ulation by a single act of legislation. The term "Greater" has come to have special significance, and can only be appropriately applied to a State that has achieved greatness or has in itself the intrinsic elements of greatness; and then only where it has become conspicuously greater by some sudden discovery or development of commanding importance present or prospective.

The Greater California to which my mind now turns is not the California of to-day, but it is the California which I see before me, looming up in the not distant future; and it is her present intrinsic elements of greatness and her situation on the map of the world which justify the horoscope I would cast of that future.

I must, therefore, at the outset establish my major premise that California is a great State. What are the claims of California to be thus designated? My answer must be in outline only, and I shall rely upon the general knowledge of the reader to supply the coloring and elaboration to perfect the picture.

California has a most interesting and romantic history, which is woven into the annals of the early explorers of this continent. There is not a commonplace chapter nor a dull line in its story from the time Sandoval returned to his chief, Cortes, from his first voyage and related the marvelous story concerning the island. of the Amazons, to the coming and passing of the Argonauts of 1849.

This is not much, you will say, toward establishing the claim of California to greatness, and in itself perhaps is not. But there is something in blood and lineage to the man, and so is there much in traditions and history to a country. To have been erected into a territory and next into a State from some unheralded portion of the Louisiana Purchase is too ignoble an origin to challenge attention. But to have been associated in our history with some of the most daring and renowned navigators contemporaneous with Christopher Columbus; to have once been christened New Albion in the name of the great Queen by Sir Francis Drake; to have escaped by the death of Elizabeth from becoming part of British Columbia; to have been closely related to the early conquest of Mexico and with all that entrancing literature recording the advent and

passing of the Jesuits and Mission Fatb ers, will always add to the interest wit which California will be regarded by th historian.

But let us waive romance and sentimen and traditions and history, and look at th State from a nearer and more utilitaria point of view. I base our claim upon th three fundamental and primary sources c all wealth,-namely, our forests, ou mines, and our agriculture; and the great est of these is agriculture.

Of the wealth of our forests our ow people have but little conception, becaus they know but little and have not stoppe to consider the meaning of what the know. If our forests were managed wit the same intelligence we give to our lan they might be made inexhaustible and in destructible and yet add largely to ou annual money wealth, as our agricultura lands may do. A forest rightly used ma be made to reproduce itself,-to retain it fertility, so to speak,-as we retain or r store fertility in the soil. The redwood of the Coast, and the pine, spruce, and f of the Sierra and higher Coast Rang form the most valuable area of timbe lands remaining in the United State Within the last few months we have rea of a syndicate purchasing one hundre thousand acres in the Sierra in El Dorad and Amador counties. If these lands a such as they are said to be, this holdin alone represents five thousand million fe of merchantable lumber. Fifty millic feet per annum may be taken from the lands for one hundred years. I can poi to a region on the watershed of the Feath River, with which I am personally fam iar, where one hundred million feet ma be taken every year for a hundred yea from trees ripe for the woodsman's a Vast forests still to the north toward a around Mount Shasta stretch over into t Coast Range high above the redwood lan of the Coast. South of Feather Rive nearly or quite to the Tehachapi, this gre wooded range extends. A treeless pla lies east to the Mississippi, and the pi forests of the Northwest are about e hausted. The East and the West a already shipping our lumber two thousa miles. There is a virgin redwood fore in Del Norte County where a million fe of merchantable lumber can be found

single acre. The forests of California,

served and drawn from with a care for eir self-recuperation, will become a urce of permanent and great wealth to the State. As the mother of our rivers and mountain streams, they have a value not to be computed, which belongs to another branch of the subject before me. We drew upon the resources of these forsts in 1898 for over six hundred million feet of lumber, of which two hundred and seventy-six millions was redwood.

Our mineral wealth is of still greater magnitude and importance, and I think

has assumed a permanency limited in output only by the amount of capital and labor engaged. Other and valuable minerals have been added to the list, and we now produce annually of all kinds over twentyfive million dollars. Recent developments in petroleum discoveries would warrant the prediction that oil may go to the head of the list before very long. The feature of mining in this State to which I attach greatest significance lies in the fact that the produce of our mines remains to enrich the State, which was not true of the earlier mining. There are forty-nine counties in

equally permanent. I can build no argument upon the riches that have gone from Our auriferous deposits except as they may indicate what remain. Since the discovery of gold by Marshall, the State has produced in value $1,393,106,559 of that precious metal. Most of this came from the surface placers, now about exhausted, -but the source of the placer remains in our quartz. It is now known that throughout the entire length of the State and in all our mountain regions gold, silver, copper, and quicksilver may be found for the intelligent seeking. The mining industry

the State where mineral products are found in paying quantities. The variety of these products is surprisingly great, there being over forty.

Our agriculture derives its importance and value from climatic conditions not present elsewhere in this country. These conditions conduce not only to health and the physical pleasure and comfort of living, but they make possible a range of agricultural products unparalleled and of incalculable value. We are ourselves only beginning to comprehend the economic importance of climate to our agriculture.

One must travel from the Baltic to the Mediterranean to find growing what may here be seen on a single farm. There is no product of the earth grown elsewhere, except in the extreme tropics, which here does not derive an advantage by reason of climatic conditions. Even our soil has greater fertility to a greater depth, as Professor Hilgard has shown, than the rich soils of the Atlantic and Western States. Every day in the year may here be occupied in productive employment on the farm. There is no season that eats into the profits of some other season; no long winter waiting and consuming what the summer has produced. Our soil is yielding something of value every day. We have been shipping oranges to the East since last November, and are still picking them from the trees; and we commenced shipping deciduous fruits in May, and will continue doing so until December. Trainloads of fruits and vegetables go out of the State every day. Consider the sugar-beet, for example, which grows in cold countries; it has been proven that we produce here a beet of more saccharine matter and a higher coefficient of purity, and more to the acre, than any other State, and the sugar campaign is longer than elsewhere.

Irrigation here finds its highest reward by reason of a climate that makes plantgrowth perennial. In short, the conditions are such that intensive farming is possible, and may be profitably applied to almost every product known to the soil. I do not feel at liberty to go into greater detail to establish what I set out to do, namely, that California is a great State. The world now knows that we grow in commercial quantities not only all the ordinary agricultural products of the temperate zone, but that we produce in like quantities, the orange, lemon, olive, raisin, prune, apricot, peach, pear, cherry, apple, almond, walnut, all the delicate wine and table grapes of Europe,-indeed, the fruit of every zone, save only those grown under nearly a vertical tropical sun. I may add that we are capable of enormously and rapidly increasing our present output to meet any demand likely to arise. Witness the fact that in 1880 (excluding wines), we shipped out of the State but 546 carloads of ten tons each, while in 1898 we sent out of fruits, wines, brandy, and vege

tables 56,149 car-loads, equal to 153 cars for every day in the year; and we produced more wheat in 1898 than in 1897.

There are still other economic advantages of our climate which contribute to make the State unique and add to its ele ments of greatness. We are not yet a manufacturing State. There are reasons for this aside from the one commonly given, that we have no adequate or proper supply of coal. We have not had the necessary population; wages were too high; the home market was too limited; and we could not compete with the East in their markets, partly because of the long haul. This may all change, and change rapidly. Upon the authority of Mr. P. B. Cornwall, both anthracite and bituminous coal of excellent quality can be delivered here from China for two dollars and a half to three dollars per ton. Mr. Sheppard, to whom I shall refer later, estimates the coal-fields of China at four hundred thousand square miles; and one can appreciate what this means when reminded that the coal-fields of Great Britain cover but twelve thousand square miles. Why may we not hope to set the Chinaman to mining coal for u while we feed him on California wheat?

The second factor in the solution of our difficulty lies in the presence of cheap water-power for the creation of electrica energy; and with this element chea enough, we may find in it power to drive the wheels of our factories and heat to smelt our iron ores and turn out stee ingots. Our market will not be in th near-by East, but that far-off East towar which the eager eyes of all nations are now turned. This brings me again to our cli mate. When that day of triumph fo manufactures shall have come to Cali fornia the laborer may go to his work i his shirt-sleeves any day of the year an be comfortable, and he may work where if in a coast city, the temperature seldor goes below 50 or above 70 degrees. An if his employer is building iron-and-ste vessels, he may point to the battleshi Oregon to show that the ship may go a once into service from the docks withou delays for adjustment because part of th ship was built at a zero temperature an another part when the thermometer rea in the 90's, as is the case at Cramps'.

wish to assure capitalists who contemplate engaging in manufactures for the Oriental trade that California presents ideal conditions for all such enterprises.

The scenic beauty of our valleys and mountains in their relation to each other, and the unique and attractive features of our Coast, must always add a charm to life in California and contribute to the intrinsic value of the homes of our people. The farmer in the interior valleys lives in the presence of most inspiring and delightful natural surroundings and is within a day's drive of the cool breezes of the ocean or the clear and bracing air of mountain altitudes. The value of such a privilege may be estimated if one will answer what the Iowa or Nebraska or Kansas farmer

have faintly outlined, are to make California the imperial State of the Pacific and San Francisco the dominant metropolis of the vast business which is to flow through the Golden Gate.

Let me glance at the evidences pointing to the rapid and stupendous changes going on in this new theater of commercial activities. activities. And first I wish to point out the relation our merchant marine bears to the traffic of the sea at this time, and to show how utterly unprepared this nation is to take full advantage of the rapidly increasing business of the Pacific.

In the June Nineteenth Century is an article entitled "Sea Power and Sea Carriage," by Mr. Benjamin Taylor, in which the comparative maritime tonnage of the

would give to be so situated. The physical features of our State combined with our unique and altogether lovely climate will, I think, ultimately bring to us a large and profitable inflow of tourist travel, which in itself will add substantially to the annual income of our people. This is already one of the chief resources of revenue to Southern California.

And now I am brought face to face with Greater California, and I find it inseparably linked with the policy of expansion, which has so aroused and energized the latent forces of the wonderful people of this great Republic. What has made California great is now to make her greater. Her position in relation to the Orient and her marvelous natural resources, which I

Mr. Taylor predicts, notwithstanding the great advantage possessed by the British at present, that within ten years the United States will divide equally the tonnage of the Pacific, if indeed it does not float the dominant flag in those waters. But I cannot believe that this will happen under present shipping laws; we shail have to adopt the Continental and English policy of direct legislative aid to bring this about.

In speaking of the importance of the changes likely to come in the competition. for the trade of the sea, Mr. Taylor says: "This business of the sea-carrying is without doubt the most important trade in the world. Those who go down to the sea in ships, those who do business on the great waters, those who labor directly and indirectly in association with shipping, and these who are more or less dependent upon it, number three fourths of the world's population."

It is well enough to bear in mind the enormous value of this trade to any country possessing a large share of it, for it has been estimated that British owners receive annually for ocean carriage with foreign ports three hundred and fifty million dollars. This is a very large income, to which must be added the money expended at home in the construction, maintenance, and supply of this great fleet and the stimulus it gives to trade to and from home ports. Every vessel that sails from an English to a foreign port becomes a commercial traveler to buy and sell exclusively, where possible, for the benefit of the English people. This fact has given origin to the expression that " Trade follows the flag"; and this means that patriotism as well as self-interest accompanies commerce. This is demonstrated by Mr. Taylor's table, which shows that of the tonnage entering and clearing from

ports of the United Kingdom, over seventy-one per cent. is carried in English bottoms, while of the tonnage entering and clearing from the other countries named, British bottoms carry something over fifty per cent.

To my mind this is a significant fact, tending strongly to prove the wisdom of enlarging our control of sea-traffic, even though subsidies should become necessary to accomplish it. It seems to me we have only to apply the principle or policy of protection, to which this country is thoroughly committed, in order to justify the growing demand for greater maritime power under governmental patronage. It is a disagreeable commentary upon our statesmanship that, whereas, in 1846 we carried eighty per cent. of the foreign trade and kept at the head pretty well until 1860, we now carry only five or ten per cent. One of the results of the Civil War was that we were driven from the high seas with our merchant marine. In the intervening five years our ships were displaced by those of other nations; shipbuilding in the United States ceased, and by a system of subsidies, subventions, and admiralty pay, adopted in other countries. the revival of ship-building and ship-owning and the running of ships flying our flag was made so unremunerative as to bring our country to a point where it cuts but small figure in the carrying-trade of the world. In lieu of ship-building we turned our attention to internal development by railroad construction.

It is certainly remarkable that with all our natural aptitude and genius for trade and our willingness to be taxed to promote it, we should have been so indifferent to the problem of ocean transportation while we have been making such successful efforts toward reaching the markets of the world with our products. We have been asking our rivals to do our carrying for us. As Senator Edmunds put it before the Senate Committee having the matter in hand, we are like the large farmer some distance from market who has no horses nor wagons, but depends upon his neighbors to get his produce to town. Such a farmer, he said, would be a candidate for the insane asylum. It is little short of a commercial solecism, if I may use the expression, that the leading