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Atholl succeeded to the island, as heir general by a female branch. In the meantime, though the title of king had long been disused, the earls of Derby, as lords of Man, maintained a sort of legal authority there, by assenting or dissenting from laws; and no English writ or process was of any authority in Man. Such an independent jurisdiction being found inconvenient for the purposes of justice, by affording a ready asylum for debtors, outlaws, and smugglers, the interest of the then proprietor was purchased by government in 1765, and the island and its dependencies (except the landed property and some other rights of the Atholl family) became vested in the crown, and subject to the regulations of the British excise and customs. The Isle of Man, however, retains its peculiar laws, except as regards the revenue, so that it is still a convenient refuge for debtors and outlaws.

The Channel Islands, being the islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and their appendages, were part of the duchy of Normandy, and were united to the crown of England by the first Norman princes. They are governed by their own laws, which are mostly the ducal customs of Normandy, being collected in an ancient book called "Le Grand Coustumier." They are not bound by common acts of the English parliament, unless specially mentioned. All causes are originally determined by their own officers, but appeal lies from them to the sovereign in council in the last resort.

The more distant possessions of the British Crown in various quarters of the globe must next be considered. They are usually called colonies, and have been obtained by cession or conquest, or originally founded by the state, or individuals who voluntarily emigrate from, or have been compulsorily, in virtue of a judicial sentence, sent abroad by the mother country. England appears to have been the first and long the only European kingdom that established penal colonies for the reception of criminals. The colonies of the empire are 44 in number; but Tasmania, the Bermudas, and Western Australia were the last remaining convict settlements. The principal other colonies of the empire are the Canadas, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, in North America; in the West Indies, Jamaica, Barbadoes, Antigua, Grenada, St. Lucia, and Trinidad, exclusive of Demerara and Berbice in South America. Britain has also settlements elsewhere, as Victoria and New South Wales, Port Lewis, Columbo, Cape of Good Hope, Mauritius, New Zealand, and some others, exclusive of her extensive dependencies in the East Indies. The English law is not necessarily in force in the colonies. Where a country, which was previously under a settled government, accrues to the crown by cession or conquest, only such parts of the English law are in force there as have either been specifically introduced by statutes or can be shown by a course of decisions to have been acted on in such country, Campbell v. Hale, Cowp. 204. All persons charged in

any colony with offences committed on the sea may be dealt with in the same manner as if the offences had been committed on waters within the local jurisdiction of the courts of the colony; and shall receive the same punishment as on convictions for like offences in England. The 23 & 24 V. c. 122, empowers legislatures of possessions abroad to make ordinances, same as provisions in 9 G. 4, e. 31. s. 8, as regards persons feloniously struck, poisoned, or hurt and dying of the injury at sea or any place out of England or the

colonies.

In 1865 a series of important acts was passed in relation to the boundaries, political and civil administration, of British foreign possessions and colonies.

By 28 V. c. 5, the territories of Kaffraria are incorporated with the Cape of Good Hope. Kaffraria to be divided into two electoral divisions, and return four members to the house of assembly of the Cape. For elections to the legislative council, Kaffraria to be comprised in and form part of the eastern districts. S. 15 provides for the transfer of the jurisdiction of the supreme court of the Cape in criminal and civil matters.

By 28 V. c. 14, better provision is made for the naval defence of the colonies. By s. 3, power is given to the proper legislative authority of any colony to provide vessels of war, raise men, and comission officers. Also to raise and maintain a body of volunteers bound to general service in the royal navy, in case of emergeny, or in vessels of war. Volunteers to form part of the royal naval reserve. Colonial vessels and men may be placed at the service of the admiralty for general service, if offered by the eral government. Not to impose any charge on the imperial tresury without the consent of parliament, nor to abrilge colonial leristative powers.

ecial laws. The term

The 28 & 29 V. c. 63, removes doubts as to the validity of "colony" defined to include all posSessions abroad in which there is a legislature, except the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. By s. 2, any colonial law is void, if ant to an act of the imperial parliament made to extend to the clony. But colonial law not void, if only inconsistent with instractions from the home government.

S. 7 makes void certain

of the legislature of South Australia. Er 28 & 29 V c. 64, every law made by the legislature of any presion abroad, establishing the validity of marriages, to be ing from the date of contract within all parts of her Majesty's inions. But the act does not give validity to any marriage un

at the time of such marriage both parties were, according to tea of England, competent to contract the same.

The 29 & 29 V. c. 113, authorizes the payment of retiring penKato colonial governors. Scale proportioned to amount of salary, , and years of service. The full rate for governors who have governed at least four years: if salary has not been less than

£5,000, £1,000 pension; if not less than £2,500 salary, £750; if less than £1,200, £500 The reduced rate of pension is twothirds of the full rate. The full rate granted at the age of sixty and eighteen years' service. Deduction from pension on account of half-pay. Persons receiving pensions bound to accept employment till the age of sixty, and not to relinquish till sixty-five. ment of pensions granted to be annually laid before parliament. We may next consider at greater length the important British possessions in India.

State

In 1708 two rival associations existed in England for the purposes of East Indian traffic, but in that year they were consolidated into one by an act of parliament (6 Anne, c. 17). This joint body, which was known afterwards by the name of "The East India Company," crushed the power of the rival French settlers, and gradually acquired immense territorial dominions (always being subject to the British Crown). It received a charter from the crown, and its privileges were at different times limited and defined by the legislature.

At length, in consequence of the mutiny of the Sepoy (native) soldiery in India in the year 1857, an act of parliament (21 & 22 V. c. 106) was passed, by which the government of India was transferred to the crown, though the Company was allowed to retain its incorporated capacity to a certain extent.

In future, the directors elected by the general court of the Company are alone to be the directors; and to the intent that the number of directors may be reduced to six, the act says that two directors are only to be elected by the general court at each biennial election, to fill the vacancies occasioned by the expiration of the directorial term of office.

The qualification of a ten-years' residence in India by a director has ceased to be required, and it is no longer obligatory on the dirctors to summon four general quarterly courts every year. Except claims of mortgages on the Security Fund, the Company is relieved of all liability in respect of claims arising out of any treaty, grant, or engagement. In short, bodily and in spirit, both as to power and capital, the Company is extinct; and the chief if not only virtual function that remains to it is to receive, as provided by s. 72, from the secretary of state for India, the annual sum out of the Indian revenue requisite to pay the dividends due to the proprietors of the interest-bearing stock of the Company, and the expenses incident to the keeping the transfer books of such stock.

Since the commencement of the act, thirty days after being passed (August 2, 1858), all powers previously exercised by the Board of Control and the E. I. C. in respect of the territories and revenues of India have been and now are exercised by the secretary of state and Council for India. By s. 7, the first council of India is to consist of fifteen members, of whom the court of directors of

the E. I. C. are to elect seven from their own body, the remaining it to be appointed by H. M. In default of election by E. I. C., er refusal to serve, the queen to appoint. Any vacancy in the eight crown non.inees to be supplied by the crown, or in the seven elected members by the council at a meeting held for the purpose. The major part of the council elected or appointed must have served or resided in India for ten years at the least, and (excepting present directors and officers of the Company who have so served or resided) have not previously left India above ten years. But no unqualified person is to fill any vacancy, unless nine at least of the continuing members of council be qualified as to residence, service, and absence, s. 10. Tenure of office during good behaviour, or removal on address of both houses of parliament. Members of council not to sit in parliament. Salary of each, £1,200 per annum, with a pension of £500 on retiring from infruity after ten years' service. Present secretaries and officers of the E. I. C. to be continued, but the secretary of state in council within six months to submit to the crown a scheme for the permanent establishment, the number and salaries of which, when Sxed, to be submitted to parliament, s. 16. After first formation of establishment, power to remove officers, to make appointments and promotions, vested in the secretary in council; but the order of H. M. in council, May 21, 1855, or such other regulations as H. M. in council may frame for examination, probation, or tests of Stress in the junior situations in the civil service of the crown, to apply to appointments on the Indian establishment. Compensation to officers on home establishment of E. I. C., and of the Board of Control, not retained on the new establishment, to be settled by the crown. Superannuations to be allowed as settled before the act, 8. 16-18-Duties and Procedure of Council: By s. 19, under the direction of the secretary of state, the council to conduct the crown business of the government and correspondence of India, but every communication to India is to be signed by one of the principal secretaries of state; and, except as otherwise provided by the act, every order in rotation to be signed by such secretary of state; and all despatches from India to be addressed to such secretary. Secretary to divide council into three committees, and regulate transaction of business; to be president of the council, with power to vote, and to appoint a member of the council to he vice-president. Secretary in council and five members of coun-il to be a quorum for business; in absence of secretary, vice-president to preside; or in absence of both, a member of council to be chosen to preside. Meetings to be fixed by secretary, but one meeting at least to be held every week. Differences of opinion at meetings, except in certain cases, to be determined by secretary; if an equality of votes, secretary to have a casting vote; all acts done in absence of secretary to have his sanction or approval in writing; in case of difference of opinion on any question decided

at a meeting, the secretary may require that his opinion and reasons for it may be entered in the minutes of proceedings; and any member present at the meeting may require that his opinion and reasons for it may be in like manner entered, s. 23. All orders and communications proposed for India or home by secretary, unless previously submitted to a meeting of council, to be placed in the council room, for the perusal of members, during seven days, and any member, in a minute book kept for the purpose, may record his opinion of the same, and a copy be forthwith sent to the secretary. If majority of council record their opinions against proposed act of secretary, and he does not defer to the majority, his reasons must be recorded for acting in opposition thereto. In certain urgent cases an order or despatch may be issued by secretary without being submitted to council, but the reasons for so acting to be recorded, and notice given to members of council. But orders as previously sent through secret committee of E. I. C. may be sent by secretary without communication with council. Despatches from India marked "Secret," need not be communicated to council, unless secretary thinks fit, s. 28.-Appointments and Patronage: The appointments of governor-general of India, fourth ordinary member of council of governor-general, and governors of presidencies heretofore made by E. I. C. with crown approval, and that of the advocate-general of the presidencies by the Board of Control with like approval, to be now made by the crown. The appointment of the ordinary members of council of governor-general, except the fourth, and of the members of council of the several presidencies, to be made by secretary in council, with the concurrence of a majority of the members present at a meeting; the appointments of the lieutenantgovernors of provinces or territories to be made by the governor-general with approval of the crown. All appointments as now made in India to continue to be so made; but secretary in council, with majority of members present, may make regulations for the division and distribution of nominations and patronage among the Indian authorities, ss. 29-31. By s. 32, secretary in council to make regulations in concert with H. M.'s commissioners acting under orders of May 21, 1855, regulating admissions into civil services of H. M. for admitting all persons being natural-born subjects as candidates for examination for the junior civil service of India, and only such as have certificate of fitness to be qualified for appointment by secretary in council. Such regulations by secretary to be laid before parliament. All other appointments to cadetships, naval and military, not otherwise provided for, vested in the crown. Regulations to be made prescribing the examinations open as in civil service to all persons for cadetships in the engineers and artillery, s. 34. By s. 35, not less than one-tenth of persons recommended for military cadetships to be selected from the sons of persons who have served in

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