from it, contributed greatly to extend its reputation. These consist principally of educational works and books for youth, the most successful being 'Robinson the Younger,' an adaptation of Defoe's 'Robinson Crusoe.' This attained an immense popularity, being translated into almost all the languages of Europe. He also wrote a 'History of the Discovery of America.›

Campe'che, or Campeachy, Mexico, a seaport town in the state and on the bay of the same name, on the west coast of the peninsula of Yucatan, about 100 miles southwest of Merida, with which it is connected by railroad. It contains a citadel, a university with a museum, a hospital, and a handsome theatre. Campeche is an important mart for logwood or Campeachy wood, of which great quantities are exported. Other important exports are wax, cigars, and henequen or sisal-hemp. Owing to the shallowness of the roadstead large vessels have to anchor five or six miles off. There is a lighthouse on the coast at this port. Pop. 16,631. The state of Campeachy has an area of 18,091 square miles. Pop. 84,000. The Bay of Campeachy, part of the Gulf of Mexico, lies on the southwest of the peninsula of Yucatan, and on the north of the province of Tabasco.

Campeggio, käm-pěj'ō, or Campeggi, Lorenzo, Italian ecclesiastic: b. Bologna, 1472; d. Rome, 19 July 1539. He succeeded his father as professor of law in the University of Padua in 1511, and gained a high reputation. When holding this office he married, and became the father of several children, but having lost his wife, took orders. Pope Julius II. made him bishop of Feltri, and Leo X., after giving him a cardinal's hat, employed him on several important missions, the execution of which gave him some prominence in connection with the Reformation. One of his missions was to Germany, for the purpose of regaining Luther; and another to England, to attempt to levy a tithe for defraying the expense of a war against the Turks. He failed signally in both, but ingratiated himself with Henry VIII., and was made bishop of Salisbury. Under Clement VII. he was sent as legate to the Diet of Nuremberg, where he vainly endeavored to unite the princes in opposition to Luther; and to the Diet of Augsburg. He again visited England, with extensive powers to decide in the question of divorce between Henry VIII. and Queen Catherine; but his temporizing measures lost him the confidence of all parties, as well as his bishopric of Salisbury. Notwithstanding his repeated failures, he remained high in favor at the papal court; and at his death was archbishop of Bologna.

Campen. See KAMPEN.

Campen, Jacob de. See KAMPEN, JACOB DE. Campen, Jan van. See KAMPEN, JAN VAN. Camper, Peter, pā'tèr käm'per, Dutch anatomist: b. Leyden, 11 May 1722; d. The Hague, 7 April 1789. He distinguished himself in anatomy, surgery, obstetrics, and medical jurisprudence, and also as a writer on æsthetics. From 1750 to 1755 he was professor of medicine at Franeker, and from the latter year to 1763 at Amsterdam. Henceforth till his resignation in 1773 he held a professorship at Groningen. His Dissertation on the Natural Varieties,' etc., is the first work in which was thrown

much light on the varieties of the human species, which the author distinguishes by the shape of the skull. His Treatise on the Natural Difference of Features in Persons of Various Countries and Ages,' and one on 'Beauty as Exhibited in Ancient Paintings and Engravings,' followed by a method of delineating various sorts of heads with accuracy, is intended to prove that the rules laid down by the most celebrated limners and painters are very defective. His general doctrine is, that the difference in form and cast of countenance proceeds from the facial angle.

Cam'perdown (Dutch, Camperduin), Holland, a stretch of sandy hills or downs in the province of North Holland, between the North Sea and the small village of Camp, off which the British, under Admiral Duncan, gained_a hard-won victory over the Dutch, under De Winter, II Oct. 1797. For this victory Admiral Duncan was raised to the peerage as Viscount Duncan of Camperdown. His son became Earl of Camperdown, and this title still belongs to a descendant.

Campero, Narciso, när-the'sō käm-pā'rō, Bolivian statesman and soldier: b. Tojo (now in Argentina), 1815. He studied and traveled in Europe, and on his return entered the Bolivian army, and rose to the rank of brigadier-general. He was minister of war in 1872. After the overthrow of Hilarion Daza in 1880 he was chosen president of Bolivia. He commanded the combined forces of Peru and Bolivia in Tacna campaign, but was defeated at Tacna, 26 May 1880. Internally, his administration was quiet.

Camphausen, Wilhelm, vil'helm kämp'how-zën, German painter: b. Düsseldorf, 8 Feb. 1818; d. Düsseldorf, 16 June 1885. He was from 1859 professor in the art academy there. He was specially famous for battle-pieces scenes from Cromwell's battles, the Thirty Years' war, the wars of 1866 and 1870-and painted many notable portraits of soldiers and equestrian figures.

Cam'phene, or Camphine', (1) a general name for those terpenes which are solid at ordinary temperatures (see TERPENE); (2) a purified form of turpentine, obtained by distilling that substance over quicklime in order to remove the resins that the crude product contains, and widely used as an illuminating oil before petroleum was available.

Cam'phol, a substance now better known as borneol (q.v.).

Cam'phor, a white, translucent, crystalline substance occurring in the wood and bark of the laurel-tree (Camphora officinarum, Cinnamomum camphora, or Laurus camphora), from which it is obtained by distillation with steam and subsequent sublimation. It has the chemical formula C10H16O, melts at 350° F., boils at 500° F., and sublimes to an appreciable extent at practically all temperatures. It has a strong, pleasant, characteristic odor, and a peculiar, cooling, aromatic taste. Its specific gravity is about 0.992, and it dissolves to a slight extent in water, and freely in alcohol or ether. Small shavings of it exhibit lively motions when thrown upon a water-surface that is absolutely free from oily matter. (See SURFACE TENSION.) It is familiar about the household, on account of its use for protecting furs and woolens from

the attacks of moths and other insects. It is also employed in the manufacture of celluloid and various explosives. The chemistry of camphor is very complicated, and numerous substances are known that resemble it closely, and yet differ from it in certain particulars. See BORNEOL.

Camphor'ic Acid, a substance crystallizing in colorless, needle-like, monoclinic crystals, and obtained by boiling camphor with concentrated nitric acid. It has the formula C10H18O4, and a specific gravity of 1.19, and melts at about 370° F. It is almost insoluble in cold water, but is soluble in hot water, alcohol, and ether.

Camphuysen, Dirk Rafelsk, dŭrk răf'ä ělź kämp'hoi zën, Dutch painter, theologian, and poet: b. Gorkum, 1586; d. Dokkum, 9 July 1627. He lost his parents at an early age, and was left to the care of an elder brother; who, thinking that he observed in Rafelsk an inclination for painting, placed him as a pupil in the studio of the artist Govitz. He soon distinguished himself by his landscapes, which were generally of small size, but animated with huts, cattle, and human figures, and executed with a skill and delicacy to which no former Dutch painter had attained. His paintings are now very rare, for he abandoned his art to devote himself to the

ology, which was the reigning passion of the age. He embraced the doctrines of Arminius, and shared in the persecutions under which Arminianism then suffered. He was expelled from the curacy of Vleuten which he had previously obtained, became a fugitive from village to village, a prey to suffering and privation, and often regretted the canvas and brush which had erewhile opened to him so pleasant a career. He found now in writing short poems his only relief and consolation. These are generally upon religious subjects, and are characterized by a remarkable depth of feeling.

Campi, käm'pē, a family of Italian artists who founded what is known in painting as the school of Cremona. Of the four of this name, Giulio, Antonio, Vincenzo, and Bernardino, the first and the last are the best known. Giulio

(1502-72), the eldest and the teacher of the

others, was a pupil of Giulio Romano, and acquired from the study of Titian and Pordenone a skill in coloring which gave the school its high place. Bernardino (1525-90), was the greatest of the school. He took Romano, Titian, and Correggio in succession as his models, but without losing his own individuality as an artist. Campion, Edmund, English theologian: b. London, 25 Jan. 1540; d. 1 Dec. 1581. He was educated at Christ's Hospital and St. John's College, Oxford, and distinguished himself greatly, becoming B.A. in 1561 and M.A. in 1564. Though at first a Roman Catholic he adopted nominally the Reformed faith and took deacon's orders in the Church of England. When Queen Elizabeth visited Oxford in 1566 he was selected to make the oration before her, as formerly while at school he had been chosen to deliver an oration before Queen Mary on her accession. He went from college to Ireland, and while there wrote the history of that country and connected himself with the Roman Catholic Church. His enthusiasm leading him to seek to make proselytes to his new faith, he was seized and imprisoned; but after a short time effected his escape to the Low Countries, and soon after

joined the English college of Jesuits at Douay, passed his novitiate as a member of that society, and became distinguished for his piety and learning. At Rome in 1573 he was admitted a member of the Order of Jesuits, after which he resided for a time at Vienna, where he composed a tragedy, which was received with much applause and acted before the emperor; and at Prague, where he taught rhetoric and philosophy for six years. Sent by Gregory XIII. on a mission to England in 1581, he challenged the universities and clergy to dispute with him. His efforts were followed by so large a number of conversions as to disquiet the ministry of Elizabeth; and he was arrested and thrown into the Tower upon a charge of having excited the people to rebellion, and of holding treasonable correspondence with foreign powers. Being tried, he was found guilty, condemned to death for high treason, and executed at Tyburn. The insults of the populace attended him to the Tower, where torture was fruitlessly applied to extort from him a confession of treason or a recognition of the supremacy of the English Church, and after his death a fragment of his body was sent to each of the principal towns for exposure. Beside his history of Ireland, he wrote 'Decem Rationes' (Ten Reasons'), and compiled a Universal Chronology,' and collections of his letters and several essays were published after his death. His biography has been written by Richard Simpson (London 1867).

Campion, Thomas, English poet: b. about 1575; d. London, March 1619. He was a physician by profession. He wrote a volume of 'Poems (1595), being Latin elegies and epigrams. He published (1610-12) four Books of Airs,' containing songs written by himself to airs of his own composition: the first book contains 'Divine and Moral Songs'; the second, 'Light Conceits of Lovers'; the third and fourth are not distinguished by any separate sub-title. In his songs the verse and the music are most happily wedded.

province of Teramo, and five miles north of the Campli, Italy, a town in Naples, in the town of Teramo. It has a cathedral, three churches, an abbey, several convents, a hospital, and a mont-de-piété. Pop. 7,236.

Campo Basso, Niccolo, (CONTE DA), Italian soldier: fl. in the latter half of the 15th century. He had first supported the house of Anjou in the kingdom of Naples, but afterward transferred his services to their opponent, Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. By pandering to the prejudices and caprices of that headstrong prince he acquired great influence over his mind, and in the end availed himself of the confidence placed in him by the Duke to sell him to his enemies. While the Duke was engaged in the siege of Nancy, in 1477, on the approach of a superior force under Ferrand, Duke of Lorraine, to relieve the place, Campo Basso deserted to the enemy immediately before battle. The Burgundians were in consequence defeated, and the Duke himself slain. The treacherous Italian was supposed to be the murderer, as the bodies of some of his men were observed near the spot where the unfortunate prince was found killed and stripped the day after the battle.

Campo-Formio, Italy, a town 66 miles northeast of Venice, famous for the treaty of peace between Austria and France which was signed in its neighborhood, 17 Oct. 1797. Its chief provisions were that Austria should cede the Belgian provinces and Lombardy to France, receiving in compensation the Venetian states.

Campo Santo ("holy field"), the name given to a burying-ground in Italy, best known as the appellation of the more remarkable, such as are surrounded with arcades and richly adorned. The most famous Campo Santo is that of Pisa, which dates from the 12th century, and has on its walls frescoes of the 14th century of great interest in the history of art. Among more modern Italian cemeteries, that of Genoa is distinguished for its magnificence.

Campo Santo of Dissenters, Bunhill Fields burying-ground, in London; so named by Southey, and with good reason. Among those who lie buried there are John Bunyan; George Fox, the founder of the Quakers; Dr. Thomas Goodwin, who attended Cromwell on his deathbed; Dr. John Owen, who preached the first sermon before Parliament after Charles I. was executed; Susannah Wesley, the mother of John Wesley; Dr. Isaac Watts; William Blake, the painter and poet; Daniel De Foe, and Horne Tooke. On a remnant of land in the neighborhood the Friends have built a coffee tavern and memorial hall.

Campoamor y Campoosorio, Ramon de, rä mōn dā käm-pō-a-mōr' ē käm-pō-ōso'rē-ō, Spanish poet: b. Navia, 24 Sept. 1817; d. 11 Feb. 1901. He studied medicine at Madrid for a time, but gave it up for literary work. He also entered political life, was governor of Alicante and Valencia and became state counselor under King Alfonso XII. in 1874. In politics he was a Conservative, and his views are expressed in 'Polémicas con la Democracia. His chief work was in poetry, and he is considered one of the greatest Spanish poets of the 19th century; his attitude of thought is distinctively modern, and the interest of his best writings centres in modern life and problems. His bestknown and most characteristic poems are the 'Doloras' (1856), a collection of short pieces which he himself defines as "dramas taken direct from life"; Los Pequeños Poemas (1887), dealing with the "little things" of life; and the 'Humoradas (1890), a collection of epigrams. He has written also two long narrative poems, Colon (1853) in 16 cantos, and 'El Drama Universal, and shorter narrative poems which are much more successful, among which are: 'Los Buenos y los Sabios'; 'El Amor y el Rio Piedra'; 'El Trén Express'; 'La Nina y el Nido'; 'Los Grandes Problemas. His latest poems are 'Licenciado Torralba' (1892); and Nuevos Poemas' (1892). He also wrote dramas, which did not prove successful on the stage. These include Dies Ira (1873); El Honor (1874); and Cuerdos y Locos' (1887). Among his prose writings are 'La Filsofia de las Leyes (1846); 'El Personalisimo) (1850); 'Lo absoluto (1862), giving most fully his philosophical system; El Idealismo (1883); and 'La Poetica' (1883), summarizing his theory of poetry.

Campobel'lo, New Brunswick, an island, eight miles long, in Passamaquoddy Bay, Char

lotte County. It is noted as a summer resort. Though copper and lead ores exist, the inhabi tants are chiefly engaged in the herring, mackerel, and cod fisheries.

Campodea, a wingless insect of the order Thysanura. Owing to its very primitive features it has been regarded by Brauer and by Packard as being the form nearest related to the probable ancestor of all insects. It is a little white insect living under stones. The body is. long and narrow, each thoracic segment equal in size, the antennæ long and narrow, while the body ends in two very large, slender, manyjointed appendages. It is very agile in its movements and might be mistaken for a young centipede (Lithobius). Though allied to the bristle-tail (Lepisma) it is still more primitive. The mouth-parts have undergone some degeneration, being partly withdrawn within the head. It has a pair of short vestigial legs on the first abdominal segment. This and other features suggest its origin from some form with several pairs of abdominal appendages, similar to Scolopendrella. It is a cosmopolitan, and this, as well as its structure, suggests that it is an ancient form which has persisted to the present

time.

Campos, Arsenio Martinez, är-sā'nē-o märte'něth käm'pos, Spanish military officer: b. Segovia, Spain, 14 Dec. 1834; d. 3 Sept. 1900. He was graduated at the Military Staff School in Madrid and appointed a lieutenant in the army in 1858; served on the staff of Gen. O'Donnell and became chief of the battalion in the Morocco campaign of 1859; was on duty in Cuba with the rank of colonel in 1864-70; took part in suppressing the Carlist insurrection and was promoted brigadier-general in 1870; opposed the republic after the abdication of King Amadeus, and was imprisoned as a conspirator. Under a plea for permission to be allowed to serve as a private, he was released and given command of a division in the 3d Army Corps in 1874. In the next two years he was constantly fighting the Carlists, distinguishing himself at Las Munecas and Galdames and causing the noted siege of Bilboa to be raised. With Gen. Jovellar, he called Alphonso XII. to the throne; was made commander-in-chief of the Catalonia district, and crushed Don Carlos at Pena de la Plata in 1876. For these services he was promoted captain-general. In 1877 he was appointed commander-in-chief in Cuba, and brought the revolution to a close chiefly by means of concessions which, as minister of war and premier in 1879, he endeavored unavailingly to carry out. He was minister of war in 1881 and 1883, commander of the Army of the North of Spain in 1884-5, president of the Spanish senate in 1885; and captain-general of New Castile in 1888. In April 1895 he was appointed governor-general and commander-in-chief in Cuba, and in January 1896 he was recalled to Spain. He found the insurrection more formidable than he had anticipated, and his failure to pursue a vigorous war policy caused much dissatisfaction in Spain. On his arrival in Madrid he repeated his belief that the trouble in Cuba could only be ended by granting reforms.

Cam'pra, An'dra, French composer: b. Aix, Provence, 4 Dec. 1660; d. Versailles, 29 July 1774. He ranks among the most distin

guished composers of operas, his themes being classical love stories, notably The Triumph of Love; The Amours of Mars and Venus'; 'Hippodamia'; etc.

Cam'pus Mar'tius (known also as Campus, merely) was a large place in the suburbs of ancient Rome, consisting of the level ground between the Quirinal, Capitoline, and Pincian hills, and the river Tiber. From the earliest times it seems to have been sacred to the god Mars, from which circumstance it received its name. It was originally set apart for military exercises and contests, as also for the meetings of the comitia by tribes and by centuries. In the later period of the republic, and during the empire, it was a suburban pleasure-ground for the Romans, and was laid out with gardens, shady walks, baths, etc.

Cam'pus Scelera'tus, a name given to a spot within the walls of Rome, and close by the Porta Capeña, where those of the vestal virgins who had transgressed their vows were entombed alive, from which circumstance it took its

name.

Camuccini, Vincenzo, vin-chěnt-zo kämoo-che'nē, Italian historical painter: b. Rome, about 1775; d. 1844. He followed the pseudo-classical style, and his pictures are of large size. Among his best-known works are 'Death of Cæsar'; 'Death of Virginia); The Incredulity of Thomas; Horatius Cocles'; and Death of Mary Magdalene.' He also excelled in portraits.

Camus, Armand Gaston, är-män gås-ton, French revolutionist: b. Paris, 2 April 1740; d. 2 Nov. 1804. A zealous and ascetic Jansenist, and a master of ecclesiastical law, he was

elected advocate-general of the French clergy, and in 1789 member of the States-General by the people of Paris. He now appeared as the resolute foe of the ancient régime, gained possession of and published the so-called Red Book,' with its details of expenditures so disadvantageous to the court and its ministers. He was absent in Belgium during the king's trial, but sent his vote for death. He was made member, and afterward president, of the Council of Five Hundred, but resigned in May 1797, and devoted his time to literature.

Cam'wood, Barwood, or Ringwood, a red dye-wood (Baphia nitida) obtained in Brazil and also in Africa. It once was common in the neighborhood of Sierra Leone, and was also found in Tonquin and other parts of Asia.

This wood is of a very fine color, and is principally used in turnery for making knife-handles and other similar articles. The dye, mordanted with alum and tartar, obtained from it is brilliant, but not permanent.

Ca'na of Galilee, a town in Palestine, at no great distance from Capernaum, remarkable chiefly as having been the scene of our Lord's first miracle. It was there he turned water into wine (John ii. 1). It was also the city of Nathanael, and the place where Jesus was applied to by the nobleman from Capernaum on behalf of his dying son, and with a word effected the cure. A long-established tradition has identified it with a village bearing the name of Kefr Kenna, which lies about four miles northeast from Nazareth; but this has been disputed.

Canaan, kā'nan, the ancient name of the and the Land of Canaan, after one of the sons country west of the Jordan, called also Chanaan, of Ham. The Greeks applied the term Cana to the entire region between the Jordan and the Mediterranean up to Sidon, afterward termed by them Phoenicia, a name which by degrees came to be confined to the north coast district, or Phoenicia proper. Canaan is generally considered equivalent to the Land of Israel or Palestine. The term is so used in the Pentateuch, and in the early history of the Hebrews it was synonymous with the "Land of Promise." In certain passages in the Prophets the word seems to be restricted in meaning to the maritime plain of Palestine.

heathen peoples (Jebusites, Hittites, Amorites, Ca'naanites, the general name for the Canaan (q.v.), west of the Jordan, and whom etc.) whom the Israelites found dwelling in latterly they utterly subdued, though the subjugation was not quite complete till Solomon's time. They are believed to have been, in part at least, of kindred race with the Israelites; and some authorites find traces of their descendants among the present inhabitants of Palestine. The name Canaanites was also applied in a more restricted sense to one of these peoples.

Canace, kǎn'ă-sē (1) In Greek mythology, a daughter of Eolus and Enarete, who was punished by death because of her unlawful passion for her brother; she is mentioned in Gower's 'Confessio Amantis,' and in Chaucer's 'Man of Law's Tale. (2) In Chaucer's 'Squire's Tale' the daughter of King Cambuscan.