laws relating to pirate rights are not to be altered but for the evident utility of the people of Scotland. 22. Sixteen peers are to be chosen to represent the peerage of Scotland in parliament, and forty-five members to sit in the House of Commons. 23. The sixteen peers of Scotland shall have all privileges of parliament, and all peers of Scotland shall be peers of Great Britain, and rank next after those of the same degree at the time of the Union, and shall have all privilege of peers, except sitting in the House of Lords, and voting on the trial of a peer. Upon these articles of [nion, and the act relating thereto, two observations may be made. First, the church of Scotland and the four universities of that kingdom are established for ever, and all succeeding sovereigns are to take an oath inviolably to maintain them. Secondly, the municipal laws of Scotland are still ordained to be observed in that part of the island, unless altered by parliament; so that the municipal, or common law of England, is, for the most part, of no validity in Scotland. But acts of parliament, since the Union, in general extend to Scotland, unless the act itself provides expressly to the contrary. The eldest son of a Scotch peer cannot be elected the of the forty-five representatives, for he was incapable of sitting in the Scotch parliament before the Union, and the law in this respect has not been since changed. But the eldest son of a Scotch per may represent any place in England. The landed qualifications of £600 and £300, which were the requisite qualifications for a seat in the commons of England till abolished in 1858, did not extend to Scotland, a candidate for Scotch representation being enly required to have the same qualification as the electors. --Mercantile Law Amendment. In matters of trade and commerce inconvenience having been felt from the laws of Scotland being in some respects different from those of England and Ireland, the law of Scotland was amended in 1856 by 19 & 20 V. c. 60. By s. 1, where goods have been sold, but not delivered to the purchaser, it is no longer competent for the creditor of the seller to attach the Lods. Seller not entitled to a right of retention generally against awcond purchaser, who buys them before delivery of the first parchaser; s. 2, seller not held to warrant goods unless there be at express warranty in the contract. Guarantees to be in writing,

the guarantees to a firm not to be binding after any change of the tra; 88. 6, 7, no acceptance of a bill of exchange to bind the aceptor, unless it be in writing. All bills drawn within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the islands

ent, or any ports within the same, to be held to be inland b Notice of the dishonour of inland bills to be given as in the case of foreign bills, by the law of Scotland. In relation to rmedies, and claims for repairs or supplies to ships, every port thin the United Kingdom is to be deemed a home port, s. 18. The laws of England and Ireland, where different, are assimilated to these amendments in the law of Scotland, by 19 & 20 V. c. 97.

The bankruptcy act of Scotland, 1856, is amended by 23 & 24 V. c. 33, so that if, in any case where sequestration is or has been awarded, it appears to the court of session or to the lord ordinary, upon a summary petition by the accountant in bankruptcy, or any creditor or other person having interest, presented to either division of the said court or to the lord ordinary at any time within three months after date of the sequestration, that a majority of the creditors in number and value reside in England or in Ireland, and that from the situation of the property of the bankrupt or other cause his estate and effects ought to be distributed among the creditors under the bankrupt or insolvent laws of England or Ireland, the court in either division, or the lord ordinary, may recall the sequestration. By s. 2, discharge of bankrupt may in certain cases of fraudulent concealment be refused, though no opposition be made by creditors.- Universities of Scotland. An act of 1858, the 21 & 22 V. c. 83, provides for the better government and discipline of the universities of Scotland and improving the course of study, and for the union of King's College and Marischal College, Aberdeen, under the title of the "University of Aberdeen," taking rank among Scotch universities from the date of the erection of King's College, A. D. 1494. By s. 1, future chancellors of St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen, and Edinburgh, to be elected by members of the general council, and principals, as such, not to be deemed professors of divinity, nor a layman be ineligible to be a principal, and the office not to be included in the term "chair of theology," used in the 16 & 17 V. c. 89. University courts to be instituted, of which the director is president, with a deliberate and casting vote. The Senatus Academicus to consist of the principal and professors, with power to alter and superintend the teaching and discipline of the university, subject to the control of the university court. General councils of each university to consist of the chancellor, members of the university court, of professors, masters of art, doctors of medicine, who, as matriculated students, have given regular attendance on classes in any faculty during four complete sessions, s. 6. Right of nomination to professorships vested in the university court. Sections 14 to 18 appoint the commissioners and define their powers in the reform of the university, and the revision of their foundations, having special regard to the reports made by former commissions appointed to visit the universities. Doubts having arisen as to the admission to the office of principal in the universities of Scotland, they are removed by 22 & 23 V. c. 24. Under this act any person elected, presented, or provided for the office of principal in any of the universities or colleges in Scotland, except the college of St. Mary's in the university of St. Andrews, shall not be required to subscribe the confession of faith, but shall subscribe as provided by 16 & 17 V. c. 89.Tramways. The 24 & 25 V. c. 69, provides for the formation of tramways on turnpike roads, and tolls for the use, under the

direction of trustees. But tramways not to be laid down in burghs without leave of magistrates and council. The 20 & 21 V. c. 73, was passed to abate the nuisance from the smoke of furnaces, and the act is amended by 24 & 25 V. c. 17, under which complaints may be made and penalties recovered without the aid of the Lord Advocate. Parliamentary boroughs to include the whole parliaEentary boundary within the provision of 21 V. c. 73. The 25 425 F. e. 35. amends the acts on the sale of exciseable liquors. Licenses not to be granted without a certificate of character Pole to report persons licensed from whose premises persons intoxicated have frequently issued, or other cause of complaint. Persons hawking exciseable liquors may be apprehended, and on conviction fined or imprisoned. Persons found in a shebeen drunk er drinking may be taken into custody. The 26 & 27 V. c. 108, extends, and in certain cases makes compulsory, the practice of vaccination. Names of vaccinators to be published; medical treatment not to be considered parochial relief. Persons attempting to inoculate, or by any other means produce the disease of small-pox, subject to a penalty of £5. To amend the Scotch law a to the liability of owners of dogs for injuries done to sheep or cattle, the 26 & 27 V. c. 100, enacts that, in an action for damages, it stall not be necessary for the pursuer to prove a previous propensity in a dog to injure sheep or cattle. Occupier of any house or place in which a dog has been usually kept to be deemed the owner, if with knowledge thereof.

The town of Berwick-upon-Tweed was originally part of the kingdom of Scotland, and was subdued by Edward I., and finally seded by Edward Balliol. It received from King Edward a charter, which was afterwards confirmed with some additions, reserving to it the right to be governed by its former laws and usages. But, though there are some local peculiarities derived from the old Scotch law, Berwick-upon-Tweed now forms part of the realm of England, and is duly represented in the House of Commons.

Ireland is to a great extent inhabited by people partly descended from the English, who planted it as a colony after the conquest of by Henry II., and the laws of England were then received and

a to by the Irish nation, assembled at the council of Lismore. Ireland, however, until the Union, was a distinct state; and up to the 22 & 23 G. 3, a subordinate kingdom, dependent on the crown of Great Britain. Since these acts, the important measure of a UNION between Britain and Ireland has taken place, by which the national rights and interests of the two countries have been more intimately united and consolidated. By the articles of the Lion, which were ratified by act of parliament, July 2, 1800, it is declared that the kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland shall, en the 1st of January, 1801, and for ever after, be united into one kingiom, by the name of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; that there shall be one parliament, styled the parlia

ment of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; that four lords spiritual of Ireland, by rotation of sessions, and twentyeight lords temporal, elected for life by the peers of Ireland, shall sit in the House of Lords; and one hundred commoners, representing the commons of Ireland, shall sit in the House of Commons; that the churches of England and Ireland shall be united into one protestant episcopal church, to be called the United Church of England and Ireland; that the subjects of both nations shall be entitled to the same privileges with regard to trade and navigation, and also in respect of all treaties with foreign powers; that all bounties and prohibitions upon the importation of merchandise from one country to the other shall cease; but the importation of certain articles specified in the act shall be subject to countervailing duties; that the sinking funds and the interest of the public debts of each country shall be defrayed by each separately; that, for the space of twenty years after the Union, the contributions of Britain and Ireland towards the pubiic expenditure, in each year, shall be in the proportion of fifteen to two; lastly, that the laws and courts of each kingdom shall remain the same as they are now established, subject to such alteration by the united parliament as circumstances may require. It may here be observed that since the Union, all acts of parliament extend to Ireland, unless it is expressly excepted, or the provisions of the act are such as clearly do not apply to Ireland. Since this legislative incorporation, other measures have been adopted for cementing more closely the interests of the two countries. In 1819, an act passed for consolidating the exchequers of England and Ireland; and, in the session of 1823, various alterations were sanctioned by parliament for facilitating the abolition of the countervailing duties, and placing the mercantile intercourse of the two nations on the footing of the coasting trade. By 6 G. 4, c. 79, the currency of Ireland is assimilated to that of Britain, and all mercantile and pecuniary transactions are declared to be held and understood to be made in the currency of the United Kingdom. By the important measure of the Catholic Relief Act, 10 G. 4, c. 7, the disabilities to which a vast majority of the Irish population had been subjected were removed, and a community of interest and privilege extended to every individual of the empire. Under William IV. and Queen Victoria various other laws have been passed for improving the police and constabulary, for the abolition of vestry cess, the reform of juries, the tithe and church establishment, the construction of railroads, amendment of internal navigation, the relief of encum bered estates; and the general spirit of the internal government has been especially directed to discountenance those social division originating in the conflicting jealousies of a catholic and a protestant hierarchy. The acts for facilitating the sale of encumbere estates having proved beneficial, their provisions were amended in 1858 by 21 & 22 V. c. 92, and a permanent court, with three

judges and registrar, created for the sale and transfer of land, whether encumbered or unencumbered. In 1863 vaccination was made by a statute compulsory, and parents required within six maths after birth to carry their children to the medical officer of the district. The 26 V. c. 11, introduced a complete system of registration of births and deaths, and in the same year the marriage laws were amended, and the board of guardians better enabled to recover the cost of the maintenance of illegitimate elildren. In the year following, Ireland was made a special subject of legislation, and salutary acts passed in relation to county voters, Conveyancing and law procedure, the sale of beer, and the game hs. By 36 & 37 V. c. 21, tests are abolished in Trinity College sud the University of Dublin, and no person elected to a fellowahip or other office is in future to be deprived of it by reason ef not being in holy orders. By 32 & 33 V. c. 42, s. 2, from January 1, 1870, the union created by parliament between the two Churches of England and Ireland is dissolved, provision being made in respect of the temporalities of the Irish Church and the royal college of Maynooth. Salaried commissioners to be appointed, with full power to decide questions pertaining to the act, to enforce the attendance of witnesses, and, after tender of their expenses, punish such as refuse to give evidence, or to produce deeds, papers, or documents. S. 13 dissolves ecclesiastical corporations, and abolishes the right of the bishops to sit in the House of Lords. By s. 14, compensation granted to deprived ecclesiastical persons other than curates, with the exception of permanent curates, or others in specified cases of infirmities or prolonged services, s. 15. Subsequent sections refer to power of the church after the passing of the act, the abolition of ecclesiastical courts, the redemption of the annuities and life interests, &c.; enactments with respect to burial grounds, church residences, and chattels belonging to see or church, compensation to non-conforming ministers, and with saving clauses relative to proprietary hapels and chape's at ease.

There are other adjacent islands subject to the crown of Great Britain. Some of them, as the Isle of Wight, the Isle of Portland, and the Isle of Thanet, are comprised within a neighbouring Canty; but others must be referred to more particularly.

The Isle of Man is a distinct territory from England, and is not governed by English laws; neither does any act of parliament extend to it, unless expressly named therein. It was formerly a subordinate feudatory king lom, subject to the kings of Norway; then to King John and Henry III. of England; afterwards to the kings of Scotland, and then again to the crown of England; and at length, we find Henry IV. claiming it by right of conquest, and disposing of it to the Earl of Northumberland, upon whose attainder was granted to Sir John de Stanley. After several other viscissitades, on the death of James, Earl of Derby, in 1735, the Duke of