Christian churches, the remains (relics) of the martyrs, and buried them under the altar of the new church to communicate to it a character of greater sanctity. The Emperor Constantine, who died in 337, is supposed to have been the first person who ordered his tomb to be erected in a church. This was done in the Church of the Apostles at Constantinople, of which he was the founder, and therefore probably considered himself as peculiarly entitled to this privilege. He was soon imitated by the bishops, and later all those who had enriched the Church were distinguished by this honor. The Emperors Theodosius and Justinian, indeed, forbade the erection of sepulchres in churches, but in vain. Leo the Philosopher again permitted them to everybody. At present interment in churches is almost everywhere suppressed, or at least permitted only under certain restrictions. Even in Naples and Rome the general practice of erecting sepulchres in churches was forbidden in 1809, and the foundation of burial places without the city was provided for. The custom introduced by the communities of Moravian Brothers, who form their burial places into gardens, is now becoming general; and cemeteries, instead of exhibiting merely dull ranges of tombstones, are adorned with flower plots and ornamental shrubbery. The celebrated burying-place of Père la Chaise, near Paris, is one of the most beautiful and interesting spots in the world. See also CATACOMBS.

Busaco, boo-sä'kō, a hamlet in the province of Beira, on the north side of the river Mondego. It is memorable for the battle, 27 Sept. 1810, between Wellington and Masséna, Wellington, with about 40,000 men on a retreat before Masséna, with a force of 65,000, availed himself of the favorable position of the sierra or ridge here for checking the pursuit.

Busbecq, or Busbequius, Ogier Ghislain de, ō'ji-ér gez-lăn de bus-běk, Flemish diplomatist and author: b. Comines, 1522; d. 1592. After having studied in the most celebrated universities of Flanders, France, and Italy, he entered the service of Ferdinand, king of the Romans, who in 1555 sent him as ambassador to Constantinople. After seven years he returned home, and next was sent to accompany the Archduchess Elizabeth (who was to be married to Charles IX.) on her journey to France. Busbecq remained there as steward to Elizabeth, and when she left France, after the death of her husband, he remained as ambassador of Rudolph II. Two important works of his survive, Legationis Turcica Epistolæ Quatuor,' in which the policy, the power, and the weakness of the Porte are so profoundly and clearly explained that even at present information may be drawn from them; and 'Epistolæ ad Rudolphum II.,' a very important work for the history of those times. His style is pure, elegant, and simple. During his stay in Turkey he collected Greek inscriptions and manuscripts.

Busby, bŭz'bi, Richard, English schoolmaster: b. Lutton or Sutton, Lincolnshire, 22 Sept. 1606; d. 6 April 1695. He was educated at Westminster School and at Oxford, where he entered Christ Church in 1624, and graduated B.A. four years later, and M.A. in 1631. He became a tutor of his college, and at the age of 33 was appointed prebendary and rector of Cudworth, in Somersetshire. In 1638 he was provi

sionally appointed headmaster of Westminster School, and two years later was confirmed in this appointment, which he held continuously till his death. He was strict in discipline and a successful teacher, and among his pupils were many of the greatest men of his time, Dryden, Locke, Atterbury, South, Henry, Hooper, and others. His published works were mainly school books, now long out of date. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.

Busby, a military headdress worn by hussars, artillerymen, and engineers, consisting of a fur hat, with a bag of the same color as the facings of the regiment hanging from the top over the right side. The bag appears to be a relic of a Hungarian headdress, from which a long padded bag hung over, and was attached to the right shoulder as a defense against sword

cuts.

den, 13 Feb. 1821; d. 1899. He was educated at Busch, Moritz, German publicist: b. DresLeipsic, and in 1847 began his literary work by translating a number of the novels of Dickens and Thackeray. As a member of the Radical party he was disappointed by the failure of the revolutionary movement of 1848, and came to the United States in 1851, but returned to Germany in 1852. He also traveled in the Orient in behalf of the Austrian Lloyds. In 1856 he became editor of the Grenzboten, and in this paper defended the policy of Bismarck. In April 1870 he was appointed to a position in the Foreign Office, and accompanied Bismarck to France at the time of the Franco-Prussian war. In 1873 he gave up his official position to become the editor of the Hannoverschen Kuriers, but continued to be a confidant of Bismarck and strongly advocated the chancellor's policy in his articles for the press. After his visit to the United States he wrote Journeys from the Hudson to the Mississippi, and The Mormons. Other works of his are: American Humorists' (translations of selections from Mark Twain, Bret Harte, etc.); The History of the International'; The Humor of the German People'; 'Count Bismarck and His People During the War with France'; 'Our Chancellor' (a life of Bismarck); and 'Bismarck; Some Secret Pages of His History' (translated into English).

Busch, Wilhelm, German cartoonist: b. Wiedensahl, Hanover, 15 April 1832; d. 9 Jan. 1908. He studied engineering at the Polytechnic School at Hanover, and later studied art at the academies of Düsseldorf, Antwerp, and Munich. In 1859 he drew his first cartoons for the Fliegen de Blätter. His work is marked by keen satire and his later productions were far behind his earlier in form. He published a series of his sketches with explanatory text, including Saint Antonio of Padua); The Pious Helena'; 'Father Filucius'; 'Max and Moritz'; and 'Hans Huckebein.'

Büsching, Anton Friedrich, än-tōn frēd'rin bü'shing, German geographer: b. Stadthagen, Schaumburg-Lippe, 27 Sept. 1724; d. Berlin, 28 May 793. He studied theology in Halle from 1744, and was for a time minister of a Protestant church in St. Petersburg. When acting as a traveling tutor he became convinced of the defects of existing geographical treatises, and resolved to write a new one, which he began on his return to Germany in 1752, by publishing

a short description of Schleswig and Holstein as a specimen. In 1754 he was made professor of philosophy in Göttingen. In 1766 he was made director of the united gymnasiums of Berlin and the suburb Kölln. Before his great 'Erdbeschreibung,' which he began to publish in 1754 in separate volumes, and which, though not entirely completed by the author, passed through eight editions during his life, neither the Germans nor any other nation had a thoroughly scientific geographical work. Another of his important writings is the 'Magazin für Historiographie und Geographie' (1767-93).

Busenbaum, Hermann, her'män boo'zënbowm, German Jesuit: b. Notteln, 1600; d. Münster, 31 Jan. 1668. He taught moral philosophy at Cologne, and was rector of the Jesuit College at Münster. He is best known through his casuistical work, 'Medulla Theologiæ Moralis, Facili ac Perspicua Methodo Resolvens Casus Conscientiæ, in which he treats of the principles of the Jesuit morals in a detailed and systematic manner. This book passed through 45 editions between 1645 and 1670, and has been reprinted in modern times. After Damiens' attempt to assassinate Louis XV. of France, the charge was made that it had taught the Jesuits' approval of murder and regicide; it was there fore publicly condemned by the order, and burned by the Parliament of Toulouse.

Busento, boo-sen'tō, a river of southern Italy, joining the Crati at Cosenza. The Goths, it is said, dug Alaric a secret grave in the bed of this stream, which they temporarily diverted from its course.

Bush, George, American biblical scholar: b. Norwich, Vt., 12 June 1796; d. Rochester, N. Y., 19 Sept. 1859. He graduated at Dartmouth College in 1818, and studied theology at Princeton, NJ., from 1820 to 1822. In 1831 he became professor of Hebrew and Oriental literature in the University of the City of New York. Embracing the doctrines of Swedenborg in 1847, he became a minister of the New Church and editor of the New Church Repository. Among his works are a 'Life of Mohammed' (1832); a Hebrew Grammar) (1835); 'Bible Commentaries) (1840).

Bush-Brown, Henry Kirke, American sculptor: b. Ogdensburg, N. Y., 21 April 1857. He studied art in Paris and Italy, and has a studio in New York. His most important works are equestrian statues of Gens. Meade and Reynolds, at Gettysburg; the statue of Justinian, Appellate Court, New York; Indian Buffalo Hunt; Chicago World's Fair; statues for Hall of Records, New York.

Bush Creepers, the English name of the Uncotillina, a subfamily of the Sylviide. These birds have sharply conical bills and long, pointed wings. They are usually diminutive in size, active in habits, have a twittering note, and build their nests in thickets, solitary bushes, or trees. They are found in the warmer parts of both hemispheres, some of them, however, being migratory.

Bush-dog, a small wild dog (Icticyon venaticus), resembling a fox in appearance, found in Guiana and Brazil. It is distinguished by its one molar tooth in the upper jaw, has close hair, and a short, stubby tail. Compare Fox-DOG. Bush-hog. See RIVER-HOG.

Bush-quail, the Anglo-Indian name for the button-quail (q.v.).

lopes, frequenting thickets and bushy regions. Bushbuck, any of several African anteThe name applies especially to the diminutive antelopes of the genus Cephalolophus, which the These include the smallest members of their Dutch of South Africa called "duykers" (q.v.). race, some of them standing only 13 inches high at the shoulders. They haunt the rocky hillsides, leaping with extraordinary agility from stone to stone, and diving into the thickets at the first alarm. They feed upon berries, leaves, buds, and similar food, rather than upon grass, and their flesh has a delicate flavor. The name "bushbuck" is also given, especially in South Africa, to the larger antelopes of the genus Tragelaphus, more distinctively known as "harnessed antelopes, because their hides, often richly colored, are conspicuously marked with whitish stripes, suggesting a harness thrown over the back. The largest of these handsome antelopes is the west African bongo (T. euryceros), of the forests of the Gaboon region, which stands nearly four feet high, and has horns 30 inches long. On the opposite side of the continent the nyala (T. angasi) frequents the fever-stricken swamps of the east African coast. Another well-known species of the swamps of southern and eastern Africa is Spekes antelope (T. spekei), native names for which are "nakong" and "sititunga." It differs from its fellows in having a uniform grayishbrown silky coat, without any "harness," but the young are faintly striped and spotted. This species is one of the best known of African antelopes, wherever rivers or swamps occur, and That still survives in considerable numbers. species most often called "bushbuck" is the "guib" (T. scriptus), still to be found in the jungles along the African rivers from Abyssinia to the Cape. It is remarkable for its inferior size, which is about that of a goat; and for the variability of its markings, which has led to much confusion in describing it. The variety most common in Cape Colony is uniformly dark brown, with no stripes whatever, and only a few spots on the haunches. This genus of antelopes is closely allied to that of the females are hornless, and usually differ in color koodoos (q.v.), and resembles them in that the

from the males.

Bushel, a dry measure containing eight gallons or four pecks. The standard bushel in the United States (originally known as the Winchester bushel) contains 2150.42 cubic inches and holds 77.627 pounds of pure water at a temperature of 39.8° F., and 30 inches atmospheric pressure. The English standard, the imperial bushel, has a capacity of 2218.20 cubic inches and holds 80 pounds of pure water at 62° F. See WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

Bushido, boo-she'dō ("the way of the warrior"), the ethical code of the Samurai, the Japanese order of knighthood. It is in some ways like the code of the knights of the Middle Ages, demanding courage, honor, and loyalty to country and rulers; it also enjoins the duty of suicide by hari-kari (q.v.) to avoid loss of honor. Although the formal code was given up when feudalism was abolished in Japan, its ideals still have great influence on the people,

and many of the most prominent of the nation were educated according to its principles. It has given woman a remarkable position in Japan and even yet instils in the young loftier ideals. See SAMURAI.

Bushmaster, a large pit-viper (Lachesis mutus) of the rattlesnake family, numerous in northeastern South America, and called by the natives "surucucu." It is the largest and most venomous snake known, sometimes reaching a length of nine feet. Its ground color is pale yellow, darker on the back, and marked with a chain of jagged brown spots, and lighter on the belly. It has no rattle, but its tail terminates in a horny spur, which when the tail is vibrated, strikes against the ground, producing a rattling noise, which can be heard several feet. It is similar to the rattlesnake in its habits, dwells wholly upon the ground, and its poisonous apparatus is greatly developed, making it a very deadly serpent, and one much feared.

Bushman, or Bosjesmans, a dwarf African race inhabiting the Kalahari desert and some of the more northerly portions of Cape Colony. Their average height seems to be rather less than five feet, but the Bushmen of the Cape are more stunted than those living farther north. The skin is of a dirty yellowish color, and they have repulsive countenances, with a somewhat prominent forehead, thick lips, large ears, and small, deep-set, restless eyes. They are essentially a nomadic people, neither tilling the soil nor rearing domestic animals, but subsisting on the flesh of various wild animals, and on wild bulbs, roots, fruits, etc. They live in rocky

caves or in rude nest-like structures in a bush.

Bushnell, Asa Smith, American politician: b. Rome, N. Y., 16 Sept. 1834; d. Columbus, O., 15 Jan. 1904. He began a business career, removed to Ohio in 1851 where he was a manufacturer of mowers and reapers. He served in the Civil War, commanding the 152d Ohio Volunteers. In 1895 he was elected governor of Ohio, and was re-elected in 1897.

Bushnell, Horace, American theologian: b. Litchfield, Conn., 14 April 1802; d. Hartford, 17 Feb. 1876. He graduated at Yale in 1827, engaged in journalistic and educational work, then studied law and theology at Yale, where for a time he was a tutor, and in 1833 he began his brilliant pastorate of the North Congregational Church in Hartford, from which he retired owing to failing health in 1853. His writings on theological subjects were as remarkable for the interest and discussion which they aroused among religious scholars and thinkers as for their originality and independence of thought and vigor of utterance. Both as writer and preacher he was a commanding figure, and his influence was far-reaching. His works include: Principles of National Greatness; Christian Nurture (1847); 'God in Christ) (1849); 'Christian Theology) (1851); (Sermons for the New Life (1858); Nature and the Supernatural (1858); Character of Jesus' (1861); 'The Vicarious Sacrifice (1865); Women's Suffrage, the Reform Against Nature' (1869); 'Forgiveness and Law) (1874). See Mary B. Cheney, Life and Letters of Horace Bushnell (1880); T. T. Munger, 'Horace Bushnell, Preacher and Theologian' (1899). The public services of Dr. Bushnell as a citizen were such as to make him long remembered for his civic pride and devotion to the interests of the city

where his lifework was performed. Bushnell Park, Hartford, named in his honor, is a monument to his initiative and persistent efforts, whereby mainly the city came into possession of one of its chief adornments.

Bushrangers, the name for desperadoes in Australia who, taking to the bush, supported themselves by levying contributions on the property of all and sundry within their reach. Considerable gangs of these lawless characters have sometimes collected, a body of 50 holding part of New South Wales in terror about 1830. A gang of four fell victims to justice in 1880, after having robbed a bank and committed other outrages. Since then little has been heard of outrages of this class.

Bushtit, a very small titmouse of the genus Psaltriparus, two species of which inhabit the western United States. One, the least bushtit (P. minimus), is found in summer from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific coast, and is noted for its nest, which is formed of moss. down, lint of plants, and similar materials, and is shaped like an old-fashioned purse, 8 or 10 inches in length, suspended from the branch of a bush, and entered by a small hole near the top. The lining is of feathers and downy materials, and the eggs are 8 to 10 in number, and pure white. A southern variety of this is the lead-colored bushtit. A Mexican species (P. melanotis) is distinguished by black patches on each side of the head. The resemblance in the nesting habits of these birds to those of the European titmouse will be noted. See TIT

MOUSE.

Bushwhacker, a term applied during the Civil War to men living in the States where military operations were carried on, who professed to be neutrals and to be solely occupied in their ordinary vocations, but who seized opportunities to harass or attack individual soldiers or small bodies off their guard.

Busi'ris, a mythical Egyptian king mentioned by Apollodorus. Egypt had been for nine years subject to famine when Phrasius, a soothsayer of Cyprus, arrived to inform the king that the scarcity would not cease unless a foreigner were sacrificed each year to Zeus. Busiris made Phrasius the first victim, and established the custom of immolating a foreigner every year. Hercules was one year seized and bound to the altar, ready to be offered up, when he burst his chains and put Busiris to death.

Busk, George, English scientist: b. St. Petersburg, 1807; d. 1886. In the early part of his career he served as surgeon in the British navy, retiring in 1855. Later he devoted himself to the study of geology, paleontology, and kindred sciences, and became an authority in certain departments of zoology. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society and of the Geological Society of London.

Buskin (Latin cothurnus), a kind of highsoled shoe or half-boot, worn upon the stage by the ancient actors of tragedy, in order to give them a more heroic appearance. The Greek word kothornos denoted a sort of closed boot, fitting either foot, worn by women; the tragic boot being the embates or embas. The word is figuratively employed by the Latin authors for tragedy itself, or for a lofty and elevated style.

Bussang, boo'săng, or Boussa, a town of central Africa in lat. 10° 14′ N.; lon. 4° 11′ E. It is walled, and being surrounded by rocks is a place of considerable strength. The houses are irregularly placed, and thus cover a space of ground disproportioned to the number of inhabitants. The soil of the country is fertile, producing corn, yams, cotton, rice, and timber trees in great abundance. Among the wild animals are elephants, hippopotami, lions, etc. It has obtained a melancholy notoriety from the place where Mungo Park met his death in 1805. Pop. estimated at 12,000 to 18,000.

Bus'sey, Benjamin, American_merchant: b. Canton, Mass., 1 March 1757; d. Roxbury, 13 Jan. 1842. He was a soldier in the Revolutionary War, became a silversmith in Dedham, afterward a merchant in Boston, where he acquired a large property, from which he bequeathed about $350,000 to Harvard College, one half for founding the Bussey Institute, a school of agriculture and horticulture, and one half for the support of the law and divinity schools of the college.

Bussi D'Amboise, Louis de Clermont D'Amboise, lco-ē dé klĕr-mon dän-bwä bu-se dän-bwä (SIEUR DE): b. 1549; d. 19 Aug. 1579. He acquired an infamous notoriety by the prominent part he took in the massacre of St. Bartholomew. He afterward attached himself to the Duke of Anjou, and obtaining the command of the castle of Anjou, made himself universally odious by his pride and oppression. He had the meanness to pander to the low passions of the Duke, and undertook to seduce the wife of the Count of Montsoreau. The intrigue cost him his life. Montsoreau having come to the knowledge of it, obliged his wife to write Bussi, giving him a rendezvous at the castle of Constancières. Bussi arrived with a single confidant, and was immediately met by Montsoreau, who

killed him.

Busson, Charles, shärl bu-sôn, French painter: b. Montoire, Loir-et-Cher, 15 July 1822. He studied under Rémond and François and devoted himself to landscape painting. His style was not marked by the characteristics of the "open air school," but recalled the canvases cf earlier masters in his chosen branch of art.

Among his paintings are 'Les Ruines du Châ

teau de Lavardin' and 'La Chasse au Marais.'

Bussu (bus-soo) Palm, a plant (Manicaria succifera), common in the swamps of northern Brazil. Though it rarely exceeds 15 feet in height, it has huge leaves, said to be the largest undivided leaves produced by any palm, even reaching 30 feet in length by 4 or 5 feet in width. After splitting the midrib from end to end the leaves are laid obliquely upon rafters to form thatch for houses. This position makes the spaces between the veins act as gutters to carry off water. The spathes are used by the Indians for caps and bags and for cloth-making. The large, hard, three-seeded, olive-green fruits do not seem to be used commercially.

Bussy-Rabutin, bù-se-ra-bú-tăn, or Roger de Rabutin, COMTE DE BUSSY: b. Epiry, Nivernois, 1618; d. Autun, 1693. He entered the army at the age of 13, and made several campaigns. Turenne, in a letter to the king, describes him as the best officer in his army, as far as songs were concerned. His scandalous chronicle,

entitled 'Histoire Amoureuse des Gaules,' cost him the loss of his official appointment and a year's imprisonment in the Bastile. He was a correspondent of Madame de Sévigné, and is often mentioned in her letters. He had the vanity to suppose that he excelled her in her peculiar art, and his letters were afterward published in seven volumes.

Bust (French buste, Italian busto, of uncertain origin), in sculpture, the representation of prises the head and the upper part of the body that portion of the human figure which comThe bust did not become common among the Greeks until the time of Alexander, nor among the Romans till the time of the empire. Among the Greeks, the portrait busts of the learned formed an important branch of art. The artists in these works exhibited a singular power of expressing character, and in this way we possess what are probably faithful likenesses of Socrates, Plato, and other distinguished persons. The first Roman bust that can be depended upon as giving a correct likeness is that of Scipio Africanus the elder. The number of busts of the time of the Roman empire is very considerable, but those of the Roman poets and men of letters have not been preserved in sc large numbers as those of the Greeks. A collection of drawings of antique busts was made by Fulvius Ursinus, and published with the title. Virum Illustrium Imagines) (Rome 1569; Antwerp 1606); subsequently a similar collection was published in the Iconographie Grecque' of Visconti (Paris 1811), which was followed by his 'Iconographie Romaine in 1817.

Bustamante, boo-sta-män'tā, Anastasio, Mexican statesman and revolutionist: b. Tiquilpan, Michoacan, 27 July 1780; d. San Miguel Allende, 6 Feb. 1853. In 1808 he joined the Spanish army, and for a time fought against the party of the revolutionists, but in 1821 he acted with Iturbide. He was made vice-president and commander of the army, in the administration of Guerrero, 1829. He afterward revolted and led the Centralist party, and in 1830 became acting president of Mexico. In 1832 Santa Anna opposed him at the head of an army, and he was conquered and banished 1833. When the Cenand in 1837 was elected president of Mexico. tralist party returned to power he was recalled, In 1842 he was obliged to retire from the presidency, and was succeeded by Santa Anna. He served in the Mexican army in the war with the United States, retiring from military service in 1848.

Bustamante, Carlos Maria, cär'lōs märe'a, Mexican historian: b. Oajaca, 4 Nov. 1774; d. 21 Sept. 1848. He studied law and in 1801 began its practice. In 1805 he became editor of the Diario de Méjico. He held a command under Morelos in 1812, and was captured at Vera Cruz. He was released, and became a member of Congress and held other public offices. His works treat of various periods of Mexican history, and are of special value, as he was an eye-witness of much that he describes. He published a history of the Mexican Revolution (1823-32), and histories of the times of Iturbide and of Santa Anna.

Bustard Quail, the name given by Anglo. Indians to the button-quail (q.v.).