in 1777 to Lochlea, about ten miles distant, where in 1784 his father died. During the Lochlea period, Burns, ambitious to improve his position, went to the neighboring town of Irvine to learn flax-dressing. Nothing came of this move; but while resident there he formed that acquaintance with a dissipated sailor to which he himself ascribed the beginning of his licentious adventures. On his father's death, Robert and his brother Gilbert rented the farm of Mossgiel, but this experiment was no more successful than those previously made. While here he contracted an intimacy with Jean Armour, which brought upon him the censure of the Kirk-session. Finally the poet, disheartened by successive bad harvests and irritated by the attempts of his father-in-law to cancel his irregular marriage with Jean and to hand him over to the law, determined to emigrate. For ten years he had been composing verses, some of which had brought him considerable local fame, and these he collected and published in order to raise money for the voyage; but the unexpected success of this volume (Kilmarnock 1786) roused his literary ambition, gave him fresh courage, and led him to change his plans. Instead of sailing for the West Indies, he went to Edinburgh in November 1786, and during that winter was the literary lion of the season. Here he met such celebrites as Dugald Stewart, the philosopher; Blair, the rhetorician; Henry Mackenzie, the author of 'The Man of Feeling'; Lord Glencairn; the Duchess of Gordon; and Creech, the publisher. The last-named undertook an larged edition of his poems (Edinburgh 1787); and while waiting for the profits of this volume, Burns made several tours through the country, traces of which are to be found in a number of occasional poems. Creech finally paid him enough to enable him to give substantial help to his brother in Mossgiel, and to rent and stock the farm of Ellisland in Dumfriesshire. Hither in 1788 he brought Jean Armour, to whom he was now regularly married, his success and fame having reconciled her parents to the match; and for three years he tried farming. But failure still dogged him, and in 1791 he moved to Dumfries, where he lived on a position in the excise service which he had obtained while still at Ellisland through the influence of some of the powerful acquaintances he had made in Edinburgh. He had, however, lost heart; and after a few years of drudgery, varied with the drinking bouts to which he was constantly tempted both by habit and by the invitation of foolish admirers, he died at Dumfries in his 38th year.

en

Biographies of Burns have frequently been crowded with attempts to disentangle or to explain away the facts of his numerous amours. There is much controversy over the identity of the semi-mythical Mary Campbell, the "Highland Mary" of the songs; much curiosity over the precise degree of Platonism in his feeling for Mrs. McLehose, the "Clarinda" of his letters, and the inspirer of a number of lyrics; much difference of opinion as to whether and how long he was in love with his wife. Into these details we do not enter. It is clear enough that Burns was a man of exceptionally powerful passions, that the extreme and depressing hardships of his youth, and, indeed, of the greater part of his life, along with his natural tenden

cies to conviviality, drove him to excesses of self-indulgence; and that while he strove often and painfully after better things, his striving was many times without avail. "The sport,' he calls himself, "the miserable victim of rebellious pride, hypochondriac imagination, agonizing sensibility and bedlam passions." These phrases are true enough, though they do not imply the further explanation of his pitiful career that is found in the habits of his class and time, and the untoward nature of his environment.

Something of his education has already been indicated. His schooling left him with a good grammatical knowledge of English, and a reading knowledge of French. His father's care and his own eagerness gave him no slight knowledge of literature; and among other authors we know that he read, of older literature, the Bible, Shakespeare, Spenser, Jonson, Bunyan, Dryden, Locke, Molière, Wycherley; of his own century, Addison, Steele, and Pope; Ramsay, Fergusson, Thomson, and Beattie; Fielding, Smollett, Sterne, and Mackenzie; Shenstone, Gray, and Goldsmith; Hume, Robertson, and Adam Smith; and a number of philosophical and theological works. This list is by no means complete, but it is sufficient to correct the impression that Burns's was an "untutored Muse."

The literary influences apparent in the work of Burns are of two main classes: English and Scottish. So far as he fell under the former of these he was an inferior poet of the school of Pope, an ardent admirer and imitator of such a minor master as Shenstone. In this field his critical judgment was never more than commonplace, and his imitations never first-rate. Almost all his greatest work was done in his native dialect; and here he is the heir, as well as the last great representative, of an ancient national tradition. Previous to the 17th century there existed a Scottish literature of considerable variety and distinction, produced in part under the patronage of the court. But the Reformation and the Union of the Crowns of England and Scotland resulted in the disuse of the vernacular for dignified and courtly writing, and it rapidly lost social prestige, until as a literary medium it survived only in the songs of the peasantry and in an occasional piece of satire. The 18th century, however, saw a revival of interest in purely Scottish letters, and the publication of such compilations as Watson's Choice Collection of Comic and Serious Scots Poems' (1706-9-11), and Allan Ramsay's 'Evergreen' (1724) and 'Tea-Table Miscellany' (1724-27) was the result of an impulse that showed itself also in renewed attempts to compose in dialect. Among the most important leaders in this movement were William Hamilton of Gilbertfield (who modernized the 15th century poem on Wallace), Allan Ramsay, and Robert Fergusson; and each of these had a share in inspiring Burns to work in that field in which he achieved his greatest triumphs. Their influence was both general and particular. They showed him by their own success what could be done in the native idiom; and they gave him models of which he was not slow to avail himself. Many of Burns's best known poems are all but imitations of productions, usually inferior, by Ramsay and Fergusson, and

to them and their poetical ancestors he was indebted not only for suggestions as to theme and method of treatment, but also for his most characteristic verse-forms. This readiness on the part of Burns to accept from his predecessors all that they had to give, and to seek to maintain loyally a national tradition rather than to strive after mere novelty, has much to do with his success in carrying that tradition to its highest pitch, and in becoming, in a sense almost unique, the poet of his people.

The first kind of poetry which Burns thoroughly mastered was satire; and the most important of his successful efforts in this form, 'The Twa Herds, or The Holy Tulzie,' 'Holy Willie's Prayer,' The 'Address to the Unco Guid.' 'The Holy Fair,' and the 'Address to the Deil,' were all written within less than a year (1785-6). Whatever Burns's feelings may have been about what he suffered in his own person from the discipline of the Kirk, it is clear that the impulse that gave these poems their fire and their influence was something much larger than mere personal grudge. Against the narrow dogma and tyrannical conduct of the so-called "Auld Licht" party in the Scottish Church, there had sprung up the "New Lichts," demanding some relaxation of Calvinistic bonds and preaching charity and tolerance. Though not a member of this or any ecclesiastical faction, Burns sympathized strongly with their protest; and the shafts of his satire were directed against both the doctrines of the orthodox party and their local leaders. For some time after the Reformation the Scottish people seem to have submitted willingly to the rigorous domination of the Presbyterian ministers; but, after the struggle against Rome and the persecutions of the Covenanting times had alike become matters of history, there began to appear a more critical attitude towards their spiritual leaders. The revolt against authority that spread throughout Europe in the latter part of the 18th century manifested itself in Scotland in a growing disposition to demand greater individual liberty in matters of conduct and belief. It was this disposition that Burns voiced in his satires, the local conditions determining the precise direction of his attack. The substantial justice of his cause, the sharpness of his wit. the vigor of his invective, and the imaginative fervor of his verse, all combined to bring the matter home to his countrymen; and he is here to be reckoned a great liberating force.

Several of the satires were published in the Kilmarnock volume, and along with them a variety of other kinds of poetry. In the words of his Preface, "he sings the sentiments and manners he felt and saw in himself and his rustic compeers around him." Some of these are descriptive of sides of humble Scots life with which he himself was in the closest contact. 'The Twa Dogs' gives a democratic peasant's view of the lives of lairds and farmers; and the sketch of the factor in this poem has been taken as a reminiscence of what his father had to endure from the arrogance of such an agent. 'The Cotter's Saturday Night' describes with affectionate reverence the order of his father's house; 'Puir Mailie,' 'The Auld Mare Maggie,' 'To a Mouse,' and others, reveal the kindliness of the poet's heart in his relation to animals; 'Hallowe'en' gives a vivid picture of rustic

mirth and manners, and preserves a mass of folk-lore. Of the additional poems that appeared in the Edinburgh editions the most notable was 'Tam o' Shanter,' Burns's best sustained piece of narrative, a poem that indicates that, had he worked this vein farther, he might have ranked with Chaucer as a teller of tales in verse.

A large quantity of Burns's poetry remained in MS. at the time of his death. Of this, much the most remarkable is 'The Jolly Beggars,' in the opinion of many his most brilliant production. This cantata carries to its highest point the far-descended literature of the rogue and the beggar, and its superb spirit and abandon show how heartily the poet could sympathize with the very dregs of society. It is to be noted that, alone among pieces that reach his highest level, it is chiefly in English. Burns wrote besides a large number of Epistles, Epigrams, Epitaphs, and other personal and occasional verse, the quality and interest of which vary much, but throughout which one constantly finds phrases and stanzas of superb quality. He came to write verse with great ease; but the result of the training he gave himself in artistic discrimination was to check mere fluency, and to lead him to discard much that was of inferior value in his improvisations. Thus the proportion of his work possessed of real poetic distinction is very high.

But the national importance of Burns, though increased by his influence upon the liberalizing movements of his time, and by his vital descriptions and characterizations of the peasant life of the Scotland of his time, is based chiefly on his songs. The period of Presbyterian despotism already referred to had forced the lyric Muse of Scotland into low company, and as a result Burns found Scottish song still pure and fine in melody, but hopelessly degraded in point of both poetry and decency. From youth he had been interested in collecting the sordid fragments he heard sung in cottage and tavern, or found printed in broadsides and chap-books; and the resuscitation of this all-but-lost national heritage came to be regarded by him in the light of a vocation. Two points are especially to be noted about his song-making: first, that almost all sprang from real emotional experiences; second, that almost all were composed to a previously existing melody. He had begun the composing of love-songs while still almost a boy, and he continued it to the end. During his visit to Edinburgh in 1786-7, he formed a connection with the editor of Johnson's 'Musical Museum,' and for this publication he undertook to supply material. Few of the traditional songs were such as could appear in a reputable volume, and Burns's task was to make them over into presentable form. Sometimes he retained a stanza or two, sometimes only a line or refrain, sometimes merely the name of the melody: the rest was his own. His method was to familiarize himself with the traditional air, to catch a suggestion from some stanza or phrase of the old song, to fix upon an idea or situation for the new poem; then, humming or whistling the melody about the fields or the farmyard, as imagination and emotion warmed within him, he worked out the new verses, coming into the house to write them down when the inspiration began to flag. Careful consideration of this process, for

the reality of which we have his own authority as well as the evidence of the raw material and the finished product, will explain much of the precise quality and function of Burns as a songwriter. In George Thomson's collection of 'Scottish Airs' he had a share similar to that in Johnson's undertaking, his work for these two publications constituting the greater part of his poetical activity during the last eight or nine years of his life. It was characteristic that, in spite of his financial stringency during these years, he refused to accept any recompense, preferring to regard this as a patriotic service. And a patriotic service it was of no small magnitude. By birth and temperament he was singularly fitted for just such a task, and his fitness is proved not only by the impossibility of separating, by a mere examination of the finished songs, the new from the old, but by the unique extent to which his productions were accepted by his countrymen, and have passed into the life and feeling of his race.

Bibliography. The early collected editions of the works of Burns are now superseded, and the material first published by Currie, Allan Cunningham, Hogg, and Motherwell, has been incorporated in more modern editions. In the 'Life and Work,' ed. by R. Chambers and rev. by W. Wallace (4 vols., Lond. and N. Y. 1896), the writings are incorporated in the life in chronological order, and Wallace has made many additions and corrections. 'The Centenary Burns,' ed. by W. E. Henley and T. F. Henderson (4 vols., Edin. and Bost. 1896-97, also cheaper, on small paper, 1901), contains a mass of bibliographical and textual matter, and is essential for a study of the text and sources. Other good editions are those of W. Scott Douglas (6 vols., Edin. 1877-79; and 3 vols., Edin. 1893) which have good notes; "Globe" edition, ed. Alex. Smith, containing poems, songs, and letters in one volume; of the poems and songs only, the third "Aldine," ed. by Sir Harris Nicholas, rev. by G. A. Aitken (3 vols., Lond. 1893); the "Cambridge" (Bost. 1897) containing the text, introductory essay, and some of the notes of the "Centenary" ed.; and that by A. Lang and W. A. Craigie (1 vol., N. Y. 1896). The main source for the life is the letters and poems. To the letters contained in the larger editions already named should be added the correspondence between 'Robert Burns and Mrs. F. A. Dunlop, ed. by W. Wallace (Lond. 1898). The most authoritative life is that in the Chambers-Wallace edition; that in French by Aug. Angellier (2 vols., Paris 1893) is scholarly and sympathetic; that by J. G. Lockhart (rev. by W. S. Douglas, Lond. 1882) called forth Carlyle's famous review; that by J. C. Shairp (E. M. L. series, Lond. 1879) was the occasion of a notable essay by R. L. Stevenson, but is itself narrow and limited in sympathy; that by J. S. Blackie (Great Writers series, Lond. 1888) has a good bibliography by J. P. Anderson.

WILLIAM A. NEILSON, Professor of English, Harvard University. Burns, William Wallace, American soldier: b. Coshocton, Ohio, 3 Sept. 1825; d. Beaufort, S. C., 19 April 1892. He was graduated from West Point in 1847. He served in the war with Mexico, and also in the Union army during the Civil War, becoming major-general of

volunteers. In 1865 he was brevetted brigadier-general and was for many years afterward in the Commissary Department at Washington.

Burns and Scalds, injuries produced by the application of excessive heat to the human body. They are generally dangerous in proportion to the extent of surface they cover, and a widespread scald may cause serious consequences on account of the nervous shock. Congestion of the brain, pneumonia, inflammation of the bowels, or lock-jaw may result from an extensive burn. Hence the treatment re

quires to be both local and constitutional. If there is shivering or exhaustion, hot brandy and water may be given with good effect, and if there is much pain, a sedative solution of opium. The local treatment consists in dredging the burn with fine flour and then wrapping it up in cotton-wool. An application of equal quanoil, is much recommended by some, the part tities of olive oil and lime water, called carron being afterward covered with cotton. The main thing is to keep the air from the injured part, and therefore, when a blister forms, although it may be pricked, the loose skin should not be removed.

Burnside, Ambrose Everett, American soldier: b. Liberty, Ind., 23 May 1824; d. Bristol, R. I., 13 Sept, 1881. He served an apprenticeship to a tailor, but received a nomination to West Point, where he graduated in 1847. After serving some years in garrison duty he left the army as first lieutenant in 1852 and from 1853 until 1858 was engaged in the manufacture of firearms at Bristol, R. L., during this period, in 1856, inventing the Burnside breech-loading rifle. Upon the outbreak of the Civil War (q.v.) in 1861 he returned to the army as colonel of volunteers, serving from May to August of that year as Colonel of the Rhode Island volunteers, and as such taking part in the first battle of Bull Run (q.v.). On 6 August he was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers and from October 1861 to January 1862 supervised the organization of the "Coast Division" of the Army of the Potomac. From January to July 1862 he commanded the Department of North Carolina; in February captured Roanoke Island, occupied Newbern, N. C., and took Fort Macon, Beaufort. He was raised to the rank of Major-general of volunteers on 18 March 1862 and placed in command of the troops that subsequently constituted the Ninth Army Corps. In July 1862 and again after the second battle of Bull Run (q.v.) he was offered the command of the Army of Virginia which, after the battle of Bull Run, had been merged into the Army of the Potomac, but each time declined the offer and served with the Ninth Army Corps under McClellan. In this capacity he participated in the Maryland campaign (q.v.) against Lee, rendering important services in the battles of South Mountain and Antietam (qq.v.), in the latter action on 17 September commanding the left wing. On 10 November of that year he superseded Gen. McClellan in command of the Army of the Potomac. On 13 December he crossed the Rappahannock and attacked Gen. Lee near Fredericksburg, but was repulsed with a loss of over 10,000 men, and was soon after transferred to the department of Ohio. In No

vember 1863 he successfully held Knoxville against a superior force, and in 1864 he led a corps, under Gen. Grant, through the battles of the Wilderness and Cold Harbor. Resigning in April 1865 he was elected governor of Rhode Island (1866-8), and United States senator in 1875 and 1881.

Burnside, Helen Marion, English artist and poet b. Bromley Hall, 1844. She published a book of poems in 1864, which made her widely known. From 1880 to 1889 she was designer to the Royal School of Art Needlework. She has published 'The Lost Letter, Tales for Children,' and many occasional contributions in prose and verse to leading magazines.

Burnt Ear, a disease in grain caused by a fungus (Uredo carbo), which covers the seed coat with a black dust, while leaving the interior apparently uninjured, but abortive.

Burnt Offering, one of the sacrifices enjoined on the Hebrew Church and nation. It is called, in their language, olah, from the root alah, to ascend, because, being wholly consumed, all but the refuse ashes was regarded as ascending in the smoke to God. In the New Testament it is called holokautoma, meaning a whole burnt offering, an offering wholly burnt. In the Vulgate it is called holocaustum, which has the same meaning. Stated burnt of ferings were presented daily, every Sabbath, at the new moon, at the three great festivals, on the day of atonement, and at the feast of trumpets. Private ones might be presented at any time.

Burnt Sienna, an ochreous earth known as sienna earth (terra di Sienna) submitted to the action of fire, by which it is converted into a fine orange brown pigment used in both oil and water-color painting.

Burnt Umber, a pigment of reddishbrown color obtained by burning umber, a soft earthy mixture of the peroxides of iron and manganese, deriving its name from Umbria in Italy.

Burnt Wood Work. See PYROGRAPHY.

Burntisland, burnt-i'land, Scotland, a royal burgh and seaport of Fife, on the north shore of the estuary of the Forth, 71⁄2 miles north by west of Edinburgh. It is a favorite summer residence and bathing-place as well as a busy port. It has four churches (Established, Free, United Presbyterian, and Episcopal), a townhall, music-hall, mechanics' library, a large board school, etc. The harbor is capacious, of great depth, and of easy access. A dock with an area of five and a half acres was completed in 1876, and extensions have since been made. A second wet dock is being constructed with a depth of 28 feet on the sill, and provided with coal-shipping machinery of the most modern type. Vegetable oil and oil-cake are made, and there are railway repairing works and a distillery. Burntisland is a steamboat ferry station on the North British Railway, and is also connected with the Forth Bridge. It unites with Kinghorn, Dysart, and Kirkcaldy in sending a member to Parliament. Pop. about 5,000.

Burr, Aaron, American clergyman: b. Fairfield, Conn., 4 Jan. 1716; d. Princeton, N. J., 24 Sept. 1757. He graduated at Yale and was settled as pastor of the Presbyterian church

Burr, Aaron, American statesman: b. Newark, N. J. (son of the preceding), 6 Feb. 1756; d. Port Richmond, Staten Island, 14 Sept. 1836. Before he was three years old his parents died, leaving him a considerable estate. He entered the sophomore class of Princeton College in 1769, and graduated in 1772. At the outbreak of the Revolution Burr enlisted as a private, and joined the force before Boston. He volunteered for the expedition against Canada and took part in the attack upon Quebec. major. As aide-de-camp to Gen. Putnam, Burr was engaged in the defense of New York, and shortly after (1777) was promoted lieutenantcolonel being a civilian. He was at Valley colonel with the command of his regiment, the Forge, and distinguished himself at the battle of Monmouth, where he commanded a brigade in Lord Stirling's division. During the winter of 1778 he was stationed in Westchester County, N. Y., but early in the following spring he resigned his commission, partly on account of ill health, and partly through disappointment at not being more rapidly promoted. Burr belonged to the Lee and Gates faction; he always affected to despise the military talents of Gen. Washington; and it is not improbable that these circumstances interfered with his professional career. In 1782 he was admitted to the bar in Albany, and in July of the same year he married Mrs. Provost, the widow of a British officer who had died in the West Indies. In 1783 he began to practise in New York, and soon obtained a lucrative business. In politics his success was rapid and brilliant. In 1784 he was elected to the State legislature; he was appointed attorney-general of New York in 1789, and United States senator in 1791. While in the Senate, several influential members of Congress recommended him for the mission to France, but Washington, with marked emphasis, refused to appoint him. He left the Senate the State legislature. Some aspersions upon his in 1797, and the following year was returned to conduct while in that body, which were thrown out by John B. Church, led to a duel between Burr and that gentleman, in which, however, neither party was injured. Burr was very efficient in the presidential canvass of 1800. To his efforts may be attributed the success of the Republicans in New York, upon the action of which State the result in the Union depended. On account of the prominence he thus obtained. the friends of Jefferson brought him forward for the Vice-Presidency. An equal number of votes having been thrown for Jefferson and Burr in the Electoral College, the election of a president devolved upon the House of Representatives. Most of the federal members, taking advantatge of the singular turn in affairs, supported Burr. The contest lasted several days. Upon the 36th ballot Jefferson was chosen Pres

For this service he was raised to the rank of

ident, and, in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution at that time, Burr became Vice-President. His conduct in permitting himself to be used by his political opponents in order to defeat the candidate of his party, whom he himself had supported, dissolved his connection with the Republicans and destroyed his political influence. The Federalists nominated him for governor of New York in 1804. Some of the leading men of that party refused to support him, and he was defeated. The contest was bitter, and led to a duel between Burr and

Alexander Hamilton (q.v.), II July 1804, in which the latter was killed. Burr was compelled to give up his residence in New York. After his retirement from the Vice-Presidency in April 1805, he made a journey to the south west. His conduct gave rise to the suspicion that he was organizing an expedition to invade Mexico, with the purpose of establishing an empire there which should embrace some of

the southwestern States of the Union. He was arrested in Mississippi, and taken to Richmond, Va., for trial, upon an indictment for treason. After a protracted investigation before Chief Justice Marshall the prosecution was abandoned, and Burr was acquitted in September 1807. In 1808 he went to Europe, expecting to get means to carry out his Mexican design. He was disappointed; and after living abroad four years, part of the time in extreme poverty, he returned to America in 1812. He resumed his profession in New York, but never regained his former position at the bar. In 1833 he married Mme. Jumel, a wealthy widow, but they soon separated. Mr. Burr had but one child, the accomplished Theodosia Allston. (See BURR, THEODOSIA.) In person he was below the medium height, but his manners and presence were very attractive. He was an adroit, persevering, but not a great lawyer. He cannot be said to have been an orator, yet he was an effective and ready speaker. It has been usual to regard Burr as a brilliant, and even a great man, who was led astray by moral obliquity. In regard to the looseness of his principles, there can be no doubt; but there is a growing tendency to relieve his name of much of the odium that formerly attached to it. Consult Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr (1836); Parton, 'Life of Aaron Burr (1858); Tompkins, 'Burr Bibliography> (1892); Todd, 'The True Aaron Burr' (1902); McCaleb, The Aaron Burr Conspiracy) (1903).

ory of Neptune' (1848); A Song of the Sea' (1873); 'Aleph, the Chaldean' (1891).

Burr, George Lincoln, American historian: b. Oramel, N. Y., 30 Jan. 1857. He graduated at Cornell in 1881 and entered its faculty in 1888, becoming professor of ancient and mediæval history there. He has written The Literature of Witchcraft,' and works on superstition and persecution. He was expert in history to the Venezuelan Boundary Commission (1896-7).

daughter of Aaron Burr (1756-1836): b. New Burr, Theodosia (MRS. JOSEPH ALLSTON), York, 1783; d. 1813. She was carefully educated and became very accomplished, showing particular linguistic talent. After the death of hold until her marriage in 1801 to Governor Mrs. Burr she presided over her father's houseAllston of South Carolina. Her correspondence

with her father after her removal to the South is of great interest and shows continued devotion to his interests. Her beauty, brilliant personality, and relationship to the famous statesman drew public attention to her, especially during her father's trial, and had the effect of enlisting the public sympathy on his behalf. In 1812 she sailed from Charleston in the Patriot for New York, but the vessel was never heard from and was believed to have been lost in the storm or sunk by pirates.

Burr, William Hubert, American educator: b. Waterloo, Conn., 14 July 1851. He graduated employed by the Wrought Iron Bridge Company at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 1872; was of New York, and later on the water supply and sewerage system of Newark, N. J. He was assistant professor, and later professor of rational and technical mechanics at Rensselaer

Polytechnic Institute 1876-84; became assistant engineer of the Phoenix Bridge Company 1884, fessor of engineering in the Lawrence Scientific and subsequently its general manager; was proing engineer to the New York city department School of Harvard University 1892-3; consultof public works 1893-5, of parks and of docks been professor of civil engineering at Columbia. 1895-7; and later of bridges. Since 1893 he has and in 1904 became a member of the Isthmian Canal Commission. He is author of "The Stresses in Bridge and Roof Trusses'; 'Arched the Materials of Engineering); The Theory of Ribs and Suspension Bridges'; 'Elasticity of Masonry Arches, etc.

Burrage, Henry Sweetzer, American clergyman: b. Fitchburg, Mass., 7 Jan. 1827. He was graduated from Brown University, 1861, and entering the 36th Massachusetts as a private, rose to the rank of captain, and brevetmajor of volunteers. After the war he resumed his studies, graduated at Newton Theological Seminary, 1867, was at the University of Halle, Germany, 1868-9, and became a Baptist clergyMaine, 1869-73; editor of Zion's Advocate, man in 1869. He was pastor at Waterville, 1873; recording secretary of the American Baptist Union, 1876-. He has edited: Brown University in the Civil War (1868); 'Henry W. Longfellow's 75th Birthday) (1882); History of the 36th Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers' (1884); and has written 'The Act of Baptism in the History of the Christian Church (1879); History of the Anabaptists in Switzerland (1882); 'Baptist Writers and