Bustards, a family of game birds (Otidida) of the Old World, which, however, are not gallinaceous, but are related in structure on the one hand to the cranes, and on the other to the plovers. They are inland birds, haunting dry, grassy, and sandy plains, and in the more settled districts resorting to stubble-fields and pastureland. They have strong legs and feet, as well as good wing-power, and spend more of their time on the ground than in flight. Most of them are birds of handsome plumage, the upper parts being mottled with brown and reddish tints, set off with white and black. Ornamental plumes are characteristic of the group, and often form crests, or ruffs, about the head, neck, and breast. Bustards are known in the Mediterranean regions, and throughout southern Asia to China and Japan. They also abound all over Africa, and one species (Eupodotis australis) inhabits Australia, where it is called "native turkey." Those of North Africa and western Asia are known as "houbaras," and form the favorite game-birds of that semi-desert region. Certain small species of India, favorites with sportsmen, are called "floricans." The typical, and best-known bustard, however, is Otis tarda, now extinct in Great Britain, but numerous throughout the Mediterranean countries. It has somewhat the size and form of an American turkey, and is the largest and one of the most valuable of European game-birds. A remarkable feature of this species is the fact that a great pouch, opening under the tongue, is developed in the throat of the male of some examples during the breeding season. This phenomenon is restricted to adult birds, and the pouch disappears at other times of the year. Its utility is unknown. A much smaller but otherwise simi

lar species, the little bustard (Otis tetrax), is another favorite with European sportsmen. The term is sometimes erroneously applied to other large birds, such as the Magellanic goose of Argentina. Consult: Aflalo, Sport in Europe' (London 1901); Seebohm, Birds of Asia' (London 1901); Bryden, 'Nature and Sport in South Africa' (London 1897).

Busybody, The, a pen name under which Benjamin Franklin wrote a series of papers, modeled on The Spectator of Addison; also a comedy by Mrs. Centlivre, 1709.

Bu'tades. See DIBUTADES.

Butch'er, Samuel Henry, Irish classical scholar: b. Dublin, 16 April 1850. He was educated at Marlborough College, and Trinity College, Cambridge, and was a lecturer at University College, Oxford, 1876-82. In the last mentioned year he succeeded John Stuart Blackie as professor of Greek in the University of Edinburgh. He has published a Prose Translation of the Odyssey (with A. Lang q.v.) (1879); 'Demosthenes (1881); Some Aspects of the Greek Genius (1891); Aristotle's Theory of Poetry and the Fine Arts, with a Critical Text and Translation of the Poetics (1895).

Butcher. See ABATTOIR.

Butcher-bird, a shrike of the family Laniida, representatives of which range throughout the northern hemisphere. They are birds of moderate size, and gray and white in color, with black markings upon the head, wings, and tail, which are properly included among the insecteating birds, but have developed certain falcon

VOL. 4-2

like traits. They are of powerful build, with hooked beaks, and strong claws, and in winter, when insect prey is not easily obtained, they are accustomed to strike down small birds, and to seize mice, shrews, etc. These they carry off in their claws to some thorn-tree, or to a fence with spikes, and impale them one by one upon the thorns, or other sharp points, in order to fix them firmly while they feed upon their flesh. It often happens, however, that their love of the chase exceeds their appetite, so that they will catch and store away several victims, whose frozen bodies remain hanging upon the thorns, like meat in a butcher's shop; the Germans have a popular belief that nine victims are thus stored at a time, and call the birds "nine-killers." These shrikes make rude nests in trees and lay four or five brownish spotted eggs. They feed their young upon insects, and these form the larger part of their own fare, especially grasshoppers. A typical species, common all over northern North America is the great northern shrike (Lanius borealis), which is rarely seen in the United States, except in winter. Another species, the loggerhead (L. ludovicianus), dwells in the southern States and is somewhat smaller in size. Consult: Ingersoll, Wild Life of Orchard and Field' (1902). See SHRIKE.

Bute, but, John Patrick Crichton-Stuart, (3d MARQUIS OF): b. Mountstuart, 12 Sept. 1847; d. 9 Oct. 1900. He was educated at Harof Lord Howard. He was mayor of Cardiff in row and Oxford. In 1872 he married a daughter 1891-2, and after the latter year was lordlieutenant of Buteshire. From 1892 to 1898 he

was lord rector of St. Andrew's University. He was the author of 'Early Days of Sir William Wallace); The Burning of the Barns of Ayr); He owned some and Altus of St. Columba. 117,000 acres of landed property. In 1868 he joined the Roman Catholic Church and some years later published a translation of the Roman Breviary."'"

Bute, John Stuart (3d EARL OF), British statesman: b. Edinburgh, 25 May 1713; d. 10 March 1792. His grandfather was created a peer in 1703, and the family was connected with the royal Stuart line. In 1737 he entered Parliament. In consequence of his opposition to the measures of the ministry was left out when a new Parliament was convened in 1741. Offended by this neglect, Bute retired to his estates, and lived there, wholly secluded, till the landing of the Pretender in Scotland in 1745 induced him to go to London, and offer his services to the government. He had attracted the notice of the Prince of Wales. He soon gained influence, and succeeded in making himself indispensable to the prince. At his death, in 1751, he was appointed, by the widowed princess, chamberlain to her son, and was intrusted by her with his education. Bute never lost sight of his pupil, and possessed so much more influence with the Princess of Wales than her son's particular tutors, the Earl of Harcourt and the Bishop of Norwich, that they resigned their offices. George II. died 25 Oct. 1760, and two days after Bute was appointed member of the privy council. In March 1761 the Parliament was dissolved, and Bute was made secretary of state. Pitt, who saw his influence in the new council annihilated, gave in his resignation the same year. This event made an unfavorable impression on the

chusetts Regiment, and, after a check at Big Bethel, was appointed to the command of Baltimore and of eastern Virginia, with his headquarters at Fort Monroe. In February 1862 he commanded the military forces sent from Boston to Ship Island, near the mouth of the Mississippi; and, after New Orleans had surrendered to the naval forces under Farragut, he held military possession of the city. Relieved of his command, he acted under Gen. Grant in his operations against Petersburg and Richmond in 1864. Returning to Massachusetts at the end of the war, he took an active part in politics as an extreme radical, advocated the impeachment of President Johnson, and in 1866-75 was a member of Congress. In 1877 and 1879 he was defeated as candidate for governor of Massachusetts, but in 1882 was elected by a large majority. In 1884 he ran for the presidency as the candidate of the Greenback and Anti-Monopolist parties, but was defeated, carrying no State. He published 'The Autobiography and Personal Reminiscences of Maj.Gen. Benjamin F. Butler' (1892). Consult: Parton, Butler in New Orleans' (1863); Bland, 'Life of Benjamin F. Butler' (1879).

Butler, Charles, English Roman Catholic historian: b. London, 15 Aug. 1750; d. there, 2 June 1832. He was nephew of the Rev. Alban Butler (q.v.) He was called to the bar in 1791, and was the first Roman Catholic who was admitted, after the passing of the relief bill of that year. He wrote 'Hora Biblicæ, giving a history of the original text, early versions, and printed editions of the Old and New Testaments, and also of the Koran,' 'Zend-Avesta,' and the Edda.' This first appeared in 1797, and was followed by 'Hora Juridica Subsecivæ, a connected series of notes respecting the geography, chronology, and literary history of the principal codes and original documents of the Grecian, Roman, feudal, and canon law. He continued and completed Hargrave's 'Coke Upon Littleton'; supervised the sixth edition of Fearne's 'Essay on Contingent Remainders); wrote a history of the geographical and political revolutions of Germany, and a Historical and Literary Account of the Formularies, Confessions of Faith, or Symbolic Books of Roman Catholic, Greek, and Principal Protestant Churches. During the last 25 years of his career he principally devoted his pen to the vindication of the Roman Catholic Church. He published numerous biographies of eminent Roman Catholic divines and authors; continued his uncle's 'Lives of the Saints, and produced (Historical Memoirs of the English, Irish, and Scottish Catholics.) When Southey's ultraProtestant Book of the Church appeared, it was replied to in Butler's Book of the Roman Catholic Church,' which gave rise to six answers on the Protestant side, two of which were responded to by Butler. His 'Reminiscences appeared 1822-7. As a constitutional lawyer his reputation was very high.

Butler, Charles, American lawyer: b. Kinderhook Landing, N. Y., 15 Feb. 1802; d. New York, 13 Dec. 1897. He was admitted to the bar in 1824 and subsequently as agent of the New York Life Insurance and Trust Company did much to help forward the development of the western part of the State. He was one of the

founders of the Union Theological Seminary in 1835 and was for many years president of the council of New York University.

Butler, Clement Moore, American Episcopal clergyman: b. Troy, N. Y., 16 Oct. 1810; d. Philadelphia, Pa., 5 March 1890. He was a graduate from Trinity College, Hartford, in 1833, and from the General Theological Seminary in 1836. He was successively rector of churches in Boston and Washington, D. C., and of Grace Church in Rome, Italy, and from 1864 to 1884 professor of ecclesiastical history in the Episcopal Theological School in Philadelphia. He was the author of The Book of Common Prayer Interpreted by Its History' (1846); Old Truths and New Errors' (1850); 'Saint Paul in Rome) (1865); Inner Rome' (1866); Manual of Ecclesiastical History' (1868-72).

Butler, Lady Elizabeth Southerden Thompson: b. Lausanne, Switzerland, about 1844; married, 1877, Sir William Francis Butler (q.v.). She received her education in Italy, came to England in 1870, and first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1873. Her Roll-Call'. (1874) gained her a great reputation, and was purchased by Queen Victoria. Among her other pictures, which deal almost exclusively with military subjects, are: Missing' (1873); '28th Regiment at Quatre Bras' (1875); 'Balaclava (1876); Inkerman (1877); Defense of Rorke's Drift) (1881); Scotland Forever' (1881); Floreat Etona' (1882); The Charge of the Scots Greys at Waterloo (1882) 'Evicted' (1890); Camel Corps' (1891) 'Halt in a Forced March (1892); 'Dawn of Waterloo (1895); Steady the Drums and Fifes (1897); Tent Pegging in India' (1902). She is a sister of Mrs. Alice Meynell, the writer (q.v.).

Butler, Howard Russell, American landscape artist: b. New York, 3 March 1856. He graduated from Yale in 1876 and the Columbia Law School in 1881, and studied art in New York and Paris. He organized the American Fine Arts Society and was its first president.

Butler, James (DUKE OF ORMOND), English statesman: b. London, 19 Oct. 1610; d. Kingston Hall, Dorsetshire, 21 July 1688. When Strafford became lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Butler was made commander of the army, but as it consisted of only 3,000 men, he could do little more than keep the enemy in check, and was obliged to agree to a cessation of hostilities; after which, having been created a marquis, he was appointed lord-lieutenant. On the ruin of the royal cause After the execution of he retired to France. Charles he returned to Ireland with a view of raising the people; but on the landing of CromWhile abroad he well returned to France. exerted himself to further the restoration of Charles; and when that event was brought about by Monk, returned with the king. Before the coronation he was created Duke, and assisted at that ceremony as lord high-steward of England. In 1662 he was again appointed lordlieutenant of Ireland, which country he restored to comparative tranquillity, and was an active benefactor to it by encouraging various improvements, particularly the growth of flax and manufacture of linen. On the exile of Lord Clarendon, his attachment to that nobleman involved Butler in much of the odium attached to him, and although, on his recall from Ireland, noth

ing, on the most rigorous inquiry, could be proved against him, he was removed by the machinations of Buckingham. For six years he was deprived of court favor, but at length was again appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, which place he held during the remainder of the reign of Charles, but soon after resigned, his principles not suiting the policy of James. He died at his seat in Dorsetshire, leaving behind him the character of a man who united the courtier and the man of honor and integrity better than any nobleman of the time.

Butler, John, American royalist leader in the American Revolution: b. Connecticut; d. Niagara, 1794. He became a leading resident of Tryon County, N. Y.; commanded the Indians in the Niagara campaign (1759) and in the Montreal expedition (1760). At the outbreak of the Revolution he sided with the Tories and became deputy superintendent of Indian affairs. In 1776 he organized a band of marauders, chiefly Indians, and fought the battle of Oriskany (1777); in July 1778, he commanded at the brutal Wyoming massacre. In 1780 he took part in Sir John Johnson's raid on the Mohawk settlements. At the end of the war he fled to Canada, and was appointed Indian agent.

Butler, Joseph, English prelate and theologian: b. Wantage, Berkshire, 18 May 1692; d. Bath, 16 June 1752. After some previous education at a grammar school he was sent to an academy at Tewkesbury, with a view to ordination as a minister among the Dissenters. While occupied by his studies he gave a proof of his talents by some acute and ingenious remarks on Dr. Samuel Clarke's 'Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God,' in private letters addressed to the author. He likewise paid particular attention to the points of controversy between the members of the Established Church and the Dissenters, the result of which was a determination to be no longer a Nonconformist; he therefore removed to Oxford in 1714. Having taken orders, he was in 1718 appointed preacher at the Rolls Chapel, and the sermons which he preached while holding this office, especially the first three, 'On Human Nature, occupy an important place in the history of ethical science. In 1736 he was appointed clerk of the closet to the queen. The same year he published his celebrated work, the 'Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of Nature.' In 1738 Butler was promoted to the bishopric of Bristol on the recommendation of Queen Caroline; and in 1750 obtained his highest preferment - the bishopric of Durham. He was interred in Bristol Cathedral. His other published works include: Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel' (1726); Six Sermons Preached Upon Public Occasions'; etc. The first collected edition of his works was published in 1804 at Edinburgh, An excellent edition of his famous Analogy) is that of Fitzgerald (1860). Mr. Gladstone brought out an edition of his works in two volumes (1896), and also published a volume of 'Subsidiary Studies on Butler.'

Butler, Josephine Grey, English philanthropist: b. Milfield, Gloucestershire, about 1828; d. 30 Dec. 1906. Married George Butler, afterward Canon Winchester, 1852. She was prominent in efforts for the higher education of women, and for moral reform, and published:

'Life of John Grey of Dilston'; 'Life of Catherine of Sierra'; Recollections of George Butler); The Lady of Shunem'; 'Personal Reminiscences of a Great Crusade'; 'Prophets and Prophetesses'; 'Nature Races and the War'; (Silent Victories'; 'The Hour Before the Dawn'; 'Government by Police'; 'The Constitution Violated'; Women's Work and Women's Culture'; Life of Oberlin'; 'A Voice in the Wilderness."

Butler, Matthew Calbraith, American army officer: b. near Greenville, S. C., 8 March 1836. He studied law at Stonelands, near Edgefield Court-house, and was admitted to the bar in December 1857. He was elected to the legislature of South Carolina in 1860; entered the Confederate service as captain of cavalry in the Hampton Legion in June 1861, and became a major-general through the regular grades; lost his right leg at the battle of Brandy Station on 9 June 1863. He was elected to the legislature of South Carolina in 1866; was United States senator in 1877-95; commissioned a major-general of volunteers for the war with Spain, 28 May 1898; and was appointed one of the American commissioners to arrange and supervise the evacuation of Cuba.

Butler, Nicholas Murray, American educator: b. Elizabeth, N. J., 2 April 1862. He was graduated at Columbia University in 1882; took a special course in Berlin and Paris in 1884-5; and was then called to Columbia University, where he was an assistant in philosophy, 1885-6; tutor, 1886-9; and adjunct professor, 1889-90; and dean of the faculty of philosophy, 1890-2. He was a founder and the first president (1886-91) of the New York College for the Training of Teachers, now a part of Columbia University, and as member of the New Jersey State Board of Education (1887-95) introduced manual training into the public school system of that State. On 6 Jan. 1902 he was unanimously elected president of Columbia University to succeed Seth Low, then mayor-elect of New York. He has edited (The Educational Review'; 'The Teachers' Professional Library); The Great Educators Series); (The Columbia University Contributions to Philosophy and Education'; and the Monographs on Education in the United States,' which formed a part of the exhibit of the United States bureau of education at the Paris Exposition of 1900, and published a volume of miscellaneous essays, addresses, etc., entitled 'The Meaning of Education' (1898).

Butler, Samuel, English satirical poet: b. Strensham, Worcestershire, 12 Feb. 1612; d. London, 25 Sept. 1680. He passed some time in his youth at Cambridge, but never matriculated at the university. He was afterward clerk or steward to several country gentlemen, and latterly lived in London. He resided some time with Sir Samuel Luke, a commander under Cromwell. In this situation Butler acquired the materials for his 'Hudibras' by a study of those around him, and particularly of Sir Samuel himself, a caricature of whom constituted the celebrated knight Hudibras. The first edition of Hudibras' was published in 1663 and was brought under the notice of the court by the well-known Earl of Dorset. It immediately became highly popular with the prevailing party in Church and state, and served as a general