"In the ship going to the Philippines he had found a Portuguese "chart of the Indian Archipelago, and with the help of this and his "own skill he trusted to find his way"; by the route around the Cape of Good Hope. Page 418.

So "running back to San Francisco he landed and made acquain"tance with the Indians there. * * The King, as the chief "was called, resigned crown and sceptre, and made over California "with its buried treasures to the use of her Majesty of England." Page 418.

"He remained long enough to discover the gold with which the "ground was teeming." Page 419.

Drake "ran back to San Francisco," as if the Golden Hinde had left it but a few days before; it comes as trippingly from the pen of this historian as the most trifling of incidents.

Froude has overlooked the fact that the name of the Pelican was changed at the eastern entrance to the Strait of Magellan to the Golden Hinde.

Of course we can give no weight to any of Froude's statements; but the recital has served our purpose. Such a dislocation of history and geography it would be difficult to find in any work professing to veracity. It demonstrates how the glamour of success distorts men's views, as does the mirage.

DRAKE PLACED IN LATITUDE 48°.

JULIAN S. CORBETT.

SOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DRAKE BY CORBETT, BARROW AND OTHER WRITERS.

Mr. Corbett admits that the Golden Hinde anchored in Drake's Bay, the later Puerto de San Francisco of the Spanish Navigators, upon the evidence we had presented in our "Identification" paper, 1890.* See "Drake and the Tudor Navy," Vol. I, p. 307n.

The work of Mr. Corbett bears the fullest evidence that "it has "been a labour of love, made pleasant by assistance and counsel "from quarters almost too numerous to mention." It is full of details of the family of the principal actor, and of the minutest incidents of a remarkable career, especially when they enhance the glory of Drake.

Mr. Corbett does not treat the life and exploits of Drake from a judicial standpoint, nor with the historical spirit; and therefore we are compelled to criticise his judgments of the Golden Hindef having reached the high latitude claimed for her. He contends for 48 degrees.

Those who have read the history of Drake, as given by his associates and contemporaries, will be astonished at the height of the column which Mr. Corbett has raised to his memory, after three hundred years have somewhat veiled the merciless atrocities laid to his charge, and never disproved.

Mr. Corbett tells why his work was written. "The romantic fas"cination of his career as a corsair and explorer began, it is true, "very shortly after his death to overshadow his work as an admiral "and a statesman, but in his own time this was not so; a principal "object of the present work is to restore him to the position he once "held as one of the great military figures of the Reformation:" page V.

Mr. Corbett thus treats Drake as a "Corsair and Explorer," and not as a pirate, or buccaneer (p. 280) like Oxenham, Morgan or Kidd. He might be a "heretic corsair" (p. 280) who impressed Don

**Identification of Sir Francis Drake's Anchorage on the Coast of California in the year 1579." California Historical Society Publication, 1890. 8vo., 58 pp., 15 views and charts.

†The crest of Sir Christopher Hatton, the Queen's vice chamberlain, was "a Hinde Statant or"; "The Sea Fathers," by Clement R. Markham, Cassell & Co., London, Paris and New York, 1884: page 109.

Juan de Anton as "a visitation from heaven," but those who sailed with him knew better. Whatever can be turned favorably for Drake receives special mention even to the "corsair's clemency" (p. 292) in his treatment of Anton from whose vessel, the Cacafuego, (the Glory of the South Sea,) he had taken 760,000 pesos (p. 291) covering "thirteen chests of pieces of eight, eighty pounds of gold, "and thirty-six tons of silver, besides jewels and plate."

Mr. Corbett appears to entertain some subtle distinction between a corsair and a pirate; evidently falling back upon the assumption that Drake bore the Queen's commission to plunder his enemies by sea and by land, when there was no war between Spain and England. Drake had no such commission. Even with that unproven condition the Imperial Dictionary quotes from Byron his ideas of a corsair: "He left a corsair's name to other times

Linked with one virtue and a thousand crimes."

In plain English the corsair and the pirate are sea-robbers, plunderers, and freebooters; denounced to-day as such by all civilized governments. Their business necessarily included the crimes of murder and arson.

In Drake's day his contemporaries considered him "the master "thiefe of the Unknown World"; "a fortunate robber who only "rested when satiated with spoil."

The plundering expedition of 1577-80 was made up of "gentle"men and saylors", "a company of desperate banckwrouptes that "could not lyve in theyr contrye without the spoyle of that as "others had gotten by the swete of theyre browes"; "chamber cham"pions who * * lye on their feather beds till they go to sea." 11* * Our men will sweat

With carrying pearls and treasure on their backs."

"Th' adventurers a strong company are

Which is a kind of trade piratical,

Do plough and harrow both by sea and land
Beyond the tropics, the bold Catholic King."

"The scourge of Spain."

Mr. Corbett does not clear up the case of Mr. Thomas Doughty. The Harleian and other manuscripts contain evidence enough to

condemn Drake for beheading Thomas Doughty, without a shadow of legal authority. Doughty had joined the expedition as Drake's "good and esteemed friend." He had been put in command of Nuno da Silva's ship, (which had been captured off the island of Santiago,) and had detected one of Drake's brothers in disobeying the General's orders. This Thomas Drake turned the charge against Doughty. After much unseemly discussion, and a trial by officers who feared Drake, Doughty was ordered to be hanged or shot; but preferred beheading.

In this trial Drake did not, and could not produce any commission or authority from Queen Elizabeth; and "it is more than probable "that, this gentleman's questioning the commission of Drake was "the reall cause of his Death." Drake could have put him in irons, or have sent him to England for trial; but he preferred to commit murder; and with consummate hypocrisy he partook of the Holy Sacrament before the Provost Marshal beheaded Doughty with an axe; on the 2nd July 1578; fifty-eight years after the tragedy of the Magallanes expedition at the same place.

"On this Island in porte S. Julyan * * Drake spewyed "oute agaynst Thomas Doughty all his venome, here he ended all "his conceyved hatred, not by curtesy or fryndly reconceylement, "but by moaste tyranical blud spillyng * * for here he mur"dered hym.

Everything connected with the port of San Julian in those early days has some superstitious, weird or gruesome history. One of the unaccountable acts of Drake's men was the making of a "Tankard "from the Magellan Gibbet": Barrow, page 112.*

We find a different estimate of some of Drake's acts in a late authority, although Mr. Barrow has written his book to give his countrymen a still higher estimate of the exploits of Drake; and of his "kindness and benevolence"; (p. 110). From him we learn that before Drake joined John Hawkins he "was in fact already ac

*The fleet of Hernando Magallanes wintered in the Puerto de San Julian during April, May, June, July and August, 1520: the winter of that region.

In the dissensions and discontent that naturally arose, Don Luis de Mendoza was stabbed by the orders of Magallanes; Gaspar de Quesada was seized, hung and quartered, and Juan de Cartagena, with the French priest Pedro Sanchez de Reina were put ashore when the fleet left on the 24th of August.

Vide "An Historical Collection of the Several Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean. * * Alexander Dalrymple, London; MDCCLXX, 2 Vols. Vol. I, page 18 et seq. †The Life, Voyages, and Exploits of Admiral Sir Francis Drake, Knt., * * by John Barrow Esq. * John Murray, Albemarle Street. MDCCCXLIII.

*

That he was well

That the Hawkins

"quainted (to what extent we know not) with the West Indies and "the coast of the Caribbean Sea"; (page 8.) acquainted with the profits of the slave trade. expedition of October 2, 1567 was a slave stealing and trading expedition, (page 9), with "the slaves as an outward-bound cargo," in exchange for silver and plunder; (pages 8, 13.) It was an unfortunate expedition; Drake escaped with the Judith and reached England, but we find no record thereof.*

According to Barrow, Dr. Johnson in his Life of Drake wholly overlooks the slavery phase in his hero's career. Yet slavery was glorified in those strenuous times. The trade of selling negroes to the Spaniards was "carried on by virtue of a treaty, still subsisting, "between Henry VIII and Charles V. So far was this traffic then "considered from being infamous, that every encouragement was "given to it by Queen Elizabeth, who took Hawkins into her service, "made him Paymaster of the Navy, and, to mark her sense of obli"gation and favour, gave him a coat of arms, 'whose crest was a "demi-Moor properly coloured, bound by a cord' "; (pages 6-7.) And Drake "cheerfully joined Sir John Hawkins in his ventures to "the West Indies."

Barrow says: "Elizabeth was well disposed to encourage adven"turers desirous of sharing in the riches extorted by Spain from the "unfortunate princes of Mexico and Peru and their native subjects"; pages 32-33. And in later years we are elsewhere told that the expedition of 1585 was paid for by "Sir Philip Sydney, the friend and "favorite of Queen Elizabeth."

In the matter of Thomas Doughty, Barrow says, page 77, that it is not "credible" that the Queen gave Drake a commission to make reprisals, as that "would have been equivalent to a declaration of "war." And again, on page 110, he writes of this affair, wherein there was no mutiny, and no associates or confederates; "still a "mystery hangs over the whole proceeding, an irregular court "held, a civilian criminally accused, but no crime specified, -no "charge produced,-no defence set up,-no evidence on either side,"no proceedings put on record,-the prisoner condemned and exe"cuted by an unusual process, and not a word said about it."

Mr. Barrow quotes from the certified copy of Francis Fletcher's

"The same night the Judith likewise forsakes" the Minion the only ship Hawkins had left; 1567. Quoted by Barrow, page 20, from "Narrative of Miles Philips, in Hakluyt."