"eastward from the Pacific to the Atlantic until he met with high "contrary winds and severe cold, when he decided, with the consent "of all on board, to relinquish this project and return home round "the World by way of the Moluccas and the Cape of Good Hope."

We submit that he has not done justice to the subject.

DRAKE DID NOT REACH A HIGHER LATITUDE THAN

FORTY-TWO OR FORTY-THREE DEGREES.

CONTEMPORARY AUTHORITIES; AND DISCUSSION.

We go back to the date of June 3rd 1579 to note what narrative and what authority exist for the Golden Hinde having reached the latitude of 48°, or Vancouver Island.

Of the two principal authorities for Drake's voyage of 1577-80 we have the Famous Voyage, and the World Encompassed.*

There are three editions of the former; the first occurs in Richard Hakluyt's Collection of Voyages published in 1589, nine years only after Drake's return home, and seven years before his death; republished in 1598-1600; and a reprint of the latter in 1611.† In a recent letter which we have received from London some changes from the first to the second edition are noted; and that Hakluyt used the first person singular in the narrative without any statement of authorship. This must have misled a writer, in the VIIIth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, to assert that Hakluyt accompanied Drake on this expedition; Volume VI, page 97, column 2.

Richard Hakluyt Prebendary of Bristol was a man of education, and after taking holy orders at Oxford gave most of his time and study to collecting and publishing narratives of "Divers Voyages touching the Discovery of America", as early as 1582.

If a choice is to be made between his account of Drake's exploits in his Famous Voyage in the edition of 1589, and of nephew Francis Drake's account in the editions of 1628, 1635 or 1652 in the World Encompassed, we submit that the decision must be in favor of Hakluyt, who was within earshot of Drake, Fletcher and others. Drake's nephew or his compiler would naturally gather what he could in favor of his uncle although he had been dead thirty-six years, and harsh judgments had been mellowed, wrongs forgotten, and every actor had departed.

John Barrow declares that "the most ancient and independent

*The Famous Voyage of Sir Francis Drake into the South Sea and there-hence about the whole Globe of the Earth begun in the yeere 1577."

The World encompassed by Sir Francis Drake, being his next Voyage to that to Nombre de Dios formerly imprinted; carefully collected out of the notes of Master Francis Fletcher, Preacher in this employment. London * * *

It was reissued by the Hakluyt Society London, 1854.

1628.

†In some copies of the 1589 edition there is a map with the coast line of northwest America terminating at Cape Mendocino in latitude 43°, but we have not seen it.

"authority is that of Hakluyt;" page 97; and that in the World Encompassed Doughty's name is never mentioned; (page 99.)

When the subject is viewed in different aspects it is a reasonable assumption to say that Hakluyt was the author of the "Famous Voyage"; and that he had access to good and tangible authority; and could weigh the evidence presented by different narrators.

The World Encompassed was not published until 1628, or fortyeight years after the return of Drake, and was published under the direction of Francis Drake a nephew of the Admiral; a second edition was published in 1635, and a third in 1652, or seventy-two years after Drake's return and fifty-six after his death. This work has no pretensions to originality, and appears to have been based upon the "Famous Voyage", and from traditions, or records of some people who accompanied Drake.

The World Encompassed has been relied upon by Burney in his collection of voyages, Part I, London 1803; and by two earlier writers or compilers. In late years it has been relied upon by Dr. Travers Twiss* in his argument during the controversy between Great Britain and the United States on the subject of the northwest boundary between the United States and Canada. He treats the whole subject from a partisan standpoint, and naturally strives to prove the higher latitude of 48 degrees.

In his comparison of authorities it is amusing to find him state that the "Famous Voyage" of 1589 "agrees" with the "World Encompassed" of 1628 or later; and one or more similar phrases. He even compares our "Northwesters" with the "Northers" which lower the temperature of New Orleans and Mexico to a winter condition. We can not accept Dr. Twiss as an authority.

It will be seen as we progress that Mr. Corbett has taken the same view as Dr. Twiss, and is just as determined that Drake sailed his dull ship six degrees of latitude in less than two days against a northwester.

The World Encompassed asserts that Drake searched the coast diligently even unto the 48th degree. Sir William Monson† writes that Drake left his known course and ventured upon an unknown sea in latitude 48° to which latitude he arrived. Burney quotes

*

*The Oregon Question Examined. In respect to Facts and the Law of Nations. By Travers London Twiss D. C. L., F. R. S., * * 1846. 1 vol. 8vo. 391 pp. One map. Monson sailed

†Burney, Part I, page 243n; Sir W. Monson's Naval Tracts, Book IV. with Drake in the Spanish wars after his return in 1580.

the "World Encompassed" and considers the statement "explicit "on the subject." He also quotes Monson favorably. Evidently he declares for 48°, and even refers to Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo as describing part of the coast in the winter season; when the weather was clear, and Drake seeing it in summer when the inland mountains were obscured.

The fact is, Cabrillo and Ferrelo made and named the landfall of the high wooded shoulder behind Fort Ross in latitude 38° 31′ El Cabo de Pinos; it is very probable he saw the crestline of the Coast Range (2200 feet) behind Point Arena, in latitude 39°. It is a bare possibility he saw King Peak (4090 feet) of the Coast Range in 40° 09'. He probably reached latitude 42° 30', but was seventy miles off shore.

In regard to the weather off the coast north of San Francisco, the winters are the unfavorable and rainy season with the land frequently hidden by mist and rain; and Cabrillo and Ferrelo found. that out to their discomfiture and discomfort.*

Burney was striving to put Drake at the high latitude without knowing all the conditions involved.

Mr. Julian S. Corbett has made the same attempt to fix the extreme of 48° of latitude. On pages 305 and 306 of his Tudor Navy, he writes, that on June 3rd they "observed" themselves to be in 42° north, when straight the weather fell with extreme and nipping cold. On the 4th rain froze as it fell; ropes grew stiff, and the crew were so benumbed they could hardly manage the ship.

The more they labored the more bitter and intolerable grew the cold: the meat froze as they took it off the fire!

Another day passed, and the wind, more cruel than ever, shifted to northwest, forced the vessel to the eastward, when suddenly on the fifth they found themselves close to the land. The weather continued bad.

They were compelled to anchor in the best roadstead they could find, and were even driven from that; it was a "bad bay."

"This was the first week in June, and they were, as they reckoned in 48°;" page 306.

Then comes a foot note by Mr. Corbett stating that Professor Davidson "the most learned authority on the point", is mistaken

*Voyages of Discovery and Exploration on the Northwest Coast of America from 1539 to 1603. By George Davidson, Assistant U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, 1886; Quarto, 100 pp. One chart.

in supposing that Drake did not sail from 42° to 48° in less than two days in the stormy weather recorded.

The trouble is that Mr. Corbett is the authority at fault. He forgets to note that the narratives say they "observed" the latitude in 42°; after that every location must have been "reckoned"; and they did not use the log at that period.

He exaggerates the statements of the narratives; he presents no new authority or explanation; and he evidently knew little of the climatology and currents of the north Pacific. In fact after the publication of our "Identification" of Drake's anchorage on the coast of California he wrote to us asking for our views upon the highest latitude reached. We wrote a long statement, mentioned authorities, gave our views from experience, and probably sent him a copy of our "Identification" paper, and explained, as well as we were able, the reasons for our belief that the Golden Hinde never reached higher than 43° of latitude. Our letter was never acknowledged; but many months afterward he wrote again stating that he had arrived at the conclusion that Drake reached 48°, and asking if we had any further arguments to offer for our stand. Of course we remained silent.

We need not refer to the explanations we have made about the limit of 43°. Had the Golden Hinde made the coast in latitude 48°, just south of the Strait of Fuca, with Mount Olympus, 8300 feet high in view; she would have passed on her southern search the mouth of the Columbia River, the bold head of Tillamook, Cascade Head, Cape Foulweather and the northwest anchorage of Yaquina Point in latitude 44° 40', Cape Perpetua, and Cape Gregory in 43° 20′, before she reached Cape Orford from seaward on June the fifth.

Not a word of the character of that varied and impressive coast; not a reference to the presence or absence of dangers, so important to the navigator; not a word about searching for a harbor in which to repair the vessel; not another intimation of the weather.

In order to clinch our presentation of reasons to Mr. Corbett for the latitude of 43°, we appealed to the Hondius Map of 1595 (?) in the British Museum; a copy of part of which accompanies our "Identification" paper.*

That map so far as it relates to the Pacific coast is based upon Spanish and Drake authorities. Credit is given to Drake for New

*The part of the map we asked for was drawn by authority of the custodian, but Drake's track was not drawn throughout, only the ending which covered the asterisk.