this announcement must have twinkled | quinas, the risks being much larger, the before the eyes of thousands of the padre's gains are proportionately increased, so countrymen! The great Tuscan lottery, that when a buyer tries for a quina major which used to be drawn at Leghorn, was the office gives him the magnificent odds abolished when the last grand duke was of one thousand and fifty to one. Thus to deposed; but those of Rome and Naples win £84,400 the Padre Salvatore must still flourish; and at this moment there have bought five tickets and staked £80

66

that their numbers would all be drawn in a specified order. If all five numbers had come out, but in a different order to that which he had named, he would have won nothing. Truly he must be an adventurous clergyman, with plenty of money to spare; for this is "plunging" with a vengeance.

Perhaps the padre had dreamed the numbers of his quina; and this would account for his high play. Some years ago there was a major-domo at one of the chief hotels in Rome who was not only a fanatic of the lottery on his own account, but used to recommend it to all the English families who sojourned in the house. This man, having dreamed that he had won a terna, remembered the numbers when he awoke, and proceeded to back them for a napoleon week after week from that day. He did this for twenty-one years and four months without winning a single paul; but at last, a small legacy having come to him, he ventured to lay £40, and won the same week, his long-expected terna bringing him £16,000. It would have been useless to try and argue such a person out of his belief in dreams; and indeed all words are wasted upon an Italian who mixes superstition with his gambling.

are innumerable Italians who week after week carry money to the loto offices in the hope of winning a fortune. This mania is very productive to the State, for it brings in as much as £800,000 a year; but it also serves to feed popular superstition in its most ludicrous and childish forms. The Italian whose mind is intent on "ambes," ternes," and "quines "is forever on the lookout for portents. He carries a little book which purports to furnish a key to all the ordinary incidents which chequer life. For instance, if going out in the morning the first thing you see is a cab, count the number of people inside, look at the number on the box, watch whether the vehicle takes the first turning to the right or the left, and if it stops at a house observe the number over the door; for here you have a series of omens which, separately or in the aggregate, may guide your choice in the purchase of a lottery ticket. If a man begins his day with three sneezes, receives three letters by the post, is dunned for three lire, and goes to a café where he finds three waiters or three customers sitting at the table next his, he will be sure to conclude that this repetition of the number three in one day indicates that he should speculate on a terna; and he will take care that the numbers of the tickets he buys be divisible by three. It is a most curious sight to watch the Similarly with other figures, but especially weekly drawings of the lottery on the with those from one to five inclusive; for Piazza Colonna at Rome. An excited these compose the quine, and no more than crowd, among which numerous old women five numbers come out on each drawing are to be seen, throngs round the steps of day. The smallest sum that may be in the municipal office. The ceremony takes vested on one ticket, or series of tickets, place on a balcony in the presence of sevis 21-2 d., the largest £80. If a buyer eral officials; but the drawing is perspeculates on a single ticket he may win formed by boys from an orphan school. five times his stake; an ambe (two tick-One turns the windlass of a large wooden ets whose numbers must both come out) will yield him thirty-three times his stake; and if he goes on a terna he may win two hundred or four hundred times his stake, according as he chooses the simple terna or the terna major. The simple terna is equivalent to betting that three particular numbers will be drawn; the terna major consists in betting that three numbers will come out in a certain order. There is the same difference between the two as there is in turf-betting between backing three horses for places and betting that three horses will come in first, second, and third respectively. Of course, in quaternas and

whirligig; another, who is blindfolded, pulls out the tickets one by one; and as each comes out it has to be proclaimed in a loud voice, after which it is posted on a notice-board, which is lowered by-and-by, so that the public may read for themselves. In the days of the temporal power at Rome and of the Bourbons at Naples, it was seldom that large winnings were paid wholly in money-land, works of art, or houses being sometimes thrown in at fancy prices; but nowadays the government levies an ad valorem tax, which amounts to ten per cent. for winnings above £4,000, and pays the rest immediately at sight of the ticket.

I. VICE-ADMIRAL Baron von TEGETTHOFF,. Fraser's Magazine,
II. MACLEOD OF DARE. By William Black.

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From Fraser's Magazine. of what they have done, and how they VICE-ADMIRAL BARON VON TEGETTHOFF. have done it. But this is a higher and THERE is a certain tendency in the graver study than all that has gone before. minds of those who are most earnest in Certain fixed rules can be laid down for the cause of naval education to confuse observing the sun or for regulating the the means with the end, and to imagine chronometers. The different points of that all that is wanted is a competent seamanship are learned and understood knowledge of such science as mathematics, by the average boatswain, as well as by physics, geography, astronomy, naviga- his commanding officer. A given battery tion even, or pilotage, gunnery, or naval will send an electric current through a architecture. In reality, and so far as the known resistance. Steam at a given presduties of a naval officer are concerned, all sure will drive the ship at a known speed; these are but branches, however impor- and the measures necessary for obtaining tant, each in its different degree, of that that pressure and that speed are acquired one science, the art of war, which it is the by hundreds. But the science of war is business of his life to practise. From not one of mere rule and precedent; for this point of view, the raison d'être of a changing conditions change almost every ship of war is her power of fighting; that detail, and that too in a manner which it of her captain is the skill to use that pow- is often impossible to foresee. er. The captain of a ship of war is therefore called on to possess not merely the skill of the navigator, of the seaman, of the engineer, of the gunner, or nowadays of the electrician, but of all together, directed by the knowledge of how and when to use each to the best advantage so as to attain the desired end. As a matter of first necessity, young officers are specially instructed in the details of those several branches a knowledge of each of which must be joined together in the perfect commander; but it is not by that detailed instruction alone that they become fitted for the duties which promotion will lay on them. Where the official instruction ends, the higher education really begins. From that time, it is the man's own experience, and reading, and thought, and judgment, which must fit him for the requirements of higher rank.

The commanding officer who hopes to win, not merely to tumble into distinction, must therefore be prepared beforehand for every eventuality. The knowledge of what has happened already will not only teach him by precedent; so far as that is possible, it is easy, and within the compass of every-day abilities; it will also suggest to him things that have never yet been done; things in the planning of which he may rise to the height of genius, in the executing of which he may rise to the height of grandeur. And it is in this way that the exact story of difficulties overcome, of brave defence or brilliant achievement, interesting in itself as a story of gallantry or heroism, becomes, to the naval officer, a study of real and technical importance.

It was, I may believe, some such ideas as these which determined Captain Colomb, shortly after the Austro-Italian war of 1866, to bring before the United Service Institution a paper which he aptly named “Lessons from Lissa.” * But the conditions of Captain Colomb's lecture led him to devote the short time at his disposal to discussing some of the details of the battle-then only imperfectly known — rather than to giving a complete and connected account of it, or entering at all into the personal, political, or even

It is a trite proverb that experience teaches even fools. But needful personal experience is not always to be had, or the cost of its lessons may be ruinous. The wise man will learn from the experience of others and just as a naval officer learns navigation from the theories and practice of centuries, embodied in his Inman or his Raper, or as he learns seamanship from the traditions of old, whether handed down by word of mouth, or recorded by Darcy Lever, or Boyd, or Nares; so also will he learn the art of commanding ships or fleets from the history of his great predecessors, p. 194.

Journal of the United Service Institution, vol. xi.,

strategical conditions under which the ships, whilst cruising in the Adriatic and Archipelago, he learned the more practical part of his duties. On the 27th of January, 1848, he was made an ensign of the second class; and was raised to the first class, three months later, on the 18th of April.

battle was fought. The paper is an admirable and suggestive essay on the tactics of the two fleets; but it is not, it does not pretend to be, the story of the battle, still less of the campaign; and thus in a measure loses sight of the circumstances which neutralized the greater force of the Italians, and originated the successful attack of the Austrians.

But imperfect as it is. Captain Colomb's paper is the only account of Lissa which has appeared in English; with the exception, of course, of the hasty, incorrect, or entirely false accounts which were sent home on the spur of the moment by the correspondents of the several newspapers,

The Austrian navy was, at this period, a service of extremely small importance, either from a national or political point of view. It was feeble: it was neglected by the government; and every kreuzer spent on it was grudged. In the interior of the country, it was scarcely known that there was a navy at all. The officers were, almost to a man, natives of the Italian provinces: the few Germans amongst them

some of whom dated their letters from sons of government officials civil or Trieste or Pola, but many from Vienna or military, whose rank and position gave Milan, retailing the merest gossip of the them an opportunity of pushing forward cafés. It thus happens that of this battle, their relations in a service where competiwhich Captain Colomb has described as tion was not keen had either to assimi"beyond all bounds the most important late themselves to their Italian comrades, naval occurrence since Trafalgar," a battle or to lead a life of solitude or seclusion. fought only twelve years ago, little or noth-In Venice the fleet was openly spoken of ing is accurately known: scarcely an inci- as belonging to the Italian nation; and dent in it that is not every day misrepresented, and even the name of the victorious admiral misspelt.* This is not very satisfactory: to us, as a nation supposed to be the nursery and the storehouse of naval science and naval tradition, it is not very creditable.

Wilhelm, the son of Lieutenant-Colonel Karl von Tegetthoff, was born at Marburg in Styria on the 23rd of December, 1827. We are, as yet, told nothing of his childhood, except that he spent some of it in the gymnasium at Marburg; but at the age of thirteen he was sent to the College for Naval Cadets at Venice. There he stayed for five years; he was nearly eighteen when he made his first experience of sea-service. On the 23rd of July, 1845, he was appointed to the "Montecuccoli," brig, and afterwards to the corvette Adria;" on board which

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The misspellings show considerable ingenuity. Starting with the data that its consonants are t, g, f, and a doubtful h, these have been arranged by ones or twos, in almost every possible combination. Tegethoff,

Tegetoff, Teggetoff, Teghetoff, are only some of the many ways that have come under my notice.

"Young Italy" counted many of its warmest supporters on board the Austrian ships of war. The two Bandieras, chiefs of the rising of 1844, who had been shot at Cosenza, were naval officers, a lieutenant and ensign, and the sons of a naval officer, an admiral. Of the seven who were executed with them, one other, Moro, was also an officer of the navy. They had tampered, on a large scale, with the fidelity of the seamen; and they had all but made themselves masters of the "Bellona," frigate. These were things of public notoriety; and those Austrians who knew that a navy did exist, connected their idea of it principally with the memory of convicted traitors; in which they were afterwards justified by the fact that when the war of 1848 broke out, and Venice threw off the Austrian yoke, most of the naval officers flung in their lot with the revolutionary cause. In doing so, however, they failed to secure the ships. These were still held by the Austrians, but were for the time useless, as the few officers that remained were insufficient in number, and the Sardinian fleet, mistress of the Adriatic, prevented all attempts at reorganization. It was not till