ARTICLE VI

MODE OF TRIAL IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS.

SECTION 1. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.-[Id.]

ARTICLE VII.

TRIAL BY JURY.

SECTION 1. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact, tried by jury, shall be otherwise reëxamined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of common law.-[Id.]

ARTICLE VIII.*

BAILS-FINES-PUNISHMENTS.

SECTION 1. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.-[Id.]

ARTICLE IX.

CERTAIN RIGHTS NOT DENIED TO THE PEOPLE.

SECTION 1. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.-[Id.]

ARTICLE X.

STATE RIGHTS.

SECTION 1. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States, respectively, or to the people -[Id.]

ARTICLE XI.

JUDICIAL POWERS.

SECTION 1. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by the citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State.[Proposed March 5, 1794; ratified January 8, 1798.]

ARTICLE XII.

ELECTION OF PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT. SECTION 1. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as VicePresident; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such a number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such a majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the VicePresident shall act as President, as in case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be the VicePresident, if such number be a majority of the whole number

of Electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.-[Proposed December 12, 1803; ratified September 25, 1804.]

ARTICLE XIII.

SLAVERY.

SECTION 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

SEC. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.—[Declared ratified December 18, 1865. (U. S. Statutes at Large, Vol. 13, p. 775.)

ARTICLE XIV.

CITIZENSHIP, REPRESENTATION, AND PAYMENT OF PUBLIC

Citizenship.

DEBT.

SECTION 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Apportionment of Representatives.

SEC. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States, according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of Electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any

of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

Disqualification for public office.

SEC. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or Elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two thirds of each house, remove such disability.

Public debt, guarantee of.

SEC. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void.

Power of Congress.

SEC. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.-[Declared ratified July 28, 1868. (U. S. Statutes at Large, Vol. 15, pp. 709–711.)

ARTICLE XV.

ELECTIVE FRANCHISE.

Right of citizens to vote.

SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Power of Congress.

SEC. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.—[U. S. Statutes at Large, Vol. 15, p. 346.]

HISTORY OF THE AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

Twelve amendments were proposed by Congress, September 25, 1789, the last ten of which were adopted, and they are the first ten as herein given. They were proclaimed in force, December 15, 1791.

The rejected Articles were as follows:

I. After the first enumeration required by the First Article of the Constitution, there shall be one Representative for every 30,000 persons, until the number shall amount to one hundred; after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall not be less than one hundred Representatives nor more than one for every 40,000 persons, until the number shall amount to two hundred; after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives, nor more than one Representative for every 50,000 persons.

II. No law varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives shall take effect until an election of Representatives shall have intervened.

The twelve proposed amendments were acted upon as follows: All ratified by Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Vermont, and Virginia-6.

All excepting Article I ratified by Delaware-1.

All excepting Article II ratified by Pennsylvania-1.

All excepting Articles I and II ratified by New Hampshire, New York, and Rhode Island-3.

All rejected by Connecticut, Georgia, and Massachusetts-3.

Article XI was proposed by Congress March 12, 1794, and declared in force January 8, 1798.

Article XII was proposed in the first session of the Eighth Congress and declared in force September 25, 1804.