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sea-borne coals, taken without previous landing, beyond 20 miles from General Post-office by ship or canal, or to be exported coastwise, or to foreign parts. Like drawback on coals brought by inland navigation, and taken beyond 20 miles from the Post-office by railway or by canal. Like drawback on coals brought by railway, and taken beyond 20 miles by canal. All coals brought by railway, within the London district, and conveyed beyond the district by railway, to be exempt from duty. Corporation may allow a drawback of 12d. per ton on coke. Drawbacks not to be allowed in any case, unless for a quantity exceeding 20 tons. Certificates to be given by persons receiving transported coals beyond the London district. For expense of executing the act 1d. per ton may be levied upon every ton on which drawback has been allowed. Lightermen employed to carry coals to any vessel or railway, not delivering the whole of such coals, liable to a penalty not exceeding £100.

II. TOBACCO.

The provisions against the culture of tobacco in Britain, are, by 1 & 2 W. 4, c. 13, extended to Ireland, and the growth of tobacco in any part of the United Kingdom is prohibited under a penalty of £10, except in a medicinal garden to the extent of one half pole. Dealers in tobacco or snuff, having any such prohibited tobacco in any quantity in possession, or any other person to the amount of one pound, is subject to a penalty of £100. Persons employed in the adulteration of tobacco with herbs or other material, or vending the same, may be imprisoned six months, or fined £100. Persons cutting walnut-tree, hop, sycamore, or other leaves in imitation of tobacco, forfeit £100. Mixing any ingredient, except water, with tobacco, exceeding two per cent., or with snuff exceeding four per cent., subjects the same to forfeiture, 3 & 4 V. c. 18. Having in possession any sugar, treacle, commings, lime, ochre, sea-weed, ground or unground chicory, or similar adulterations, subjects, under 5 & 6 V. c. 93, to a penalty of £200. The removal of any quantity of tobacco above the weight of four pounds, or of snuff above two pounds, without a permit, is prohibited, on pain of forfeiture.

III. BAKERS.

The making of bread in the country is regulated by 6 & 7 W. 4, c. 37, and its provisions assimilated to 3 G. 4, c. 106, which regulates bakers in the metropolis. Bread may be made of any weight or size; but must be sold by weight only (French rolls and fancy bread excepted.) Bakers to use avoirdupois weight, and no other. Penalty for using false weights, £5. Bakers delivering bread by cart, &c., to be provided with scales and weights. Bakers convicted of adulterating bread, liable to a

penalty of £10, and to have their names and abodes advertised in the newspapers. Penalty for adulterating flour, meal, &c., £20. Bread made of mixed meal and flour to be marked with the letter "M." Magistrates and peace officers, by warrant, may search baker's premises, and seize and carry away adulterated flour and meal. Penalty for obstructing search, £10. Ingredients for adulterating flour, meal, &c., being found on baker's premises, subject the offender to a penalty of £10, and the like sum for every subsequent offence. Offences occasioned by the wilful default of journeyman bakers, subject them to a fine or imprisonment. Bakers not to bake bread or rolls on the Lord's day, or sell bread, or bake pies, &c., after half-past 1 of the clock in the afternoon. Bakings may be delivered until half-past 1 o'clock, and not later, on Sundays, under the penalty of 20s. No baker, mealman, or miller, to act as a magistrate under the act, under a penalty of £100. One half of each penalty to go to the informer (and 38. extra on Sundays for his expenses), and the other moiety to the overseer, or other parochial officer. Act does not extend to Ireland, nor the regulations as to bakings on Sundays to Scotland.

IV. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.-By 5 G. 4, c. 74, amended by subsequent statutes, attempts have been made to enforce and establish uniformity in the weights and measures of the United Kingdom. By these statutes an imperial standard yard, pound, gallon, and bushel are fixed, and the principle laid down on which they may be renewed if lost or destroyed. Models and copies of these and their parts and multiples are to be deposited at the chamberlain's office, Westminster, and sent to London, Edinburgh, Dublin, and other cities and places. The magistrates are to procure them for the use of their respective counties, and contracts are to be governed by these standards. The old wine gallon of 231 cubic inches, the ale and beer gallon of 282 inches, the old corn gallon of 268 8, the old Scots pint or Stirling jug, with all other local measures of capacity of every description were abolished. The imperial standard gallon is 277 274 cubic inches, and the proportion it bears to the old wine gallon is nearly as 6 to 5, to the ale gallon as 59 to 60; to the corn gallon as 33 to 32; to the Stirling pint as 59 to 22. The legal stone is fixed at 14 lbs. avoirdupois, and the use of all others abolished. All articles sold by weight must be sold by avoirdupois weight, except gold, silver, platina, precious stones, and drugs in retail, which are to be sold by troy weight. Local and customary measures are abolished; also heaped measures; but articles heretofore sold by heap measure may either be sold by the bushel filled to the brim, or some aliquot part thereof, or by weight. Coals must be sold by weight only. Weights

made of lead or pewter are not to be stampe i or used. The privileges of leet juries and of local bodies in the metropolis were not infringed.

By 22 & 23 V. c. 56, s. 2, if any person knowingly make or sell any false or unjust beam, scale, or balance, or any light or unjust weight or measure, he shall forfeit any sum not above £10, as adjudged by magistrate or sheriff. Power given to examine weights and measures in possession of persons offering goods for sale in any public street or open ground, and if found fraudulent, or if any fraud be committed in the use of them, they may be seized, and the offender subjected to any penalty not exceeding £5. By s. 4, municipal corporations are empowered to appoint inspectors and examiners of weights and measures, and to provide copies of the imperial standard. Inspectors and examiners so appointed may exercise the same powers of entering shops, stores, warehouses, manufactories, stalls, yards, and places within the borough, and of examining and comparing, trying and seizing, weights or measures as heretofore exercised by the inspector and examiner appointed by county justices at quarter sessions. For the convenience of seller and buyer, the inspectors are authorized to stamp measures if made partly of copper or other metal and partly of glass or other transparent medium.

In 1866, by 29 & 30 V. c. 82, a transfer of authority over weights and measures, and the standard trial-pieces of the coin of the realm was made, and the custody of the imperial standards of length and weight, and of all secondary standards, and of all balances, apparatus, documents, and things used in the exchequer at Westminster, or in the care of the comptroller general, became vested in the Board of Trade, with all power and duties relative thereto, or imposed in the Treasury. By s. 2, the Board of Trade once in every ten years to cause the three parliamentary copies of the imperial standards of length and of weight deposited at the Mint, with the Royal Society of London, and in the Observatory of Greenwich, to be compared with the imperial standards of length and of weight and with each other. By s. 3, working secondary standards to be called the Board of Trade standards. Every five years the Board to cause the standards in use to be compared with the imperial standards of length and weight and with each other, and to be adjusted or renewed, if requisite. Definition to be given by order in council of the amount of error to be tolerated and authorization of further secondary standards. By s. 9, from the passing of the act an indenture of verification of any standard, or any indorsement on any such indenture, not to be liable to stamp duty, nor any fee payable on the verification or re-verification. The Board of Trade to constitute a department of their office, to be called the standard weights and measures department, and to appoint a warden of the standards, with so many clerks and officers and salaries as the Treasury shall approve. By s. 11, provision

made for comparison of standards in aid of scientific researches. By s. 13, the custody of the standard trial pieces of gold and silver used for determining the justness of the gold and silver coins of the realm issued from the Mint, and of all books, documents, and things used in connection therewith deposited in the exchequer to be transferred to the Treasury.

In 1864, the 27 & 28 V. c. 117, rendered permissive the metric system of weights and measures, for the promotion of home and foreign trade and the advancement of science. By s. 2, no contract or dealing is to be deemed invalid, or open to objection, on the ground that the weights or measures expressed or referred to are of the metric system, or decimal subdivision of legal weights and measures, whether metric or otherwise are used in contract and dealing. Annexed to the act is a table of the equivalents of weights and measures, expressed in terms of the metric system.

CHAPTER XXII.

Travellers and Passengers.

UNDER this head will be included the laws relative to railways, stage-coaches, post-horses, hackney coaches, locomotives, emigrant ships, and passengers by sea.

1. RAILWAYS.

The powers of inspection and control over the construction of railways are now by 3 & 4 V. c. 97, and 14 & 15 V. c. 64, vested in the Board of Trade. Every railway company may be directed by the Board of Trade to deliver a table of all tolls, rates, and charges levied on each class of passengers, and on cattle and goods, conveyed on the railway and if not delivered within thirty days after the same shall have been required, every such company shall forfeit £20 for every day during which the company shall neglect to deliver the same; and every officer of any company making false returns shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanour.

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Copies of the by-laws, rules, &c., of every company are to be laid before the Board of Trade, or otherwise to be void.

No by-law valid until two months after it has been laid before the Board, unless it shall be certified as approved of before the expiration of that period; and the Board of Trade is empowered to disallow any of the by-laws.

Any person in the employ of a railway company found drunk while so employed, or who shall negligently or wilfully endanger the life or limb of any person, or the works or carriages, may be summarily punished by imprisonment, with or without hard labour,

for any term not more than two months, or sentenced to the payment of any penalty of not more than £10.

Persons trespassing upon or wilfully obstructing the officers of a railway, may be apprehended and taken before a justice, who may sentence them to a fine of any sum not exceeding £3, and in default of payment to imprisonment for any term not exceeding two months.

The 7 & 8 V. c. 85, passed in 1844, empowers the lords of the Treasury, if after twenty-one years from the passing of any future railway act, the profits shall exceed 10 per cent. per annum on an average of the three preceding years, to revise the tolls so as to reduce the divisible profit to 10 per cent.; or they may purchase any such future railway at twenty-five years' purchase. Future railway companies, or such companies as may obtain any extension or amendment of the powers conferred on them by their previous acts, shall, by means of one train at the least once on every week-day, except Christmas Day and Good Friday (such exception not to ex tend to Scotland), provide for the conveyance of third-class passen gers to and from the terminal and other ordinary passenger stations of the railway, under the obligations contained in their several acts of parliament, and with the immunities applicable by law to carriers of passengers by railway; and also under the following conditions:

Such train shall start at an hour to be from time to time fixed by the directors, subject to the approval of the Board of Trade; it shall travel at an average rate of speed of not less than twelve miles an hour for the whole distance travelled on the railway, including stoppages: if required, it shall take up and set down passengers at every passenger station which it shall pass on the line; the carriages in which passengers shall be conveyed by such train shall be provided with seats, and shall be protected from the weather; the fare for each thirdclass passenger shall not exceed 1d. for each mile travelled; each passenger shall be allowed to take with him half a hundredweight of luggage, not being merchandise or other articles carried for hire or profit, without extra charge; and any excess of luggage shall be charged by weight, at a rate not exceeding the lowest rate of charge for passengers' luggage by other trains; children under three years of age accompanying pas sengers by such train shall be taken without any charge, and children three and upwards, but under twelve years of age, at half the charge for an adult passenger.

Whenever trains run on Sunday on any railway, carriages are to be attached to such train each way as shall stop at the greatest number of stations for third-class passengers, and the charge not to exceed 1d. per mile.

By 21 & 22 V. c. 75, the charge for a third-class passenger for any distance less than a mile to be one penny; or if the distance

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