of the work done was credited to the workers, with permission to spend it on any trifling luxury they might desire. It was found that the executed value of the work in the shoemakers' shop in 1876 was more than that done in 1873 (the year before this experiment was tried), by 160 per cent., whilst in the tailors' shop the increase was 120 per cent.; corresponding results being obtained in other departments. Hence, in spite of the gratuities to the patients so employed, the yearly cost has been considerably reduced. During last year the saving in beer alone amounted to 1657., whilst the saving in paid labor was very much greater.

In the carrying out of a system of labor so beneficial to the patient, and so useful to the institution, relaxation and amusement are not forgotten. The patients play at chess, draughts, billiards, bagatelle, etc.; and out-of-door games comprise bowls, cricket, and croquet. There is a library well supplied with papers and journals; and one patient was pointed out who himself contributes to a magazine. There is a band which includes seventeen patients, as well as some attendants, and enlivens the inmates twice in the course of the week.

This sounds very pleasant, but honesty requires us to give the other side of the picture, as portrayed in the words of Mr. Burt, the chaplain; and perhaps nothing serves better to show how much credit is due to the superintendent for the admira

Financial considerations must be a very important practical point in the existence of Broadmoor. The State pays for it; an annual grant from the House of Commons must be asked for, and the government ble management of an institution containmust be prepared to show that the amount ing such elements as these. He said is not unreasonable. Now the weekly (some years ago) that although he had lacost of inmates is about a guinea each. bored in asylums and prisons for a long That of the inmates of our county asylums period it had never fallen to his lot before averages about half that sum. It may to witness depravity and unhappiness in therefore not unreasonably be asked, Why such aggravated forms. "In other asyis this? What have the criminal lunatics lums, when the mind resumes anything done to deserve so much more money like healthy action, there is hope of disbeing lavished upon them? The chief charge; in prisons, the period of detenreason is, that a greater proportion of at- tion, however long, has some definite tendants must be provided for this class, duration; but here the fear of relapse, and and that is costly. At Broadmoor the the terrible acts to which relapse may lead, proportion of attendants to patients is one render the condition of release rarely in five; in asylums generally, much less attainable; for many the period of detenliberal, say one in eleven; besides which tion is indefinite, and hope is almost exthey are paid better (as they ought to be) cluded. In prison, whatever may be the at Broadmoor. However, it is very right depravity, it is kept under some restraint that this subject should be thoroughly in- by reason and by fear of consequences; quired into and considered. but here there are patients with passions depraved to the utmost, upon whom neither reason, nor shame, nor fear impose any restraint."

A considerable number of the inmates are, as has been intimated, usefully employed. Thus during the year 1876, one hundred and sixty-seven men and women were occupied in one way or other, in addition to reading and writing, music, etc. Eighty-six were employed in making and repairing clothing for patients, and bed and house linen for patients and attendans; one hundred and forty-four in clean- | ing the wards; forty in the garden and on the farm; twenty-nine in the laundry; twenty-six in making or repairing uniform clothing, boots and shoes, etc.; seventeen in making and repairing furniture, mattresses, mats, carpets, etc. We went into one room where there was a printing press, and a printer handed me the printed programme of a concert shortly to be held in the asylum. The total value of the labor of patients alone amounted, in 1876, to 1,940%.

One Sunday, about twelve years ago, during the communion, and when the chaplain was in the middle of the collect for the queen, an event took place, the account of which I take from his own description._A patient with a sudden yell rushed at Dr. Meyer (then the superintendent), who was kneeling, surrounded by his family, close to the altar, and a deadly blow was struck at his head with a large stone slung in a handkerchief. The stone inflicted a serious injury, and the blow would have been fatal, if it had not been somewhat turned aside by the promptness with which the arm of the patient was seized by an attendant. A scene of so dreadful a character has very rarely been witnessed in a Christian church. Is it surprising that Mr. Burt cannot look back upon this occur

long-winded chronicle are to be recognized as good Cotswold of to-day. Even now no railway traverses a district which is one of the most isolated in England, though near the heart of our populous country. From time immemorial the rounded hills and open wolds of this grassy desolation were perceived to be specially adapted for athletic and public games. On such an expanse of upland a vast concourse of persons might be massed without confusion and without disturbance to public business. It is not certain when first Cotswold became celebrated for its public sports; but certainly in the middle of the sixteenth century we find John Heywood, the epigrammatist, talking familiarly of one who was as fierce "as a lion of Cotswold," and it is understood that this allusion is to the leonine youths who fought and raced in the fine bracing air of north Gloucestershire. But, however this may be, in the early manhood of Shakespeare these irregular sports were publicly recognized and formulated in a very curious way. We believe that a sketch of this forgotten chapter in old English life will not prove unattractive to our readers.

English law goes to work to discover of Gloucester, many passages in whose whether a man charged with crime and suspected to be insane is so in reality. It is a chance in the first place whether he is examined by a medical man at all. If he can afford counsel, and the plea of insanity is set up, medical testimony is adduced of a one-sided character, and, more likely than not, counter medical evidence is brought forward by the prosecution. Thus physicians enter the court as partisans, and, being in a false position, often present an unfortunate spectacle; while, worst of all, the truth is not elicited. Then it not unfrequently happens that after the trial the thing is done which should have been done previously; experts in insanity are employed to decide upon the prisoner's state of mind. The court should call such experts to their assistance at the trial, and, what is most important, ample time should be allowed to examine the suspected lunatic. In France the "juge d'instruction" requests a neutral expert to examine and report upon the accused, and I have recently been assured by physicians in Paris with whom I have discussed this point, that the plan works well. Is it too much to hope that common sense will guide our own lawmakers to introduce a similar practice?

D. HACK TUKE, M.D.

From The Cornhill Magazine. CAPTAIN DOVER'S COTSWOLD GAMES.

Captain Robert Dover, born in Norfolk towards the end of the sixteenth century, was, at the time of the accession of James I., an attorney at Barton-on-the-Heath in Warwickshire. It is amusing to consider that he was within an easy walk of Stratford, but not very instructive, since there is not the slightest reason to suppose that Shakespeare ever took advantage of the fact to visit his neighbor. It is, perhaps, unfortunate; for Dover was a man of charming presence, full of those qualities which attract the friendship of great minds

easy and genial, stirring, yet without ambition. There exists at the British Museum a unique copy of verses in his honor, which, after celebrating the virtues of

Dover, that his knowledge not employs To increase his neighbors' quarrels but their joys,

IN the extreme north of Gloucestershire there lies a district which, even now, in these hurrying days when the romance of geography has almost disappeared, preserves a certain isolation of speech and custom. The Cotswold Hills, running north-west through the length of the county from one Avon to another, culminate in their broadest and loftiest form just as they are about to disappear in the great central plain. The elevated plateau they form is bounded on one side by the Stour and the Vale of Evesham, on the other by the Evenlode and the Windrush rivers adds, in a prose note, "He was bred an of melodious name that hurry past Wood-attorney, who never tried but two causes, stock and past Witney to feed the waters always made up the difference." All the of the still crystal Thames. The inhabit-contemporary notices of him agree in giving ants of the Cotswold, if we may believe him credit for a generous and public spirit the late Mr. R. W. Huntley, who employed and great personal geniality. We seem his immense experience of the district in forming a glossary of the dialect, still speak an idiom so full of pure Saxon forms that an acquaintance with their daily speech greatly facilitates the study of old Robert

to see before us, in contemplating him, a fine type of the manly English burgher of the period, an independent but loyal subject, ready to take his own part, but easily convinced and appeased, a stalwart

person colored with the brisk air of the wolds, nimble in all physical exercises, and most at home in the saddle. It would seem that he possessed a fortune at least sufficient to allow him to use his legal experience simply for the benefit of his townsfolk, and that he had plenty of leisure for the out-of-door employments that he loved. We do not know whether his revival of the Cotswold games preceded or followed his change of residence, but it seems certain that early in the seventeenth century he left Barton and settled at "Wickham," by which is probably meant Winchcome. He seems to have built himself a house at Stanway, near the latter town, in the heart of Cotswold, and here he lived and here he died.

sports. The spot he ultimately fixed upon was some distance eastward from his house at Stanway, and close to Chipping Campden, a little ancient borough, now quite decayed, that lies on the open country-side almost midway between Evesham and Stow-in-the-Wold. From the scene of the games a brook runs through Campden into the Stour, and so at last into the Avon a mile below Stratford. Here on the wide downs, around a little acclivity that has ever since borne the title of Dover's Hill, the genial captain inaugurated his sports in solemn state.

There were other places celebrated for public races and games in the reign of Elizabeth. Young sparks from Cambridge, with a taste for horseflesh, divided We all know that no sooner had James their patronage between Royston and ascended the vacant throne of Elizabeth, Newmarket; at Brackley, in Northampthan Puritans of every type, depending tonshire, and at Banstead, in Surrey, there upon the new king's Presbyterian antece- were public games, famous in their kind dents, buzzed round him demanding every and day; on Salisbury Plain sports had sort of concession. We know also that long been instituted. But Captain Dover the wily serpent turned a deaf ear to all determined that the fame of all these their charming. A few trumpery conces- should be as nothing beside the glory of sions were all they obtained, and these Cotswold. In this scheme he received were made the excuse for granting no practical help from a romantic friend at more. It became clear to James that court. Endymion Porter, groom of the kingly prerogative, and his other darling bed-chamber to his Majesty, was one of doctrines, ran much less fear of opposition those successful men of the world, who, from easy-going gentlemen loyal to the with a taste for art and letters, are conEstablishment than from feverish devotees scious of being themselves without the of religious fanaticism. The comfortable power to excel; and who give themselves classes were on the side of the king, and the pleasure, not being the rose, of cultithough himself so queer and morbid, he vating and patronizing that flower wherwas prepared to encourage genial enjoy ever they have the good fortune to find it. ments that helped to prop up royalism and Endymion Porter enjoyed the title of the English Church. It is not likely that "Patron of Poets," and by his uniform Captain Robert Dover entered at all into good nature went far to deserve it. He the stirring politics of the hour; he was found them positions, honors, gifts, and not the man to perceive the budding liber- they in return immortalized him in encoty of England under the harsh husk of a miums and pareneticons, where the known truculent Puritanism. But he disliked, in passion of the moon for a person of his the true spirit of a cheerful English gen-name was always dwelt upon ingeniously tleman, the fretful suspicion of athletic sports which has always been a symptom of a gravely theological habit of mind, and he determined to have none of it in the Cotswold.

Anthony à Wood, engaged long afterwards in the tiresome biography of Clement Barksdale, turned aside to gossip with his readers about a much more entertaining Cotswold personage; and it is to this happy accident that we learn what follows. Dover determined to give an official character to the games he proposed to celebrate, and consequently, about the year 1604 we may conjecture, he obtained leave from the king to select a place on the Cotswold Hills on which to act these

and monotonously. Porter was precisely the person most fitted to help Dover in his games, and we find that he entered into the scheme with alacrity. It is not stated, but we may well imagine, that it was the florid fancy of Endymion which suggested what would hardly have occured to plain Captain Dover, that the games should be dubbed "Olympick," and an antique dignity so be lent to the trials of skill upon Cotswold. Whoever it was to whom the hint was due, it was extremely successful. The faded humanism of the taste of the day was charmed to think that England was to possess its classic playground for heroes, with Stour for its Alpheus and little Chipping Campden for

its Pisa. It gave literary importance to the proceedings, and in the course of time -as the poetasters strove to outdo one another honest Captain Dover became finally styled, by the most gushing of them all, "the great Inventor and Champion of the English Olympicks, Pythycks, Nemicks, and Isthmicks." These be brave words for a little merriment in Whitsunweek, but the poets must always be allowed their grain of salt.

Endymion Porter was himself a native of Gloucestershire, and he carried his interest in Dover so far as to beg for him some cast-off robes of the king's with the royal hat, feather, and ruff, in which to open the ceremonies with great grace and dignity. A contemporary print gives us a rough picture of the brave captain thus adorned, his plump person arrayed in what seems to be a slashed satin doublet, and with the plumes of borrowed majesty in a widebrimmed cavalier hat. On the hill that bore his name there was set up a rather grotesque erection known as Dover Castle, a portable fortress provided with ordnance and artillery, and turning, apparently, on a huge pivot. It had a little portcullis and two side bastions, each bastion provided with two real guns, which fired away at proper intervals to keep up the flagging spirit of the athletes. These cannons roaring on the wold, which from thy castle rattle to the skies," impressed the contemporary imagination very much, and Dover was playfully exhorted to protect Cotswold against the king's enemies.

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who met such a palfrey going to be raced at Cotswold, declared that if Europa had seen him so garlanded and pranked, she would never have cast eyes upon the bull. The racecourse was some miles long, and remained in existence until our own times, when it was ploughed up by order of Lord Harrowby. The horseracing was not so original a sport as what followed next, the coursing of "silverfooted greyhounds." For this pastime Cotswold became specially famous, and it received the honor of mention from Shakespeare. In the very opening scene of "The Merry Wives of Windsor," Slender says to Page: "How does your fallow greyhound, sir? I heard say he was outrun on Cotsol." The phrase, “I heard say he was outrun," can obviously only refer to a competitive coursing, in which Page's greyhound failed to win the first prize. It is remarkable that this passage does not occur in the quartos, and rests on the authority of the first folio; but it would be very rash to argue from this fact, as has been done however, that the Cotswold games began between 1619 and 1623. There can be no doubt that at the latter date they had the notoriety which follows twenty years of success. It was made a great point by the humane Dover that not the killing of the hare, but the winning of the prize, should be the aim men set before them in competing. He desired to supersede hunting as much as possible by instituting these games of skill.

The next exercise was so curious and
so characteristic of the times that I must
give leave to the above-named Robert
Griffin to describe it in his own words: ·
This done, a virgin crew of matchless choice
Nimbly set forth, attended with a noise
Whose well-kept diapason ravished theirs
Of music sweet, excelling that of spheres,

meaning the spheres'

Of all that's sensitive. These nymphs advance
Themselves with such a comely grace to dance,
Their cunning motion and agility
Each with her gallant paired, that all who see
Are struck with admiration.

It was at Whitsuntide that the gentry assembled at Campden to be present at the Cotswold revels. A yellow flag was unfurled on the battlements of the portable castle, and a bugle was blown to summon the quality to the games. Captain Dover himself rode out on his palfrey to survey the scene, wearing a yellow favor in his hunting-cap. He seems to have rivalled the Chinese imperial family in his partiality for the color yellow. At the foot of the hill and along the courses there were arranged tents, where food and drink were served, and where public contests at chess were fought out. There is some discrepancy in the accounts of the order of the We imagine such a classic dance of loosesports; there was, perhaps, no very strict robed girls, girdled and garlanded with arrangement maintained from year to flowers, as Herrick was so fond of fancyyear. According to a certain Robert Grif-ing, but the print we have referred to fin, however, it was usual, after the bugle destroys these fair illusions. There are had blown, to open the ceremonies with no soft outlines of drapery, such as the horse-racing. The country-side outdid it-pupils of Raffaelle loved-nothing anself in adorning the animals who were to tique or pseudo-antique. Three subrun with ribands and flowers. A poet stantial nymphs are represented dancing