POWERS AND DUTIES OF EACH HOUSE OF CONGRESS.

Sole judge of qualifications of members.

SEC. 5. 1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide.

Rules of proceedings-Punishment of members.

2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member.

Journals.

3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy; and the ayes and noes of the members of either house, on any question, shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.

Adjournment.

4. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.

COMPENSATION, PRIVILEGES AND DISABILITIES, OF SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES.

Compensation-Privileges.

SEC. 6. 1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place.

Disability to hold other offices.

2. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority

of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office.

[See also Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment.]

MODE OF PASSING LAWS.

Special provision as to revenue laws.

SEC. 7. 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills.

Laws, how enacted.

2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that house it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by ayes and noes; and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house, respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.

Same rules apply to resolutions.

3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate and the House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the United States; and, before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.

Taxation.

POWERS GRANTED TO CONGRESS.

SEC. 8. 1. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States.

Loans.

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States.

Commerce.

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes.

Naturalization.

4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States. Coin.

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign coins, and fix the standard of weights and measures.

Counterfeiting.

6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States.

Post office.

7. To establish post offices and post roads.

Patents and copyrights.

8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries.

Courts.

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court.

Piracies.

10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the laws of nations.

War.

11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water.

Army.

12. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years.

Navy.

13. To provide and maintain a navy.

Military and navy rules.

14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces.

Militia.

15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions.

Militia.

16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States, respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress.

Federal district and other places.

17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings. Make laws to carry out foregoing powers.

18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.

[For other powers, see Article II, Section 1; Article III, Sections 2 and 3; Article IV, Sections 1-3; and Article V.]

LIMITATIONS ON POWERS GRANTED TO THE UNITED STATES.

Slave trade.

SEC. 9. 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by Congress prior to the year one thousand eight

hundred and eight; but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.

Habeas corpus.

2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it.

Ex post facto law.

3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. Direct taxes.

4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.

Duties on exports.

5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State.

No commercial discrimination to be made between States.

6. No preference shall be given, by any regulation of commerce or revenue, to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another.

Money, how drawn from treasury.

7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time.

Titles of nobility.

8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State.

POWERS PROHIBITED TO THE STATES.

SEC. 10. 1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post