the duty of the Executive to declare, by his proclamation, such Constitution as may have been ratified by a majority of all the votes cast at such special election, to be the Constitution of the State of California.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. X, § 2.]

69 Cal. 465; 102 Cal. 126.

ARTICLE XIX.

CHINESE.

Protection against dangerous aliens.

SECTION 1. The Legislature shall prescribe all necessary regulations for the protection of the State, and the counties, cities, and towns thereof, from the burdens and evils arising from the presence of aliens who are or may become vagrants, paupers, mendicants, criminals, or invalids afflicted with contagious or infectious diseases, and from aliens otherwise dangerous or detrimental to the well-being or peace of the State, and to impose conditions upon which such persons may reside in the State, and to provide the means and mode of their removal from the State, upon failure or refusal to comply with such conditions; provided, that nothing contained in this section shall be construed to impair or limit the power of the Legislature to pass such police laws or other regulations as it may deem necessary.

54 Cal. 94; 77 Cal. 164; 84 Cal. 230; 126 Cal. 674; 147 Cal. 651.

Corporations not to employ Chinese.

SEC. 2. No corporation now existing or hereafter formed under the laws of this State shall, after the adoption of this Constitution, employ, directly or indirectly, in any capacity, any Chinese or Mongolian. The Legislature shall pass such laws as may be necessary to enforce this provision.

101 Cal. 197.

No Chinese to be employed on public work.

SEC. 3. No Chinese shall be employed on any State, county, municipal, or other public work, except in punishment for crime.

Chinese immigration to be discouraged.

SEC. 4. The presence of foreigners ineligible to become citizens of the United States is declared to be dangerous to the well-being

of the State, and the Legislature shall discourage their immigration by all the means within its power. Asiatic coolieism is a form of human slavery, and is forever prohibited in this State, and all contracts for coolie labor shall be void. All companies or corporations, whether formed in this country or any foreign country, for the importation of such labor, shall be subject to such penalties as the Legislature may prescribe. The Legislature shall delegate all necessary power to the incorporated cities and towns of this State for the removal of Chinese without the limits of such cities and towns, or for their location within prescribed portions of those limits, and it shall also provide the necessary legislation to prohibit the introduction into this State of Chinese after the adoption of this Constitution. This section shall be enforced by appropriate legislation.

66 Cal. 473.

ARTICLE XX.

MISCELLANeous subjects.

Capital of the State-How changed.

SECTION 1. The City of Sacramento is hereby declared to be the seat of government of this State, and shall so remain until changed by law; but no law changing the seat of government shall be valid or binding unless the same be approved and ratified by a majority of the qualified electors of the State voting therefor at a general State election, under such regulations and provisions as the Legislature, by a two-thirds vote of each house, may provide, submitting the question of change to the people.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. XI, § 1.]

Disqualification and disfranchisement for dueling.

SEC. 2. Any citizen of this State who shall, after the adoption of this Constitution, fight a duel with deadly weapons, or send or accept a challenge to fight a duel with deadly weapons, either within this State or out of it, or who shall act as second, or knowingly aid or assist in any manner those thus offending, shall not be allowed to hold any office of profit, or to enjoy the right of suffrage under this Constitution.

Oath of office.

SEC. 3. Members of the Legislature, and all officers, executive and judicial, except such inferior officers as may be by law

exempted, shall, before they enter upon the duties of their respective offices, take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm, as the case may be) that I will support the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the State of California, and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of the office of according to the best of my ability." And no other oath, declaration, or test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust. [Constitution of 1849, Art. XI, § 3.]

79 Cal. 109; 133 Cal. 200.

Filling of offices created by the Legislature.

SEC. 4. All officers or commissioners whose election or appointment is not provided for by this Constitution, and all officers or commissioners whose offices or duties may hereafter be created by law, shall be elected by the people, or appointed, as the Legislature may direct.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. XI, § 6.]

80 Cal. 234; 85 Cal. 408, 416; 93 Cal. 153; 110 Cal. 451; 143 Cal. 414, 416.

Fiscal year.

SEC. 5. The fiscal year shall commence on the first day of July. [Constitution of 1849, Art. XI, § 8.]

89 Cal. 200; 93 Cal. 400; 139 Cal. 524.

Suits against the State.

SEC. 6. Suits may be brought against the State in such manner and in such courts as shall be directed by law.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. XI, § 11.]

App. R. 1, 144.

Marriage contracts.

SEC. 7. No contract of marriage, if otherwise duly made, shall be invalidated for want of conformity to the requirements of any religious sect.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. XI, § 12.]

Separate property of husband and wife.

SEC. 8. All property, real and personal, owned by either husband or wife, before marriage, and that acquired by either of them

afterwards by gift, devise, or descent, shall be their separate prop

erty.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. XI, § 14.]

82 Cal. 110; 116 Cal. 341; 147 Cal. 515.

Perpetuities.

SEC. 9. No perpetuities shall be allowed except for eleemosynary purposes.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. XI, § 16.]

53 Cal. 472; 55 Cal. 517; 58 Cal. 457; 108 Cal. 659; 113 Cal. 139; 138 Cal. 553.

Disqualification for bribery.

SEC. 10. Every person shall be disqualified from holding any office of profit in this State who shall have been convicted of having given or offered a bribe to procure his election or appointment. [Constitution of 1849, Art. XI, § 17.]

Purity in office-holding and in elections.

SEC. 11. Laws shall be made to exclude from office, serving on juries, and from the right of suffrage, persons convicted of bribery, perjury, forgery, malfeasance in office, or other high crimes. The privilege of free suffrage shall be supported by laws regulating elections, and prohibiting, under adequate penalties, all undue influence thereon from power, bribery, tumult, or other improper practice.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. XI, § 18.]

118 Cal. 489; 120 Cal. 375.

Residence.

SEC. 12. Absence from this State, on business of the State or of the United States, shall not affect the question of residence of any person.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. XI, § 19.]

Election by plurality.

SEC. 13. A plurality of the votes given at any election shall constitute a choice, where not otherwise directed in this Constitution.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. XI, § 20.]

143 Cal. 549.

State Board of Health.

SEC. 14. The Legislature shall provide, by law, for the maintenance and efficiency of a State Board of Health.

Mechanics' liens.

SEC. 15. Mechanics, materialmen, artisans, and laborers of every class shall have a lien upon the property upon which they have bestowed labor or furnished material, for the value of such labor done and material furnished; and the Legislature shall provide, by law, for the speedy and efficient enforcement of such liens.

43 Cal. 521; 48 Cal. 478; 61 Cal. 353; 74 Cal. 625; 81 Cal. 170, 179; 89 Cal. 111; 97 Cal. 644; 98 Cal. 149; 107 Cal. 623; 109 Cal. 184; 117 Cal. 214, 699; 136 Cal. 125; 138 Cal. 545; 142 Cal. 242; 148 Cal. 583, 737. App. R. 2, 507.

Terms of office.

SEC. 16. When the term of any officer or commissioner is not provided for in this Constitution, the term of such officer or commissioner may be declared by law; and, if not so declared, such officer or commissioner shall hold his position as such officer or commissioner during the pleasure of the authority making the appointment; but in no case shall such term exceed four years; provided, however, that in the case of any officer or employé of any municipality governed under a legally adopted charter, the provisions of such charter with reference to the tenure of office or the dismissal from office of any such officer or employé shall control. [Amendment adopted November 6, 1906.]

[Original Section.] SEC. 16. When the term of any officer or commissioner is not provided for in this Constitution, the term of such officer or commissioner may be declared by law; and if not so declared, such officer or commissioner shall hold his position, as such officer or commissioner during the pleasure of the authority making the appointment; but in no case shall such term exceed four years.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. XI, § 7.]

7 Cal. 102; 55 Cal. 524; 56 Cal. 114; 59 Cal. 672; 66 Cal. 655; 79 Cal. 105; 82 Cal. 495; 85 Cal. 416; 93 Cal. 153, 155; 100 Cal. 260; 110 Cal. 451; 127 Cal. 392; 132 Cal. 450; 136 Cal. 581, 654; 138 Cal. 16; 145 Cal. 471. App. R. 1, 7.

Hours of labor.

SEC. 17. The time of service of all laborers or workmen or mechanics employed upon any public works of the State of California,