general supervision-to the particular end of preventing juvenile delinquency-of places through which the public freely passes, or where people congregate in crowds. The Investigation Service would analyze, diagnose, and refer complaints to the proper police division or other social agency. Certain cases involving women and children should be carried to court by women officers. Proper care for women (and in some cases for children) detained by the police should devolve upon the women's division. It has not, as yet, been demonstrated that there are definite administrative difficulties within police departments which would render such a program impracticable. Opposition to such a program has come from three sources: (a) from those persons who are not convinced that the State should assume such functions, (b) from private organizations-negligible in number-who may conceivably believe the work of women police to be an encroachment on their own special functions and, (c) from policemen and officials, who may question the ability and willingness of women to work under police discipline and organization; the practicability of the program as a police program, its possible interference with departmental politics and its effect on the welfare of men officers. This opposition is diminishing and time will play a large part in its complete dissipation. When only women enter this field of endeavor who are trained for the task and who are animated by the unique desire to serve the public good and with neither personal nor political ambitions, a great deal of the opposition will disappear quite naturally. CHAPTER XIII FORM OF ORGANIZATION-TYPE OF Forms of Organization already Tried-British Practice -United States Experiments: Present Sentiment-Type of Woman and Previous Experience Desirable: Great Britain, The United States, Poland, Résumé-Methods of Selection. FORMS OF ORGANIZATION ALREADY TRIED The last word has not yet been said on the form of organization for the work of women police. So far, both in Great Britain and in the United States three separate forms of organization have been tried -more or less consciously and, perhaps therefore, more or less successfully. These three forms of organization are: (a) The creation in the police department—in large cities of a definite Woman's Division whose work is supervised by one woman director, responsible to the head of the department. In some smaller cities where there are two or more women, one of them has, at times, been given the direction of the work. (b) The placing of all women police in an already existing division, such as that of the detective or special service division, and where their work is supervised by a man officer. (c) The assignment of women police by some directing officer of the department to the different precincts, districts or departmental bureaus, and where their work is directed by the officer in command. Still two other plans have been followed at times: First, that in which the police department has paid in part or full, women working under private organizations and has given them limited police powers, and second, the granting of police powers to persons called policewomen, employed by private organizations, and who work in conjunction with the police. BRITISH PRACTICE London tried the first plan and later adopted the third. In the Provinces1 and in Scotland, the second and third plans have been tried. It is important in this matter to understand the causes which operate in any changes. In 1920 the Home Office Committee reported that:2 Though a contrary opinion has been expressed by some experienced witnesses, the great weight of the evidence favors the view that where women are employed in police 1 See Liverpool, Chapter II. 2 Report of 1920 Committee on the Employment of Women on Police Duties, 28 Abingdon Street, London, S. W. 1, Cmd. 877. activities, they should form an integral part of the Police Force, and be subject to the control of the Chief Constable in exactly the same way as are the present male force. (Par. 37.) Further: With regard to the officering of police women (Par. 39) we consider that where the number of police women is sufficiently large, it would generally be better to place them under the charge of a woman officer, as a separate department to work on similar lines to the Criminal Investigation Department or the Detective Department; but if only a few women are employed, this will obviously be impracticable. The appointment of female officers should be determined by the like considerations as in the case of the male officers, and the rank conferred should be appropriate to their duties and responsibilities. They also recommended (Par. 142) that a woman experienced in the routine of a government department and in the organization of disciplined bodies of women be appointed as a subordinate to H. M. Inspectors of Constabulary at the Home Office to inspect and make recommendations with regard to the efficiency of policewomen. In fact, in London, from December, 1918, to February, 1922, the women police had thus been working in one division under the direction of a woman superintendent who was responsible to the Commissioner alone. Their services had been of such character that, as of January 1, 1921, the pay of women police was standardized throughout the British Isles. The Police Pension Act of 1921 had established the position of women police on a firm basis and allowed them pension benefits. The Commissioner and the Superintendent of Police of Lon |