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1899.

January..

February March April.. May

June

July.

August.

September.

October..

Year 1900.

....

In. In. In. 30.06 30.44 29.25 44.8 30.19 30.47 26.68 42.1 46.8 48.9 40.0 44.4 29.98 30.42 29.47 44.8 50.9 53.4 42.5 48.0 30.06 30.29 29.64 44.6 51.5 53.3 43.2 48.2 30.07 30.27 29.59 46.7 51.6 53.4 45.7 49.6 30.03 30.22 29.82 48.5 55.1 56.2 47.8 52.0 29.99 30.13 29.84 51.8 57.0 58.6 51.1 54.8 29.96 30.13 29.83 53.0 58.5 59.8 52.0 55.9 30.01 30.15 29.80 51.7 57.2 59.2 50.5 54.8 29.99 30.29 29.55 48.7 55.5 57.9 46.1 52.0 November 29.92 30.28 29.53 53.9 58.4 61.3 50.5 55.9 December..... 30.08 30.53 29.55 44.4 51.7 54.1 41.8 48.0 30.03 30.53

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0.259 0.299 6.50 0.241 0.268 5.03 76 0.269 0.281 8.53 75 0.261 0.285 1.91 76 0.282 0.290 1.73 0.314 0.330 0.75 51 92 80 0.354 0.375 0.00 48 51 52 92 80 0.369 0.392 0.42 46 50 52 94 83 0.360 0.386 0.88 39 45 48 88 78 0.301 0.336 4.28 41 48 51 83 78 0.345 0.377 14.80 33 42 46 91 82 0.269 0.313 7.05 24 45 47

89 79 0.302 0.328 51.88

1.16 4.9 6.0 6.9 3.17 5.0 5.9 6.2 1.60 6.8 6.0 6.1 0.55 4.9 4.9 5.0 1.23 7.2 5.5 5.8 0.36 5.4 2.1 3.0 0.00 8.5 5.3 6.3 0.24 7.6 4.5 5.8 0.74 3.3 4.9 6.7 1.90 3.3 5.0 5.5 3.38 5.7 7.2 7.3 1.37 4.7 5.5 6.2 3.38 5.6 5.2 5.9

January..

February March

April....

May.

June

July....

August.. September

October... November December...

Year

30.07 30.42 29.63 47.6 53.6 55.6 45.3 50.4 30.13 30.41 29.88 46.0 51.7 53.5 43.8 48.6 29.99 30.22 29.68 47.6 52.8 55.2 45.8 50.5 29.97 30.19 29.72 46.7 53.7 56.0 45.0 50.5 68 30.01 30.23 29.72 50.9 57.2 59.0 49.7 54.4 29.95 30.12 29.78 53.0 58.5 60.0 52.5 56.2 29.92 30.10 29.74 53.6 59.2 60.5 52.4 56.4 29.96 30.18 29.79 53.8 59.8 61.1 52.8 29.94 30.15 29.75 52.7 59.8 61.6 51.7 56.6 29.95 30.28 29.49 50.3 56.7 59.1 48.4 53.8 67 29.96 30.34 29.42 50.1 55.8 58.6 48.0 53.3 72 30.09 30.32 29.53 49.0 54.2 56.2 45.5 50.8 30.00 30.42 29.42 50.1 56.1 58.0 48.4 53.2

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a From observations at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. 75th meridian time. Local mean time 3 h. 17 m. slow.

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Some time ago the observer at Eureka arranged with the Humboldt Jetty office for gratuitous daily information respecting the approximate force and direction of the wind and the condition of the ocean adjacent to the bay. To the harbor entrance is a distance of about 7 miles, and the two jetties there extend out into the ocean 7,000 feet. Very often when outside there is a gale with an extremely rough sea; inside there is a calm or a wind from a different direction. Herewith is a rough sketch of the coast from Cape Mendocino to Patricks Point, a distance of about 40 miles. The coast line is some 10 miles east of a line joining the bluff points of Cape Mendocino and Patricks Point. Still farther to the east the hills form a greater curve, placing the lowlands on which Eureka stands in a protected position from the northwest, east, and southeast, and greatly modifying the conditions prevailing beyond the limits of the area shown in the sketch.

Patricks Point

TRINIDAD

72.40

By running a line from the cape to the point one will probably discover that during a severe southeast storm from, say, 20 to 50 miles off coast there is often inside the line or near the coast but a moderate wind. Moreover, a west to northwest wind is much more severe outside than inside this line. The force of southeast winds is no doubt frequently broken by Cape Mendocino and the adjacent hills. Greatly modified in intensity and somewhat deflected, they again approach the coast north of Patricks Point; but in a heavy south wind the resistance of the cape seems inconsiderable. Often in summer, during a moderate wind of 15 miles or more at sea, near the coast and even on the bay it will -blow quite strongly. On this coast only seldom does a wind for any great length of time blow directly from the southwest. On its approach to the land it will veer either to the south or to the northwest. During a southeast wind along the coast there is invariably a southwest wind at

After a southeast storm a heavy sea from the southwest causes the bay to become rough and extremely dangerous for vessels. Frequently on approaching the coast northwesterly winds will be met by warm currents of air from the land. The result in every instance is fog, and generally

IFIC

OCEAN

a material reduction in the force of the wind. Cape Mendocino
In forecasting southeast storms the high hills
east and southeast of this station and extending
to Cape Mendocino should be allowed for.

7000

Jetty

Bay

EUREKA

FIG. 5.-Sketch map of Eureka and vicinity.

CLIMATE OF SAN FRANCISCO.

On the coast of California there is a city justly famed for the abnormalities of its climate. Overcoats and heavy wraps are worn in midsummer, while the lilies bloom in December. From May until September very little rain falls, yet during this period with clock-like regularity great banks of fog march in every afternoon and cover the bare, brown hills. The city of San Francisco, the gateway to the Orient, as it has been termed, is strangely situated with respect to ocean, bay, mountain, and valley. It may perhaps be said of this city that nowhere else can such a strange mixture of marine and continental climates be found. The topography is such that marked contrasts can be found within comparatively short distances. Certainly the climatologist finds in the vicinity of San Francisco so many climatic anomalies that he feeis as if he 1176-Bull L-03-3

were in fact present in a great natural aero-physical laboratory where daily experiments were being performed on a large scale. In building this meteorological laboratory at San Francisco nature also provided seats wherefrom we can obtain excellent views of the experiments while in progress. From the Weather Bureau station on Mount Tamalpais-elevation of station, 2,373 feet-one looks down on the broad expanse of the Pacific, nearly 20,000,000 square miles of water, to the north, west, and south. From the open roadstead of Drakes Bay the eye passes over the Sausalito hills to the headlands of Points Bonita and Lobos, marking the entrance to the Golden Gate. This passage plays an important rôle in connection with the winds, temperatures, and fogs of the San Francisco Bay region. At mean tide the area of San Francisco Bay is about 450 square miles.

Far on the eastern horizon, especially on clear winter days, the snow of the Sierra-155 miles distant-can be seen glistening. These mountains vary in height from 8,000 to 14,000 feet.

Extending from the slopes of the Sierra to the Coast Range is a great basin 500 miles long and about 50 wide. The Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, flowing through this basin, unite in Suisun Bay. This great inland basin, surrounded by mountain walls, is connected with the Pacific Ocean by the gate at San Francisco, San Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Straits, and Suisun Bay. Here, then, is an aero-physical laboratory par excellence. Now for the results.

When a native of San Francisco is asked which is the coldest month of the year, he is generally at a loss for an answer; and if asked which is the warmest he may say November. This confusion arises from the comparatively small range of temperature. The mean annual temperature, as determined from the records of the Weather Bureau for thirty-one years is 56.1 F. May and November have practically the same temperature. The warmest month is September, 60.8; the coldest, January, 50.2°. The other months have mean temperatures as follows: February, 52; March, 54; April, 55; May, 57°; June, July, and August, 59°; October, 60°; November, 56°; December, 52°.

The highest temperature ever recorded at San Francisco was 100°, on June 29, 1891, and the lowest 29°, on January 15, 1888. Abnormally warm and cold periods last, as a rule, about three days. The mean of the three consecutive warmest days at San Francisco has never exceeded 76.3. A period of warm weather during the summer months is, as a rule, brought to a close about the evening of the third day with strong west winds, dense fog, and temperatures ranging from 49° to 54. The mean of the three consecutive coldest days was 40.7. The greatest daily range of temperature was 43, on June 29, 1891. This was the date when the temperature reached 100. The range of temperature was from 100 to 57. The morning was calm and very warm, while at 5 p. m. the temperature was 80° and next morning 74°.

In the past thirty years the number of days on which snow has fallen can be counted on the ten fingers. Thunderstorms likewise are infrequent, but not altogether unknown. Earthquakes, meaning by this all slight shocks and tremors, average about 7 per annum. Very little damage has been done by earthquakes during the past fifty years.

The people in San Francisco have long realized that winter and summer are purely relative terms. Thus at any of the ferries on a midsummer day one can see summer fabrics worn with heavy wraps, and it is not unusual to see white duck and sealskin in combination. Visitors to the city should by all means wear heavy wraps or overcoats during the summer afternoon.

The experiments of the observers of the Weather Bureau during the past two years with kites have thrown much light upon the causes of the climatic abnormalities experienced at San Francisco; and, among other things, it has become evident that in summer as we ascend from the ground the temperature rises. For each 155 feet of elevation the temperature is 1° F. warmer, and so on any of the hills or mountains in the vicinity of San Francisco one can find with very little effort the climate best suited for him. In other words, the citizen of the San Francisco Bay section can regulate the temperature to suit himself, having a choice between these limits: 55° at sea level and 85° at 2,000 feet above.

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