July Cade met with his first defeat. A promise of pardon now dispersed most of his followers, and finding his force no longer sufficient for resistance he took to flight, but was overtaken and killed.

Cade, Oil of, a thick oily liquid obtained in France, Spain, and northern Africa by the dry distillation of the wood of Juniperus oxycedrus, of the pine family (Conifera). It has a not unpleasant tarry odor, and is largely employed in the treatment of skin diseases, especially certain forms of eczema.

Cadell', Francis, Scottish explorer in Australia: b. Cockenzie, Scotland, 1822; d. 1879. Becoming assured of the navigability of the Murray River in Australia he made an extended exploration of that stream in 1850. Subsequently forming a navigation company he reached by steamboat a point 300 miles from the river's mouth, and in 1858 explored the Murrumbridgee River, and in 1858 the Darling River as far as Mount Murchison. While in

command of a vessel sailing from Amboyna he was murdered by his crew.

Cadenabbia, kä-de-näb'bē-a, a health resort, beautifully situated among orange and citron groves, on the western shore of Lake Como, Italy. Its famous Villa Carlotta contains works by Canova and Thorwaldsen.

Cadence, the concluding notes of a musical composition or of any well-defined section of it. A cadence is perfect, full, or authentic when the last chord is the tonic preceded by the dominant; it is imperfect when the chord of the tonic precedes that of the dominant; it is plagal when the closing tonic chord is preceded by that of the subdominant; and it is interrupted, false, or deceptive when the bass rises a second, instead of falling a fifth.

Cadency, in heraldry, a system of marks intended to show the descent of a younger branch of a family from the main stock.

Caden'za, in music, a flourish of indefinite form introduced upon a bass note immediately preceding a close.

Cad'er Id'ris, a mountain in Merionethshire, Wales, the beginning of a chain running northeasterly. The ridge is nearly 10 miles long, and with its breadth of from one to three miles makes an elevation of great massiveness. Its greatest height is 2,925 feet.

Cadet-Gassicourt, Louis Claude, loo-e klōd kä-dā-gäs-i-koor, French scientist: b. 1731; d. 1799. He filled several important offices, such as apothecary to the Hôtel des Invalides, inspector of French hospitals in Germany, and chemical director to the Sèvres Porcelain Works. He published a variety of researches in pure and applied chemistry, but is best known by the fuming liquor still called by his name, and the subject of an elaborate research by Bunsen.

Cadet de Vaux, Antoine Alexis, än-twän ä-läks-is kä-da-de-vō, French chemist: b. Paris, 1743; d. 1828. He was at first an apothecary, but for many years devoted himself to agriculture, writing on the effect which the destruction of mountain forests has in diminishing the copiousness of the springs in the valleys, the improvement of vineyards, the cultivation of foreign plants, and the providing of

substitutes for the usual articles of food in times of scarcity. He was one of the principal editors of the Journal d'Economie rurale et domestique,) and of the Cours complet d'Agriculture pratique.'

Cadet, ka-dět', a word having several significations.

I. A younger son of a family; that is, one junior to the eldest or heir by primogeniture.

2. In the former French military service, a gentleman who served in the ranks without pay, for the purpose of learning the art of war.

3. In the United States and Great Britain a pupil of a military or naval academy or training-ship, as of the United States Military Academy at West Point; the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis; the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich; or the Royal Military College at Sandhurst.

Cadet's Fuming Liquid. See CACODYLE.

Cadi, kä'de, or Kadi, in Arabic, a judge or ferior judge, in distinction from the mollah, or jurist. Among the Turks cadi signifies an insuperior judge. They belong to the higher priesthood, as the Turks derive their law from their prophet.

Cadillac, Antoine de la Mothe, än-twän dè la môt ka-de-yäk, French military commander: b. Gascony, France, about 1660; d. France, 1720. He came of good family, and having entered the army was for some time captain in Acadia. In 1694 Frontenac placed him in command of Michilimackinac, where he remained until 1697. Cadillac then brought to the attention of Louis XIV. a well-considered scheme for a permanent settlement and trading post in the Northwest. On receiving the monarch's approval he founded Detroit in 1701, establishing 50 soldiers and 50 settlers at that point. From 1712 to 1717 he was governor of Louisiana, returning to France in the year last named. The town of Cadillac, Mich., was named in his honor. Consult: Burton, Cadillac's Village, a History of the Settlement, 1701-10 (1896); Parkman, A Half Century of Conflict (1892).

Cadiz, kä'dēth or kå-diz (anciently GADES), a seaport, and one of the handsomest cities in Spain, is situated at the extremity of a long tongue of land projecting from the Isla de Leon, off the southwestern coast of Andalusia. The narrowness of the land communication pregarrison is master of the sea. vents its capture by a military force while the It is walled, with trenches and bastions on the land side; the houses are high, and the streets narrow. The chief buildings are the great hospital, the custom-house, the old and new cathedrals, two theatres, the bull-ring, capable of accommodating 12,000 spectators, and the light-house of St. Sebastian. From the harbor the town has a fine appearance. The Bay of Cadiz is a very fine one. It is a large basin enclosed by the mainland on one side, and the projecting tongue of land on the other. It is from 10 to leagues in circumference, with good anchorage and protected by the neighboring hills. It has four forts, two of which form the defense of the grand arsenal, La Caracca, in which are 3 basins and 12 docks. Cadiz has long been the principal Spanish naval station. It was the centre of the Spanish-American trade, and the

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commerce of the port was very extensive before the separation of the colonies. The preparation of salt from pits belonging to the government was formerly an important branch of industry, but is now of comparatively little consequence. The manufactures of Cadiz are of comparatively little importance, but in regard to the extent and value of its commerce it ranks as one of the first ports in Spain. Its imports consist of all kinds of foreign and colonial produce, coal, cotton, and woolen manufactures, etc.; its exports of wines, fruits, oils, and other products of Spain. The town of Santa Maria, opposite Cadiz, is the principal depot of the wines of Xeres. Notwithstanding the political agitations of recent years, the commerce of Cadiz has continued comparatively prosperous. Cadiz was founded by the Phoenicians about 1100 B.C., and subsequently belonged in succession to the Carthaginians and the Romans. It was taken by the Earl of Essex in 1596, and from its bay Villeneuve sailed previous to the battle of Trafalgar in 1805. In 1809 it became the seat of the central junta, and afterward of the Cortes. It sustained a long blockade from the French (1810-12), which was not raised till after the battle of Salamanca. In 1823 the French entered it after a short siege. An insurrection occurred in Cadiz in 1868, and the town was declared in a state of siege in December, but in the following January the siege was raised. Pop. about 70,000.

Cadiz, Ohio, a village and county-seat of Harrison County, about 25 miles northwest of Wheeling, W. Va., and 120 miles east northeast of Columbus. Cadiz has commercial interests of some importance, and is the commercial centre of a great wool-growing district. It is also noted as a banking centre. Cadiz was the home of Edwin M. Stanton (q.v.). Pop. (1910), 1,971.

Cadmea, the name given to the acropolis of Thebes, Boeotia, because it was said to have been founded by Cadmus. Only fragments of its walls remain.

Cadmia, a name used by early writers (1) for the mineral calamine (q.v.); and (2) for the sublimate of zinc oxide that often collects on the walls of furnaces used in the re

duction of metallic ores, when those ores happen

to contain zinc.

Cadmium, a metallic element resembling zinc in its chemical properties, and discovered by Stromeyer in 1817, in a specimen of zinc carbonate. Cadmium often occurs in ores of zinc to a small extent, blende sometimes containing as much as 3 per cent of cadmium sulphide. The commercial supply of the element is obtained as a by-product in the smelting of zinc, chiefly in Belgium and Silesia. Cadmium sulphide also occurs native as the mineral greenockite (q.v.), otherwise known as "cadmium blende." In the distillation of zinc ores the cadmium, being more volatile, passes over first; and advantage is taken of this fact for the isolation of the metal in the arts. In Silesia, where the zinc ores often contain considerable quantities of cadmium, the first portion of the distillate is likely to contain as much as from 3 to 10 per cent of cadmium. This is mixed with coal or charcoal and redistilled at a low, red heat. Cadmium, mixed with a little zinc,

passes over; and by one more distillation the metal is obtained in a fairly pure form. To eliminate the last traces of zinc, the crude metal is dissolved in hydrochloric acid, then diluted and precipitated as a sulphide by a current of sulphuretted hydrogen. The sulphide is then dissolved in concentrated hydrochloric acid, and the subsequent addition of carbonate of soda precipitates the carbonate of cadmium, which is reduced to the oxide upon ignition. The pure oxide thus obtained may then be reduced to the metallic form by distillation with charcoal.

Metallic cadmium is lustrous and resembles tin in appearance, though it has a bluish tinge. It is stronger than tin, but, like that metal, it emits a peculiar crackling sound, or "cry," when bent. At ordinary temperatures it is quite ductile and malleable, and may be drawn into thin wire, rolled into thin sheets, or hammered into foil. At about 175° F. it becomes brittle, however, so that it can be pulverized in a mortar. Cadmium has the chemical symbol Cd. Its specific gravity is about 8.65. It melts at 600° F., and boils at about 1,500° F., yielding a yellow vapor. Its atomic weight is 112.4 if O➡16, or 111.6 if H=1. Its specific heat is about 0.055, and its linear coefficient of expansion is about 0.0000185 per Fahrenheit degree. Metallic cadmium is used to a limited extent in the preparation of alloys, its general effect being to reduce the melting-point of the alloy to which it is added. The total production of the metal per annum is probably about two tons,

In its chemical relations, cadmium, like zinc, is a dyad. Metallic cadmium undergoes a slow, superficial oxidation upon exposure to the air; and when sufficiently heated in the presence of air it oxidizes rapidly and may even take fire. and readily dissolves in acids, with the producThe resulting oxide, CdO, is brown in color tion of the corresponding cadmium salts. One of the best known of these salts is the iodide, CdI2, which is used in photography and in medicine, and may be obtained by the action of hydriodic acid, HI, upon cadmium carbonate, or metallic cadmium. The bright yellow sulphide, CdS, is formed when the stream of sulphuretted hydrogen gas is passed through a slightly acid solution of a cadmium salt; and tion of cadmium in qualitative analysis. The this fact is used in the detection and isolasulphide is used as a pigment, under the name of "cadmium yellow"; it is brilliant in color, and does not change upon exposure to air or light.

Cad'mus, in Greek mythology the son of Agenor and grandson of Poseidon. With his brothers he was sent by his father to seek for his sister, Europa, who had been carried away by Zeus, and he was not to return without her. After several adventures, the oracle at Delphi commanded him to desist from further search, to intrust himself to the guidance of a heifer, and where she should stop to build a city. He accordingly went to Boeotia, where he wished to sacrifice the cow to Athena, But his companions, attempting to bring water from the fountain of Ares for the purpose of the sacrifice, were slain by the dragon that guarded it. Cadmus killed the dragon, and, at the command of Athena, sowed its teeth in the earth; armed men immediately sprang up, whom he

in the water or near it. One species found in Ceylon lays a mass of eggs which are connected by a cord, thus resembling a string of beads. They are deposited in a burrow near the water, and are incubated by the mother until the escape of the young. About 30 species of these animals are known.

Cæcilius Statius, sē-cil'-i-us stā'shi-us, Roman comic poet: b. Milan, about 200 B.C.; d. 168 B.C. His contemporaries ranked him with Plautus and Terence. He wrote over 30 comeIdies of which fragments remain.

Cæculus, sěk'ū-lus, in mythology, a son of Vulcan, and a great robber, who lived in Italy,

and built Præneste.

Cæcum, sē'kům, a blind process or sac in the alimentary canal of various, animals. In fishes the cæca are often numerous and long; and birds have generally two near the termination of the intestines. Mammals have commonly only one. In man the "blind-gut" is small and situated at the beginning of the colon. See INTESTINE.

Cædmon, kǎd'mon, the first Anglo-Saxon poet: d. 680. According to Bede's Ecclesiastical History Cadmon was a swine-herd to the monks of Whitby, and never gave evidence of any poetical talent until one night a vision appeared to him, and commanded him to sing. When he awoke, he found the words of a poem in praise of the Creator of the world impressed upon his memory. This manifestation of talent obtained for him admission into the monastery at Whitby, where he continued to compose devotional poems. An edition of his paraphrase of parts of the Scriptures was printed at Amsterdam in 1655, edited by Junius. Thorpe published an edition of it (London 1832) for the Society of Antiquaries. It has been assumed by some that Milton took some ideas of Paradise Lost' from the poems of Cadmon. It is certain that they were very popular among the English and the Saxon part of the Scottish nation, and furnished plentiful materials to the makers of mysteries and miracle plays. In the Bodleian Library at Oxford is a manuscript the contents of which are ascribed to Cædmon, but the best authorities do not consider it to be his. Consult: Ten Brink, 'Early English Literature'; Morley, 'English Writers,' Vol. II. (1888).

Cælius Aurelianus, sē'li-us ô-re-li-a'nus, Latin physician, generally supposed to have been a native of Numidia, and to have flourished in the 2d century of the Christian era. He was a member of the sect of the Methodici, and the author of a medical work still extant. In this work, 'De Morbis Chronicis et De Morbis Acutis, Cælius divides diseases into two great classes, the acute and the chronic.

Cælius Mons, se'li-us mons, one of the seven hills on which Rome was built. It is said to have received its name from Cælius Vibenna, an Etruscan, to whom it was assigned. The palace of Tullus Hostilius was on this mount. It is at present covered with ruins.

Caen, kän, France, a town in the department Calvados, and the ancient capital of Normandy, 125 miles northwest of Paris, and about nine miles from the mouth of the Orne, which is here navigable and crossed by several bridges. There is a dock connected with the sea by both river and canal. Caen is the centre of

an important domestic trade, the market of a rich agricultural district, and carries on extensive manufactures. The streets are broad, regular, and clean, the houses well-built of white freestone, and it possesses various ancient and remarkable edifices. The public promenades and recreation grounds are beautiful, and there are various extensive squares and "places. The church of La Trinité, a fine edifice in the Norman-Romanesque style, restored in modern times, was formerly the church of the Abbayeaux-dames, founded in 1066 by Matilda, wife of Stephen was founded at the same time by WilWilliam the Conqueror. The church of St. liam the Conqueror, as the church of the Abbaye-aux-hommes, and though considerably modified since is a noble and impressive edifice. It has two fine western towers 295 feet high. The Abbaye-aux-hommes, built by the Conqueror, who was buried in it, is now used as a college, having been rebuilt in the 18th century. One of the finest churches in Caen is that of St. Pierre, whose tower (255 feet), terminated by a spire, is exceedingly elegant. Among other public buildings are the Hôtel de Ville, the prefecture, and the palace of justice. Caen possesses a university faculty or college, a public library with some 100,000 volumes, a gallery of paintings with valuable works of old masters, a natural history museum, an antiquarian museum, etc. The hospital of the Abbaye-auxdames is one of the best regulated in France. The hospital of the Bon-Sauveur is another admirable institution. The city was formerly fortified, and there are remains of a castle begun by William the Conqueror and finished by Henry I., but since much altered and now used as barracks. Caen first rose into importance in the time of William the Conqueror. In 1346 it was taken by Edward III., at which time it was said to be larger than any city in England except London. Henry VI. of England founded a university here in 1431, Caen having been in the possession of the English from 1417 to 1450. It suffered much in the religious wars between the Protestants and Roman Catholics of France. Admiral de Coligny captured it for the Protestants in 1562. Caen carries on ship-building, and its manufactures embrace linen, woolen, and cotton goods, lace, ropes, metal goods, and various other articles. It carries on a considerable trade

in timber and other articles, including agricultural produce exported to England, to which also is still exported the Caen building stone famous for many centuries. Malherbe, Laplace, Elie de Beaumont, and Auber were born in this city or in its vicinity, and are commemorated by statues.

Caen-stone, a cream-colored oolitic limestone from Caen in Normandy, identical with the Bath oolite of England. It is easily carved and has long been highly esteemed as a building stone. Westminster Abbey, Canterbury Cathedral, and other English churches are built of it.

Canopus, se'nō-pus, a genus of fossil rhinoceroses of the Oligocene Epoch in North America. This animal was hornless, smaller and less heavily porportioned than any living species, the Sumatran rhinoceros coming nearest to it in this respect.

Canotherium, sē-nō-thē'ri-ŭm, an extinct primitive ruminant, characteristic of the Oligocene formations of Europe. It was no larger