With climate and scenery comes the sufficiency of elbow-room. The dominant note is that of personal freedom. Individualism is the characteristic of California life. Man exists as man in California, not as a part of a social organism. With plenty of elbow-room he works out his inborn character. He may be wicked, if that is his nature, but he is not hypocritical, for to be that implies a yielding to outside demands, doing something "against nature." The Californian carries his "own head under his hat," and California is in Browning's classification emphatically one of "Earth's male lands," a land where things are settled by out-of-door standards, not by that public opinion which women make in the house.

The development of the individual among her sons and daughters is the greatest contribution of California as a whole to American civilization. This is her work by virtue of being California, to give physical tone, heightened perceptions and a broader outlook on nature and life. The rest of her contribution is that of her sons and daughters who have been civilizing agencies by virtue of being themselves.

For good influences have gone out from every man and woman who has done honest work of whatever sort in California, and many are the names which should be written high in California's Hall of Fame. It is still too soon to see most of these in their propert perspective, and the writer has not lived long enough in California to have seen clearly any large number even of those whose position is undoubted. He is therefore forced to trust largely to what others have said and written, and for all omissions and distortions he has only the one apology, he did the best he could in an embarrassment of wealth. And in this same embarrassment he may leave out for the most part all those who are not so old as the state of California and who are therefore still at their work, promising youngsters indeed many of them, for by a trick of human nature all who are younger than we are still seem very young.

For our purpose of course to be a Californian is not necessarily to be a native son. Most Californians had the ill-fortune to be born somewhere else, and the good fortune to remove in time. Every one who has seen the seasons round must be held a Californian. For the love of California grows deep in his heart-that is, if he has any heart at all. And as we must adopt some sort of classifications, we may begin with the first of California's his

tory, with the names of Cabrillo, Vizcaino, and Sir Francis Drake. After these came the Mission efforts projected by Salvatierra, Kühn (called Kino) and Jesuits and carried out by the good Padre Junipero Serro and his Franciscan associates, Palou, Crespi, Portola, Peyri, Catala and the rest, not forgetting the wise Father Lasuen. These men were effective. Not in religion merely, but sociologically. They taught over 75,000 naked, indolent, houseless savages, who had not a single industry this side the stone age, to live in villages; to build such architecture as the missions, and houses for themselves; to farm, raise stock, spin, weave, to be masons, carpenters, plasterers, soapmakers, blacksmiths, millers, bakers, brickmakers, saddlers, etc. If their régime had continued, ninety per cent of these people might have been developed into self-supporting, decent citizens. In 1851 the Jesuits founded Santa Clara College, long the chief center of higher education in California. Among its devoted teachers may be named the first president John Nobili, while Burchard Villiger, Aloysius Varsi, James Burchard, and Joseph Caredda, with the learned Father Kenna, the president of today, were among his most eminent successors or associates. Among the Dominicans, we may remember Villarasa and Vinyes, and of the hard working secular clergy, Joseph Alemany, the late distinguished Archbishop of San Francisco, and his eminent successor Archbishop Riordan. Able coworkers of these no longer living were Fathers Harrington, Gallagher, King and Maginnis, and in Los Angeles Bishop Montgomery, Father Adam and Father Meyer, who with his Vicentian brothers directed the work in St. Vincent's Colleges. Two more names, Brother Justin of the Christian Fathers, and Father Vuibert, president of St. Patrick's College at Menlo Park, must not be omitted, and only lack of space excuses us from a full discussion of the work of St. Ignatius, St. Mary's and other Catholic colleges and preparatory schools in the development of Christian education in California.

And in this work the different sisterhoods have done their part most faithfully. Often their silent work in asylums, prisons, hospitals, and schools has been as effective as that of men whose names are on the lips of fame. Among those who knew them well, the names of Mother Babtiste Russell, of Mother Mary Teresa Comerford, Sister Mary Cornelia, Sister Mary Frances McEnnis of the Sisters of Charity, and Sister Anna Rafael and Sis

ter Dolcres, founders of the Sisters of the Holy Family who work among the San Francisco poor, are held in special veneration. And those, who, save the last two names, have I believe all passed away, have left most worthy

successors.

The work of the Protestant clergy is not so satisfactorily summed up, for it has not the same unifying spirit and its purposes and results are more distinctly individual. The earliest American Reformer in California was Rev. Walter Colton, first Alcalde of Monterey. He applied American laws, built the first town hall, was the first landmarker, protecting the mission ruins simply for fine sentiment, against the shameful mistreatment of native California by our immigrants. In the same work in later times the good Father Casanova of Monterey took a leading part. Father William Taylor, the "Methodist Boanerges," was the most prominent evangelical reformer of his day, a great force for good in San Francisco. In later times the names of Durand, McLean, Stebbins, Voorsanger, Brown, Leavitt, Wendte, Nichols, Worcester, Clampett, McIntosh, Hemphill and Hosmer rise in connection with California's religious development, but here, as elsewhere, I must leave out many more than I can name.

In the late contest for place on the pillars of the New York Hall of Fame (limited to natives of the United States whose life ceased before 1891) among the three hundred nominations placed before the judges, three were Californians, in the sense of having done their best work here. These were Fremont, Lick, and Thomas Starr King. It was Fremont's fortune to be sent to do a very important work, the accomplishment of which gave him his fame. James Lick is rightly honored for the noble use of his money, his wise choice of wise advisers, as well as for the simple honesty of his life. He set the noble fashion to his wealthy associates of using millions decently. The fame of Thomas Starr King rests on his personal character and noble activities. His strong clear word for liberty and justice was a potent influence in holding his adopted state to her place in the Union, and though he died nearly forty years ago his words and his memory are still among the forces for civilization in California. His successor, Horatio Stebbins, has been not less honored and the memory of his noble face and stately figure is one from which California would not part. Here, as much as anywhere belongs the honored name of Martin Kellogg, whose greatest work in long.

years of university service has been essentially a moral one, the influence of a gentleman in making men gentle.

Among the preachers, too, I must place another gifted Californian, though he does not usually range himself as such. Sternest of California's moralists, a lineai descendant of the Puritans, with heart warmed and sympathies broadened by the land of sunshine, yet preacher and Puritan for all that, Roundhead and Ironside is Charles F. Lummis.

Great teachers, California has had in full measure, and their number grows year by year with the growth of her universities. Foremost among those no longer living stand Edward Rowland Sill, Joseph Le Conte, John Le Conte, Jr., Wilbur Wilson Thoburn, Amos Griswold Warner, George Mann Richardson, Mary Sheldon Barnes, Sarah B. Cooper, Mary McDonald Roberts, Norton of San Jose and Daniel Kirkwood. Joseph Le Conte, investigator and teacher, is known and honored wherever the name of science goes. It is easier to mention names than to omit them, but I must find place only for another line. In it let me place Howison, Mrs. Clara Lincoln Mills, Stringham, Moses, Hilgard, Davidson, Sweet, Reid, Branner, Stillman, Anderson, Jenkins, Marx, Smith and Allen and leave a blank for the rest, which others may fill as they choose. Among men of science, not connected with teaching, a few names stand high in the history of California. Dr. O. W. Ayers, Dr. W. P. Gibbins, Dr. J. G. Cooper, Andrew Grayson, W. N. Lockington, W. G. W. Harford, Lyman Belding and Yates of Santa Barbara interested themselves in the natural history of California from the very first. Amidst varied discouragements Dr. Kellogg struggled with the wealth of California botany. Professor Whitney, afterward of Harvard, with his associates carried. through the geological survey of the state, on the whole a very noble piece of work. Besides these, California has had her share of physicists and more than her share of astronomers, one of the greatest of whom, James E. Keeler, was stricken down untimely. Equally great is his successor, W. W. Campbell, and as worthy associates of his we may name E. E. Barnard, Burnham, Perrine and Hussey. Both in literature and in science the name of John Muir has a unique place, unique and unquestioned.

In literature, many sons and daughters of California have found a worthy place, though originality is more the hall-mark of fame frequently

than greatness. Among those having an assured place, and who are as old as the state of California, we must surely mention Mark Twain, Joaquin Miller, Ambrose Bierce. These are still among the living. Of the dead we may name again Edward Rowland Sill, Thomas Starr King, Bret Harte and him who was called John Phoenix. The predominance of humorists is a reflex of the cheerful view of life which comes to a land where life is cheerful. The philosophy of Despair was not evolved in California. Besides the humorists and poets the noble work of Helen Hunt Jackson is part of the history of California. Robert Louis Stevenson, who cannot be praised by any adjective used on his contemporaries, was largely Californian. The romance of his life was here and much of his work was done in one of San Francisco's suburbs. His home (Vailima) was "the first place to the left" as you go westward out from San Francisco.

In medicine, California has known many honored names among which the following at least must find place: Elias B. Cooper, and his gifted nephew, L. C. Lane, H. H. Toland, J. H. Wythe, Henry Gibbons, W. P. Gibbons, A. Saxe, John Scott, G. S. Simmons, Luke Robinson, Arthur B. Stout, John F. Morse, Wilkins, Stallard, Hirchfelder. This list might be greatly extended, for the profession of medicine is one of civilization's most effective agencies. At the same time, the physician most powerful in this regard is not necessarily the one with the largest practice or the one whose name is most often on the public lips.

The picturesque early history of California has attracted the attention of California writers. Among the works of especial merit are the writings of Theodore Hittell and John S. Hittell, Dwinelle, Hall and Royce. To Josiah Royce, Californian by birth and education, we owe the best studies of the Psychology of California, the effect of its climate on its men and women, of the physical surroundings of California. The first history of California worthy the name was published by Franklin Tuthill in 1865, and numerous others, as Doyle, Lummis and Mary Sheldon Barnes, have done great service in advancing local studies or in reprinting valuable documents. The great historical work of H. H. Bancroft has also lucid intervals, and the historical seminaries of the two universities are centers of sound methods of historical investigation.

In this connection we may name as a civilizing agency the "Landmarks