st.-The following papers were rest On the Effect of Temperature on the Speci Inductive Capacity of a Dielectric,' by Mr. Cassie, On Certain Geometrical Theorems. N IV.,' by Mr. W. H. L. Russell,-' An Experimenta Verification of the Sine Law of Malus,' by Dr. E Spitta,- On the Cavendish Experiment,' by M C. V. Boys, A Chemical Inquiry into the Phene mena of Human Respiration,' by Dr. Marcet, the Interchange of the Variables in Certain Lin Differential Operators,' by Mr. E. B. ElliouBarium Sulphate as a Cement in Sandstone ani Deposits of Barium Sulphate from Mine-water. Prof. F. Clowes, - Contributions to the Anatomyc Fishes: 1. The Air-bladder and Weberian Ossice in the Siluridæ,' preliminary communication, by Profs. Bridge and Haddon, -' On the Rate of De composition of Chlorine-water by Light, by Dr Gore, - A New Form of Gas Battery, by Mr. L Mond and Dr. C. Langer, -'Note on the Thermo electric Position of Platinoid,' by Mr. J. T. Bottom

ley and Mr. A. Tanakadate, Observations on the Spark Discharge,' by Mr. J. Joly, 'The Speci Inductive Capacity of Dielectrics when acted on by Very Rapidly Alternating Electric Forces, by Prod J. J. Thomson, -'On a Pure Fermentation of Man nite and Glycerin,' by Prof. P. F. Frankland and M J. J. Fox, - Contributions to the Chemistry c Storage Batteries, No. II.,' by Dr. Frankland, Time-Lag in the Magnetization of Iron, by Prof. J. A. Ewing,- Protoplasmic Movements and their Relation to Oxygen Pressure,' by Mr. J. Clark-The Chemistry of the Urine of the Horse, by Prof. F. Smith, and 'Note on the Development of Voltale Electricity by Atmospheric Oxidation of Com bustible Gases and other Substances,' by Dr. C. R. A. Wright and Mr. C. Thompson.

GEOGRAPHICAL. - June 24.- Sir M. E. Grant

Duff, President, in the chair. The following gentle men were elected Fellows: Col. W. Т. Кезть, Col. W. C. Phillpotts, Messrs. J. J. Brickhill, E. Gardner, D. R. Peacock, J. B. Reis, J. W. Selby. and H. Smith. -The paper read was 'Journey acrose the Inland Ice of Greenland from East to West. by Dr. Fridtjof Nansen.

STATISTICAL.-June 25.-Dr. T. G. Balfour, Pre

sident, in the chair. The paper read was 'Sugges

tions for the Census of 1891,' by Dr. G. B. Longstuff. -The under-mentioned took part in the discussion that followed: Sir E. Chadwick, Sir R. W. Rawson. Rev. J. Johnson, Earl Fortescue, Prof. A. Marshall Messrs. M. J. Griffin, T. Hudson, N. A. Humphreys J. G. Rhodes, F. J. Vincent, A. H. Bailey, and the President.

ZOOLOGICAL. - June 18.-Prof. Flower, President, in the chair. The Secretary exhibited (on behalf of Mr. J. F. Green) an example of the common eel, obtained from a pond in Kent, and measuring upwards of four feet in length. -Mr. B. B. Woodward exhibited and made remarks on a drawing representing a living example of Erope kaffra-a carnivorous snail from the Cape Colony; and an example of a fossil shell from the Eocene of the Paris basin (Neritina schmideliana), and a section of it showing the peculiar mode of its growth.Mr. E. Muybridge exhibited a series of projections by the oxyhydrogen light illustrative of the con secutive phases of movements by various quad rupeds while walking, trotting, galloping, &c., and of birds while flying. - Letters and communications were read: from Prof. H. H. Giglioli, on a supposed new genus and species of pelagic gadoids from the Mediterranean, proposed to be called Eretmophorus kleinenbergi,-by Lieut. Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen, on the Cyclostomaceæ collected in Borneo by Mr. A. Everett, - by Capt. G. E. Shelley, on birds collected by Mr. H. G. V. Hunter in Massi

Land during June, July, and August, 1888; the col lection (which Mr. Hunter had presented to the

four species, seven of which were described by the author as new to science, -by Mr. F. E. Beddard, on the freshwater and terrestrial annelids of New Zealand, with preliminary descriptions of new species, -and from Mr. H. W. Bates, on some new genera and species of coleopterous insects collected by Mr. Whitehead during his recent visit to Kina Balu. The collection was stated to comprise an unusual proportion of new and remarkable forms.-Mr. P. L. Sclater gave a further description of Hunter's antelope (Damalis hunteri) from specimens obtained by Mr. H. C. V. Hunter on the river Tana, Eastern Africa. This meeting closes the present session.

:

ENTOMOLOGICAL. - June 5.-Right Hon. Lord Walsingham, President, in the chair.--Mr. W. M. -Christy was elected a Fellow. -Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a specimen of Acrolepia assectella, Zeller, included in a lot of Tineidæ, purchased at the sale of the late Mr. A. F. Sheppard's collection. -Mr. J. J. Walker exhibited a collection of Lepidoptera made in 1887 and 1888 in the vicinity of the Straits of Gibraltar. The collection included sixty-eight species of butterflies, of which thirty-six were obtained on the Rock, and the remainder on the - European side of the Straits; and about one hundred and sixty species of moths.-Dr. P. B. Mason - exhibited a number of specimens of a South Euro- pean species of ant, Crematogaster scutellaris, Oliv. He said that the specimens were all taken in the fernery of Mr. Baxter, of Burton-on-Trent, and had probably been imported with cork.-Mr. O. E. Janson exhibited a pair of Neptunides stanleyi, a species of Cetoniidæ, recently received from Central Africa; also some varieties of N. polychrous, Thoms., from the Zanzibar district. - Dr. N. Manders exhibited a number of Lepidoptera collected by himself in the Shan States, Burmah; also a collection of Lepidoptera made by Capt. Raikes in Kárenni.-Mr. M'Lachlan exhibited over four hundred specimens of Neuroptera, being a portion of the collection formed in Japan by Mr. H. J. S. Pryer. They represented nearly all groups (excepting Odonata, now in the hands of Baron de Selys). Some of the Ascalaphidæ, Panorpidæ, and Trichoptera were of great beauty. Dr. Sharp exhibited the peculiar cocoons of an Indian moth, Rhodia newara, Moore; these were the cocoons possessing a drain at the bottom in order to allow water to escape, already described in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1888, p. 120, where, however, their resemblance to the pods of a plant had not been alluded to.-Mr. Enock exhibited and made remarks on specimens of Cecidomyia destructor, bred from American wheat.-Mr. W. Warren exhibited a bred specimen of Retinia posticana, Zett., from Newmarket; also specimens of Eupithecia jasioneata and Gelechia confinis bred. -Mr. C. O. Waterhouse exhibited and explained a number of diagrams illustrative of the external characters of the eyes of insects. - Mr. A. G. Butler communicated a paper entitled 'Descriptions of some New Lepidoptera-Heterocera in the Collec

1

tion of the Hon. Walter de Rothschild.' He also contributed a second paper entitled 'Synonymic Notes on the Moths of the Earlier Genera of Noc

tuites.'-Dr. Sharp read a paper entitled An Account of Prof. Plateau's Experiments on the Vision of Insects.'-Lord Walsingham, Mr. Jacoby, Mr. White, and Mr. Waterhouse took part in the discussion which ensued.

METEOROLOGICAL.-June 19.- Dr. W. Marcet President, in the chair.-Messrs. T. J. Moss-Flower, A. H. Halder, R. A. Naylor, and C. B. Penlington were elected Fellows. Mr. W. Marriott gave an account of the recent thunderstorms. On Sunday, June 2nd, a thunderstorm passed across the country, in a northerly direction, from Wiltshire about 3 A.M. and reaching Edinburgh by 10.44. It travelled at the rate of about fifty miles an hour. It is possible that this storm travelled still further north, and reached Kirkwall at 3.37 P.M. A severe thunderstorm prevailed over the neighbourhood of the Tweed between 11 A.M. and noon, and was accompanied by hail of large size. A destructive storm occurred over the whole of the north-west of England and south of Scotland during the afternoon, much damage was caused by lightning, and very large hail fell over an extensive area. Some of the hailstones measured 7 inches in circumference, and weighed 7 ounces. During the night of the same day a severe thunderstorm prevailed over Norfolk, which was also accompanied by very large hailstones, some of which were 5 to 6 inches in circumference. On Thursday the 6th thunderstorms prevailed during the afternoon over the whole of the south-east of England; that which passed over the metropolis about 9 o'clock was remarkable for the brilliant and continuous display of lightning. During the same night, and in the early morning of the following day, a storm prevailed over the eastern counties, much damage being done by the lightning in the north

west of Norfolk. Severe hailstorms occurred between | 2 and 3 A.M. both at Margate and Ipswich. During | the afternoon of the 7th destructive thunderstorms prevailed over the whole of the southern counties, while at Tunbridge Wells there was a most remarkable hailstorm. One of the hailstones which was weighed was actually half a pound in weight.-A collection of over forty photographs of lightning taken during the storm on June 6th was also exhibited to the meeting. In addition to the sinuous, ribbon, and meandering flashes of lightning, several photographs showed knotted, multiple, and dark flashes. The following papers were also read: 'The Climate of British North Borneo,' by Mr. R. H. Scott, - On the Variation of the Temperature of the Air in England during the Period 1849-1888,' by Mr. W. Ellis,-'Atlantic Weather and Rapid Steamship Navigation,' by Mr. C. Harding,- Meteorological Phenomena observed during 1875-87 in the Neighbourhood of Chelmsford,' by Mr. H. Corder, and Rainfall in China, and Meteorological Observations made at Ichang and South Cape in 1888,' by Dr. W. Doberck.

HISTORICAL.-June 20. -Mr. O. Browning in the chair.-Mr. H. E. Malden read a paper 'On Plato's Sequence of Forms of Polity as given in the "Republic," examined in the Light of the Actual History of Greek Cities.'-A discussion followed, in which Messrs. Bertin, Hyde Clarke, Stuart Glennie, H. Haines, G. Hurst, J. F. Palmer, and the Chairman took part.

PHYSICAL.-June 22.-Prof. Reinold, President, in the chair.-Major P. Cardew and Mr. A. W. Ward were elected Members. -The following communications were made: 'Note on some Photographs of Lightning and of "Black" Electric Sparks,' by Mr. A. W. Clayden, -' Researches on the Electrical Resistance of Bismuth,' by Dr. E. von Aubel, -and 'Expansion with Rise of Temperature of Wires under Pulling Stress,' by Mr. J. T. Bottomley.

HELLENIC.-June 24.-Annual Meeting. - Prof. Jebb, V.P., in the chair. - The Hon. Secretary read the Council's report. This, as the Society has just completed its first decade, opened with a general survey of the work done so far. The main achievement was the Journal of Hellenic Studies, which both for its subject-matter and its illustrations had taken an honourable place among archæological periodicals, in the estimation not only of English, but of foreign scholars. Reference was made also to the publication, under the sanction of the Society, of a facsimile of the Laurentian Codex of Sophocles, and of enlarged reproductions of Mr. Stillman's admirable photographs of Athens; and to the promotion by the Society of such undertakings as the Asia Minor Exploration Fund, which had enabled Prof. Ramsay to carry out his well-known researches in Phrygia; the British School at Athens; and the Cyprus Exploration Fund. Moreover, the nucleus of a library, including the leading archæological periodicals and other works of reference, had been formed for the benefit of members. Turning to a more detailed survey of the past session, the Council reminded members that the extraordinary energy and expenditure of the previous session had rendered necessary for a time a less active policy. The Journal for the year, however-the first volume in the enlarged form-would compare favourably with any of its predecessors. Reference was made to a scheme now under consideration for the supply to members at cost price of copies of photographs taken in Greece by amateurs. The financial position of the Society was shown to be, on the whole, satisfactory, for though the balance in hand was smaller than usual, this was fully accounted for by the fact that the cost of reprinting two volumes of the Journal had been met out of the year's receipts, without the necessity of withdrawing for a time any part of the invested funds. A balance sheet, and an analysis of receipts and expenditure for the past ten years, were submitted to the meeting. In conclusion the Council expressed the view that while much had been done of which the Society might well be proud, much still remained to be done. If the next ten years were to be as fruitful and full of energy as the first, there must be no slackness on the part either of the Council or the general body of members. The promotion of the objects of the Society must be kept steadily in view. The Journal must be maintained in undiminished efficiency, but the other objects, and especially the encouragement of exploration and research, must also receive their due share of attention. To make this energy in various directions possible within the bounds of financial prudence, one thing was needful-a steady increase of income, resulting from a steady increase in the number of members. Members were, therefore, urged to proselytize continually that the Society might not stand still, but grow steadily in power to carry out in every department the objects which it was founded to promote. - The report was adopted.

-The former president and vice-presidents were reelected, and Lord Savile, Sir W. Gregory, Mr. Tal fourd Ely, Mr. D. G. Hogarth, Mr. R. W. Macan, and Prof. R. S. Poole were elected to vacancies on the Council.-A slight amendment in the rules, regarding the drawing of cheques, was proposed by the Council and carried. The Chairman then delivered an address on the progress of Hellenic studies during the past year. In archæological research the centre of interest had again been the Acropolis of Athens, and reference was made to some of the principal discoveries there. The Acropolis had now been entirely excavated down to the rock. In some places new fragments of the " Cyclopian" or "Pelasgic" wall had come to light; and besides these, the earliest fortifications, there had also been found traces of the houses of the primitive inhabitants. Other discoveries throwing light upon the foundations and immediate surroundings of the Parthenon were touched upon, and also the chief finds of the year in the way of sculpture and inscriptions. The excavations carried on by the Greeks at the Piræus, at Tanagra, at Mycenæ, at old Epidaurus, and elsewhere; by the French School at Delos, Acræphium, and Mantinea; by the American School in Attica and Bœotia, were also reviewed, and reference was made to work done in Athens towards a better knowledge both of Greek and of Byzantine architecture by students of the British School. Passing to other aspects of Hellenic study, Prof. Jebb alluded sympathetically to the recent loss of such scholars as Prof. Paley, Prof. Kennedy, Prof. J. F. Davies, Prof. Maguire, Canon Evans, and Prof. Chandler, and congratulated those interested in the advancement of classical studies in this country upon the success of the Classical Review. Speaking generally of the prospects of the Society, he dwelt upon the importance of combining the study of the literature and of the monuments of Greece, neither branch of the subject being complete without the other.-Mr. E. Gardner, the Director of the British School at Athens, read parts of a paper on archæology in Greece, 1888-9, which will be published in the next volume of the Journal of Hellenic Studies. This volume, it may here be added, will appear complete in the course of the autumn.

United Service Institution, 3.-'Military Training of Boys,' Major A. V. Fordyce.

Geologists' Association, 8.

Victoria Institute, 8.-' Discoveries in Egypt,' M. E. Naville.

Science Gossip.

be read. On Saturday next, when the meeting is over, there will be an excursion to M. Decauville's portable railway and rolling-stock works at Petit-Bourg, while those who wish to return to England at once can visit the new harbour works at Calais on their way back.

SINCE the appearance of Prof. A. Gray's work on 'Absolute Measurements in Electricity and Magnetism' in a greatly enlarged form a demand has arisen for the reissue of the original small edition. The author has accordingly revised this book, and made such alterations and additions as will bring it into accordance with the present state of practical electricity, and render it still more useful to students and electrical engineers. The new edition will be shortly published by Messrs. Macmillan & Co. The preparation of the second volume of the same author's larger treatise on the subject is at the same time bein being pushed on as quickly as possible.

FINE ARTS

ROYAL SOCIETY of PAINTERS in WATER COLOURS.-The HUNDRED and ELEVENTH EXHIBITION is NOW OPEN, 5, Pall Mall East, from 10 till 6.-Admission, 1s; Illustrated Catalogue, 1s. ALFRED D. FRIPP, R.W.S., Secretary.

The NEW GALLERY, REGENT STREET.-SUMMER EXHIBITION NOW OPEN, 9 till 7.-Admission, 1s.

THE VALE OF TEARS.'-DORE'S LAST GREAT PICTURE, completed a few days before he died, NOW ON VIEW at the Doré Gallery, 35, New Bond Street, with 'Christ leaving the Prætorium, Christ's Entry into Jerusalem,' 'The Dream of Pilate's Wife,' and his other great Pictures. From 10 to 6 Daily. Admission, 18.

CATALOGUES OF EXHIBITIONS.

THE only fault of consequence in Mr. H. Blackburn's Academy Notes, No. XV., The Grosvenor Gallery, No. XII., and The New Gallery, No. II. (Chatto & Windus), is that certain hideous and gaudily coloured advertisements are thrust on unwary and nervous readers,

who would otherwise gladly give a shilling apiece for these useful and improved books. The cuts in all of them are much better than those of former issues, and the letterpress, being almost entirely free from the nonsensical criticisms we

formerly dreaded, is more useful because the additional notes are compact and descriptive. -The Royal Academy Pictures, 1889 (Cassell & Co.), Parts I. and II., seem to be the whole of a publication in which the cuts are almost always good, and, the whole, wisely as

on

Cassell

well as fortunately selected. We commend especially 'Sunflowers and Moonflowers,' after Mr. G. D. Leslie; 'Shine and Shower,' after Mr. H. Moore ; 'The Road by the Shore,' after Mr. C. W. Wyllie; 'Spirit Forces,' after Mr. F. Sant; and 'The Pinch of Poverty,' after Mr. Kennington.

THE admirable Catalogue of the Exhibition of Portrait Miniatures now at the Burlington Club has been compiled by Mr. J. L. Propert, whose capital History of Miniature Art' we lately reviewed at length. In the preface, which is a model of its kind, is a sort of biographical dictionary of the artists whose works, as collected in Savile Row, form what, with the exception of the more numerous gathering made at South Kensington in 1866, is by far the richest and most interesting collection yet seen in this country, and which everybody who can get a member's ticket ought to make it a duty to We regret it is not in our power to re

see.

view it at length. It is one of the most at

tractive and instructive exhibitions ever known, and excellently set out. It was obviously impracticable to break up the groups of examples lent by different owners, so as to place them in chronological order and thus make the whole still more instructive.

"GYP," who must be congratulated by us upon her reception, not yet by the French Academy, but by the Revue des Deux Mondes, has for the second time written upon the Salon, and has published through M. Calmann Lévy Bob au Salon de 1889, a comic illustrated hand

DIED, on Thursday of last week, June 20th, Mr. F. Tayler, the distinguished painter and the oldest member of the "Old Society," which he joined as an Associate in 1831; three years later he became a Member, and in 1858 was elected President. In this position he followed John F. Lewis, and he held it till his resignation in 1871, when Sir John Gilbert succeeded him. Son of Mr. Archdale Wilson Tayler, he was born at Barham Wood, near Elstree, April 30th, 1804. He exhibited his first picture, which was in oil, and entitled 'The Band of the 2nd Regiment of Life-Guards,' at the Academy in 1830. After this he occasionally contributed to the same gallery and that of the British Institution until 1865. He was a student at Mr. Sass's school in Bloomsbury, and at the Royal Academy, under Horace Vernet in Paris, and afterwards in Rome. He lived in Italy for some time. In Calais about 1818 he met R. P. Bonington, who was then staying there with S. W. Reynolds. Bonington and he became very close friends, and lived together in the French capital, where they shared a studio which had belonged to Vernet. After this Tayler went to Scotland and devoted himself chiefly to painting, with spirit and grace of touch which speedily developed into the peculiar style rapid and his popularity great, so that his works we all know as his. His success was extremely were, and still are, in demand. His favourite subjects were rural and sporting life in the Highlands. Of his works he was a keen sportsman, and painted hunting scenes frequently and with zest, whether they referred to ancient or modern times-'Weighing the Deer' and 'Crossing the Tay' are the best known and perhaps the best as works of art: engraving diffused far and wide the popularity of these and many other of Tayler's pictures. Occasionally he selected scenes from Sir Walter Scott which gave him opportunities of introducing dogs and horses, or ladies in picturesque costumes and graceful attitudes. 'The Festival of the Popinjay' is one of the best of these. He was a very welcome member of the Etching Club, and contributed some charming vignettes to the publications of that society. Several of his works are in the Royal collection. In 1855 he was appointed a juror at the Paris Universal Exhibition, and was awarded the First Gold Medal and the cross of the Legion of Honour. Later he received from Belgium the Order of Leopold, in 1859 the Bavarian Gold Medal, and in 1873 an Austrian medal. He illustrated several books, including 'Sir Roger de Coverley,' with pretty cuts. The popularity of his works ensured him ample means, which he enjoyed for many years; subsequently, however, owing, it is believed, to unfortunate investments, he lost much of his property. Of the would be hard to speak too highly; his friends amiability and accomplishments of the man it with one voice declare that no one could be more genial and generous. His funeral at Hampstead Cemetery was attended by many old friends, including Mr. W. Callow, the next oldest member of the Society, Messrs. A. D. Fripp (the secretary, who represented the President), A. W. Hunt (vice-president), Alma Tadema, C. Haag, E. Goodall, M. Hale, and F. Smallfield.

HEADBOURNE WORTHY CHURCH.

PERMIT me, in justice to myself, to mas few remarks on the notice of my book w has just appeared in your number for J 8th. Any criticism on the book itself, howe unfavourable, I should not complain of; ber brings an odious charge, against which I struc protest-no less than that I have "wiped from the building the record of its history The writer of it can hardly have known church as it was previously to 1866; where he has seen it since then I do not know; bur has committed himself to grave misstatement He says that "the photograph of the inter shows absolutely not one square inch that is 1 new-that there are new roofs, new wind and a new chancel arch." The fact is that E old nave roof remains, though the chancel r was so completely decayed that no part d could be used again; that two of the four re windows remain, though the stonework of the two others was in such a bad condition that was absolutely necessary to insert fresh sto work, which is a facsimile of the old; that of the three chancel windows remains, while t two others, inserted in 1668, and mere cotta: windows, have been restored to proper form The chancel arch is certainly new, but it wa distorted out of all shape, and in such dangerous state that it was pronounced to be liable to fall at any moment. He further say that the church was at that time "quaint, ful individuality, and of the flavour of the country It undoubtedly was so in one sense of the words The roofs were ceiled; the floor was on a dese level from the west end to the one step at the altar rails; the west doorway, one of the LAT windows, half of the low-side chancel window the sedilia and piscina, were walled up; ther were square pews in the chancel with others in

hiding the piscina in the nave wall, and all of the nave, and high pews beyond, a large pare poorest, shabbiest deal. Such "individuality" may be called "beauty," but that is a matter of taste, and few persons probably would deplore the loss of it as "beyond calculation." As the new tile paving, screen, and furniture, which he is pleased to stigmatize as being "vulgar, "villainous," and "commonplace," I will only saj inasmuch as I am myself responsible for part of them, that several competent judges who have seen them are of a different opinion. Wh regard to the gravestones-two of former rectors and four of farmers who lived here about the beginning of the present century-I sub that they are not placed in an unseemly pos tion in the chamber now used as a vestry The result of replacing the brass in the pare ment would simply be its obliteration; it had already suffered considerably from being trodden on, even in recent times, as appeared from a rubbing taken not many years ago, and I found the head of the figure broken off and lying loose on the pavement.

Now as to the exterior. With the exception of the west wall of the church and the rood thereon, which were not touched beyond the opening out of the doorway, the only Sarca remains were the three pilasters on the north nave wall, one on the south chancel wall, and about four feet of long-and-short work at one of the quoins. The north wall had fallen fourtees inches out of the perpendicular, and was only work built up against it; neither was the south kept standing by a huge mass of sloping brick wall in much better condition. Both of these the late Mr. Street-a conservative architect ever there was one-decided must be taken down and rebuilt, every old stone being replaced is situ. And this was done; indeed, all that w done to the fabric was under his direction What the church was in Saxon times it is impossible to determine; for the ground-plac even may not be exactly the same. That is question which might be asked of the men wh in the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries, not t