flower of Hyacinthus. I had hoped to find some elucidation in Ruskin's' Proserpina'; but although there are three references to the hyacinth in the only volume yet published of that most poetical and suggestive of botany books, the classical allusion is not worked out. JAMES HOOPER. Norwich. Beplies. MEDIEVAL WORDS. (8th S. ii. 181.) I must be excused if I answer only a few of the long array of questions at this reference. Citoler, player on a citole; see this explained in Tyrwhitt's Glossary to Chaucer.' It is from Lat. cithara. Nakerer, player on a naker, or kettledrum. See my note to Chaucer's 'Knightes Tale,' 1. 1653. Drawing table is probably a tablet for writing on; it may have been covered with wax, and written on with a pointel. See Chaucer's 'Somnour's Tale' for tables of ivory, ll. 33, 34. Solomon and Marcolf. Discussed at great length in Kemble's book entitled 'Solomon and Saturn,' which see. 'Piers Orpella orvala (or orvalla)? clary. Diacappis diacapparis, an electuary of capers, Aragon et marce, unguentum Aragoni et Martiatum (or Marciaton). Stomatic confortatum, an electuary for comfort Diadragant=diatragacanth ?* Pears of Cailhou, Cailloel, Caluel, or Caille-ing the stomach (see 'Arcana Fairfaxiana,' p. 100). ways. Fully explained in my notes to Plowman,' B. xvi. 69; spelt “Calewey" in the Index. Bruskyn. Probably named from its colour; see "Buskin and "Brusk" in the New Eng. Dictionary.' Aqua benedicta, blessed, or holy water. benedictum, blessed, or holy oil. Oleum Drugs. The prefix dia is common, and is separable. See my notes to 'Piers Plowman,' C. xxiii. 174; and for dia-penidion, see same, B. v. 123. Diacimini is clearly dia cumini, a drug made from cummin. Trades.—Attilur, same as Artiller, a bowyer ('N. E. D.') Bayeler, a maker of bails, or halfhoops; see "Bail," sb., No. 2, in 'N. E. D. For "" " "Brace, Brail," bracer, braeler, brocher, see Broach," in N. E. D.' Germaker, gear-maker. Grey-tawyer, one who taws skins of greys, i. e., badgers. Kayer, key-maker. Peistour, O.Fr. pestour, Lat. pistor, baker. Peigneresse, fem. of peignerre, a comb-maker (Cotgrave). Reestmaker, maker of wreests, or plough-timbers; see "Wreest" in Halliwell. Seger, a maker of seges, i. e., chairs. Heute, houte, may be heuce, houce; see ings" in my 'Dictionary.' "Hous "Of degeet is a pleonasm for "of, or de geet "; geet is the correct A.F. spelling of jet. Spices.-Salgia is sage; Chardecoyns, preserve of quinces; see "Chare de quince" in 'N. E. D.' Cedewale is zedoary; see my note on Cetewale" in 'Sir Thopas.' " Bugem citrioni, probably unguent. citrioni (citri num). Dyacitoniton=diacydonium ?* Pewle-puliall (Pulegium montanum, Gerarde), wild thyme. Saturie satureia, savory. 6 Triffera trifera. Ainsworth, s.v., has "Vites trifera, Col." The name occurs in Fairfaxiana, p. 111. Diaboriginatum=diaboraginatum, a of borage, &c. ...... Tenue lubricorum=. preparation of earthworms. conserve lumbricorum, some C. C. B. WAS GEORGE CRUIRSHANK EVER IN PARIS? (8th S. i. 3, 77.)-I was walking in Paris down the Rue Bonaparte when my eye was attracted by a book that appeared to be a choice copy of Pierce Egan's Life in London,' which disappeared during the day. Knowing Life in London' to be a scarce book, I thought I would call before leaving Paris to see what it fetched; but finding that it had been removed from the window alone to prevent the "illuminations"-for so the second-hand bookseller called the coloured plates-fading in the sunshine, I took the trouble carefully to examine *These were all common remedies of official rank. See Culpepper's 'Pharmacopoeia Londinensis,' 1654. copy with this in French will be the but of my the book, which bore the denomination "Diorama Anglais. Par M. S. 8vo. 1823." The book was in French, printed and published by Didot, and the woodcuts were in the text, but it had not the illustrated title-page, with the words interwoven in design in a way defying French translation, in GEORGE ROBINS (8th S. ii. 209).-The business picture, the rhymes are retained, but in English, of this once well-known auctioneer descended on being difficult to render in French. Here was one his death to his first cousin, Edmund Robins, sen.; of the most popular books of its day done into from him to Edmund Robins, jun., son of the lastFrench (despite author or artist ?), and very well named; and finally to the present representative, done too, the plates, I suspect, having been reMr. P. S. Robins, who still carries on the business engraved, and aquatinted and coloured by hand, under the style of "Edmund Robins & Hine," at without the names of the originators, the trans-5, Waterloo Place. EDWARD P. WOLFERSTAN. lator of the text, " M. S.," taking all to himself. Arts Club, Hanover Square. I was not at all aware of the existence of this edition. I never heard dear old George even mention it. The owner of the "Librairie Ancienne" informed me that it was a "livre très rare" by "Rowlandsons," and its price cents francs-a curiosity that I think will not long remain upon his hands. The immense popularity of Tom, Jerry, and Logic was not, even in 1822, to be retained on our side of La Manche. Hence this edition, that should find a place in the bibliography of Cruikshankiana. To collate my Alexander del Arde John Fentoun, Sheriff of Forfar, 1261— William Fentoun (1292) Cecilia Bisset. Sir Wm. Fentoun (1330)- Wm. Fentoun (1362) Matilda Ramsay. Wm. Fentoun (1403)— Walter Fentoun, d. c. 1438 Joneta (Joan) Fen- Three daurs. Isabella Fentoun, Henry Douglas. David Lind. Elizabeth, mar. John (b) I erroneously attributed this David Lind Janet F., mar. Hugh Joneta (Janet) Fentoun, mar. (1) Robert Stewart; (2) Wm. Halket (d). David Nairne. say's share of Baikie falling into the king's hands to his having no legitimate issue. The bastardia is evidently that of David himself, though why he should have been regarded as illegitimate and his four sisters as legitimate I have failed, after considerable research, to ascertain, (c) This marriage is proved by a royal charter of Jan. 20, 1488, confirming a charter by Elizabeth Lindsay, relict of John Langlands, of a quarter of Collace, &c., to her son Gavin Langlands. Her descendant Patrick Langlands sold these lands in 1600 to the Earl of Kinghorne. (d) There is in the Glamis charter chest a notarial instrument of June 26, 1470, bearing that Chronicle' (Camd. Soc., pp. 23-4) is of importJanet Fentoun appeared before the Justice- | ance :— General at Perth and produced a schedule, setting forth that she was abducted at five years of age (her father being a hostage in England and her mother with him) by the late Sir David Stewart (of Durrisdeer and Rosyth), and married in tender age to his son Robert; and that she is informed that Sir David counterfeited her seal, and executed deeds to her prejudice, which deeds she craves to be revoked. Also that after Sir David's death (1444) his eldest son, Henry Stewart of Rosyth, treated her more harshly, till she was delivered by the king's letters; but was again abducted, and again delivered. "Also in the same yere [1473] Womere watere ranne hugely, withe suche abundaunce of watere, that nevyr manne sawe it renne so moche afore this tyme. Womere is callede the woo watere for Englyschmen, whenne thei dyd fyrst inhabyde this lond, also sone as thei see this watere renne, thei knewe wele it was a tokene of derthe, or of pestylence, or of grete batayle; wherefor thei callede it Womere; (for we as in Englysche tonge woo, and and mere is called watere, whiche signyfieth woo-watere ;) for alle that tyme thei sawe it renne, thei knewe welle that myle frome Sent Albons, at a place callede Markayate; woo was comynge to Englonde. And this Wemere is vij. and this Wemere ranne at every felde afore specifyede, and nevere so hugely as it dyd this yere, and ranne stylle to the xiij. day of June next yere folowynge. Also ther has ronne dyverse suche other wateres, that betokenethe another byside Canturbury called Naylborne, and anlykewyse; one at Lavesham [Lewisham] in Kent, and other at Croydone in Suthsex [sic], and another vij. myle a this syde the castelle of Dodley, in the place called Hungerevale; that whenne it betokenethe batayle it rennys foule and trouble watere; and whenne betokenythe derthe or pestylence, it rennyth as clere as any pre-watere, but this yere it ranne ryght trouble and foule watere, &c. Also ther is a pytte in Kent, in Langley Parke: ayens any batayle he wille be drye, and it rayne nevere so myche; and if ther be no batayle towarde, he wille be fulle of watere, be it nevyre so drye a wethyre; and this yere he is drye, &c." There is also an indenture of June 20, 1489, between John, Lord Glamis, and said Joneta or Janet, whereby she resigns her fourth of Baikie to Lord Glamis, who engages to give certain lands to James Fentoun, Vicar of Tippermuir, for a perpetual chaplainry to pray for her soul. It also appears that this James Fentoun, as centor of Dunkeld, refused to accept a commission from the Pope to hear (with others) an appeal of Sir David Lindsay, whereon Sir David Lindsay took instruments July 30, 1513 (Crawford charter chest). As regards the Fentouns of Ogill, it appears from a writ of summons in the charter chest at Haigh that in 1553 there was a James Fentoun of Ogill, whose son David Fentoun, fiar of Ogill, was married to Elizabeth Erskine. Fentouns of Haddingtonshire.-The following details about the three daughters of Patrick Whitelaw mentioned in my note may be added. 1. Margaret Whitelaw married, first, as first wife of Sir Alexander Hamilton of Innerwick, and had a son, Sir Alexander Hamilton, styled "of Fentoun," who died v.p. and s.p. She was divorced from Sir Alexander in 1589, and married secondly as second wife of Sir John Ker of Jedburgh, Hirsel, and Littledean. 2. Isabella Whitelaw married, first, Andrew, second son of Mark Ker of Newbattle and brother of Mark, first Earl of Lothian. He is the Andrew Ker of Fentoun to whom Mr. Stodart refers. 3. Mary Whitelaw married, first, Hercules Stewart, second son of John Stewart, Prior of Coldinghame, bastard son of James V. His elder brother was created Earl of Bothwell in 1587. She was divorced in 1592 from Hercules Stewart (who was executed Feb. 18, 1594, leaving a daughter Margaret, wife of John Hamilton), and she married, secondly, Wm. Home, the king's stabler. SIGMA. EYLEBOURN OR NAILBOURN (8th S. ii. 87, 176). -The following quotation from Warkworth's MARGATE AND THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE' (8th S. ii. 145).-Margate was a favourite and semifashionable place a hundred years ago. Besides the coaches or machines, the hoys were an accustomed conveyance for single persons and family parties. It by no means followed that a direct run was made. As the captain supplied provisions and drink he had no temptations for a quick run, wind and tide were sadly against him, and the anchor an accustomed instrument of navigation. However, all were satisfied, for a "blow" suited the passenger as well as the skipper. There was a story, however, of a bank clerk with a week's leave, who employed six days in getting there by the hoy and Goyle netting hares in his master's wood, killed him with an arrow. And Walter How, an under-keeper to the same, slew one Clift stealing deer, with a forker [a bifurcated arrow] out of his crossebowe." See the 'Book of Archery,' by G. A. Hansard, pp. 226-259, s. v. "Crossbow "; also the Gentleman's Magazine for November, 1792. N. E. R. West Herrington. had to come back at once by coach. In war time there were other incidents. In the American War and the Great War a king's cutter was always in sight, and beyond it there was no sailing, for visitants have told me a Dunkirk lugger might be seen prowling, ready to swoop down and carry prisoners to the French dungeons. Gravesend was very commonly visited by hoy, but the passenger commonly spent the first night at Barking or in some neighbouring reach, and made himself happy "A WICKED ITALIAN BOKE" (8th S. ii. 28, 151). and comfortable with a good supper and grog. In-As there is mention of Boccaccio, one word in those days, when the water was as familiar as land reference to him, not as the writer of the 'Defor a highway, boating and sailing suited some. camerone,' but as a penitent. Dean Milman has Then the horse was available to a young man. the most scathing condemnation of his work, which People managed to enjoy themselves. he characterizes as one in which "Tale follows tale, gradually sinking from indecency into obscenity, from mockery into utter profaneness." After which he presently states : HYDE CLARKE. CROSSBOWS (8th S. ii. 147).—' Chambers's Encyclopædia,' 1889, has, in reference to the use of the crossbow in foreign countries after the cessation of its use in England : "Its use, however, was general among the continental nations of Europe after the twelfth century; though the Lateran Council of 1139 forbade its use as being too murderous a weapon for Christians to employ against one another." Hofman, 'Lex. Univ.,' s.v. "Balista," has :"Concilium_Roman., A.C. 1139, c. 30, 'Artem illam mortiferam et Deo odibilem balistariorum et sagittariorum adversus Christianos et Catholicos exerceri de caetero sub anathemate prohibemus.' Concilium Lateran. IV. can. 18, Nullus quoque clericus rotariis aut balistariis aut hujusmodi viris sanguinum præponatur.' I have not the means of verifying these references here, or of reconciling the names of the council or councils, but it appears that the prohibition was not absolute. ED. MARSHALL. The crossbow seems to have been the weapon most used in England by the assassin and the sportsman. Hence, perchance, its character as a cruel weapon. Doubtless it was not so much in consequence of its being "cruel" in execution (as compared with the long bow) that the general use of the crossbow was discouraged by Tudor and earlier kings, but that the latter were fearful lest the people should deteriorate in their matchless skill in the long bow. The clerical councils, says Hansard, repeatedly denounced the crossbows as "instruments hateful in the sight of God and man." "More strange, if possible, the history of the Decamerone. Boccaccio himself bitterly repented of his own work; he solemnly warned the youth of Florence against his own loose and profane novels; the scoffer at fictitious reliques became the laborious collector of reliques not less doubtful; the scourge of the friars died in the arms of friars, bequeathing to them his manuscripts, hoping only for salvation through their prayers." History of Latin Christianity,' book xiv, ch. v. vol. ix. p. 208, 1864. There is also this note, "See in the works of Petrarch the very curious letter to Boccaccio 'De Vaticinio Morientium,' 'Opera,' p. 740." This conversion ought to be universally known, in justice to his memory as well as the work which is There is reference to associated with his name. Boccaccio's "entrance into the Church," on his repentance from the influence of monastic warning, in the "Introduction" to the 'Forty Novels ' in "Morley's Universal Library,” p. 6, 1888. ED. MARSHALL. HENRY KNOLLYS, M.P. (8th S. ii. 144).-Was there ever a Sir Robert Knollys, K.G.? He is not in Beltz's list. One of the two Henry Knollyses, who died about 1583, was the son of Sir Francis, who was a K.G. The father of Sir Francis was The Robert, but I doubt if he was a knight even. most celebrated Sir Robert (for Sir Francis had a son Sir Robert) must have died a good deal more than a century earlier. I have seen him written as K.G., but I know not on what authority. One of the Henrys might have been Sir Francis's THOMAS WILLIAMS. brother. Aston Clinton. COUNTY HISTORY OF ESSEX (8th S. ii. 167,217).— By Chebri Place may be intended Chigboro', in the parish of Great Totham. The Bourchiers were lords of the manor. "Several Acts of Parliament were also passed, rendering it penal for persons of a certain rank to have them in their houses; the qualification being limited to such as possessed a hundred marks annual income. The preamble to one of these statutes declares, that many wicked and dissolute persons were accustomed to ride along the public. highways with crossbows ready bent, and quarrils fixed thereon, committing wanton outrages on the property, not unfrequently on the persons of his Majesty's peaceful subjects......To kill poachers without ceremony appears to have been a general practice during the feudal ages; thus the Veel MS. states that William Wicock, servant to Thomas, second Lord of Berkeley, having caught William 2. William, Viscount Bourchier, married, first, Isabel, daughter of John de Vere, twelfth Earl of Oxford. It is supposed they were the benefactors of Chelmsford Church, accounting for their badges appearing over the tower door. His second wife, Anne Woodville, was the mother of Henry Bourchier, Earl of Essex, who succeeded to the estates, William dying before his father (he in 1483), but I cannot give the dates of either birth or death. 3. Newcourt (ii. 322) says:— "Upon next vacancy in 1438 the Bishop of London collated pro ea vice, and the next after that in 1450 Henry, Viscount Bourchier, afterward Earl of Essex, presented to it, and so the advowson continued in that family till it came to William Parr, Marquis of Northampton, by his marriage with Anne, sole daughter and heir of Henry Bourchier, the last of that family, who, March 13, 31 Henry VIII., by a fall from his horse brake his neck." 4. The names of the vicars of St. Mary, Maldon, since Elizabeth might be found in the Westminster Abbey records, but not so early as 1440-50. Thomas Bourchier, uncle of William, was Dean of St. Martin's -le-Grand, to which St. Mary's, Maldon, belonged, from 1428 to 1435, when he was made Bishop of Worcester, subsequently of Ely, and promoted to be Archbishop of Canterbury in 1454. He crowned Edward IV., Richard III., Henry VII., and his queen Elizabeth of York. Maldon. EDWARD A. FITCH. HERMENTRUDE says an Anne, as daughter of "Jacques de Luxemburgh, Count de St. Pol, is difficult to identify in the St. Pol pedigree." There was pretty certainly no Count de St. Pol of the name of Jacques; but Jacqueline (daughter of Pierre, Comte de St. Pol, and sister of Louis, Comte after his father), wife of Richard Widville, Earl Rivers, had a brother Jacques, who was taken prisoner in the battle of Arras in 1475, and in all probability carried to England. Could he have had a daughter Anne; and was she the wife of William Bourchier? Jacques might have survived his nephews, as he pretty certainly did his brother the count (who was executed December 19, 1475); after 1482 he might have been called count. He was alive in 1481. THOMAS WILLIAMS. Aston Clinton. Thanks to Hermentrude and to the REV. C. DEEDES, who kindly answered two of my questions. I am three months from a reference library, being engaged most of every day. I am interested in Burgh, tutor of Wm. Bourchier, son of Henry, Earl of Essex, who died before his father. I want the date of his birth principally to corroborate the date of Burgh's tutorship. ROBERT STEELE. Modern School, Bedford. BOOK-PLATE (8th S. ii. 188).-The book-plate inquired about is evidently that of William Mathew, Captain - General and Commander-inChief of the Leeward Islands, who died in 1752. The arms of dexter impalement are: 1 and 4, Mathew; 2 and 3, Leempert, his mother; escutcheon of pretence Hill, his first wife, Anne, daughter and heir of Thomas Hill, Lieutenant-General and Governor of the Leeward Islands. Sinister impalement, 1 and 4, Smith, his second wife, Ann, daughter of Daniel Smith, Lieutenant-Governor of the Island of Nevis ; 2 and 3, probably Edy or Vaughan, but I have not gone into this. This also partly answers some inquiries in 'N. & Q.,' 1st S. ix. 222, 575. I can give more information about this Mathew family if desired. LEO CULLETON. "CRISP" (8th S. ii. 227).-The only use of this word cited by the REV. C. B. MOUNT that I should despair of explaining, at least to my own satisfaction, is that of Beaumont and Fletcher. "Crisp heaven" probably refers to the wavy or wrinkled or curled appearance of the clouds. What are cirrus clouds but clouds that in shape resemble a curled lock of hair? The "crisped yew" seems to me an admirably descriptive touch. The leaves of yew have a distinct incipient curl. Crisped shades and bowers" are winding shades and bowers. Cf. the "crisped channels" of "The Tempest,' IV. i. "Crisp claret" is more difficult. I will tackle that when I have thought out a good etymological " and a thousand explanation of "crisp manner other expressions which depend for their meaning upon a more or less obscure relation of ideas rather than upon the original sense of the words. C. C. B. The REV. C. B. MOUNT asks if any one can suggest other meanings of the word "crisp" than those exceedingly well suggested by him in the various cases he usefully brings together. I cannot do this. But I can add another use, or misuse, of the term. We read in about every other literary criticism that falls into our hands that the composition in question is "crisp." I should be glad to be told, and probably many others would be equally glad to be told, whether the word in these cases has any meaning at all; and, if so, what that meaning is. T. ADOLPHUS TROLLOPE. Budleigh Salterton. ON WHICH SIDE SHOULD WE SLEEP? (8th S. i. 412, 501; ii. 73.)-The annexed cutting appears in the Sheffield Weekly Telegraph of February 13, p. 220, and may be interesting in this connexion : is not a matter of mere blind usage. It has a physio"Pillows: their Use and Abuse.-The use of a pillow logical basis. We sleep for the most part on the side, and without a pillow the head would be uncomfortably and harmfully lower than the body. It will be remembered that Jacob, when fleeing from Esau, took a stone for a pillow. He needed something for the purpose, and nothing better than a stone presented itself. Such practices are common in Africa at the present day. Some In Africa extraordinary headgears make this practice peoples rest the neck instead of the head on hard pillows. necessary, and many a civilized woman has been compelled by a somewhat similar coiffure to forego both the |