wind was strong or cold. We never saw them shudder, or huddle together to keep warm.*

But there is no excuse for the frozen meat, and as little for the gold and silver, "the riches and treasure" and the native horses of the Point Reyes Rancho.

There is a general geographic misstatement that will bear remark. When the Golden Hinde reached the coast and was compelled to haul to the southward, Drake followed it carefully, seeking for a safe anchorage in which to repair the leaking of the ship, and to lay in wood, water, and provisions. They were at least ten or eleven days sailing from Chetko Cove to Drake's Bay, doubtless laying-to at night; and they declare that from their anchorage "to 38 we found "the land by coasting alongst it, to be low and reasonable plaine; "euery hill (whereof we saw many but none verie high) though it "were in June, and the Sunne in his nearest approach vnto them, "being couered with snow." Another account says: "not finding "it mountainous until we came within 38 degrees towards the line". How are we to weigh these statements which are so contrary to the facts. The mountains only a few miles behind Cape Orford reach 2860 feet, and Bald Peak is 3056 feet. In the latitude of Point St. George the flanking masses of the Siskiyou Range reach 7000 feet at 30 miles inland, and are reckoned good landfalls. When the Golden Hinde was swinging around Capes Sebastian and Ferrelo for her first anchorage the mountains overlooked her from a height of 2285 feet.

In the region of Pelican Bay the narrator saw the mountains had retreated, and that the low valley was densely forested, but no remark is made thereof.

Immediately south of Crescent City Bay the mountains rise rapidly, with bold shore cliffs. Eight miles east of the mouth of the Klamath River Mt. Toorup reaches 4065 feet; and up the narrow valley of the river he might have seen the snow peak of Mt. Shasta 14360 feet above the sea.

The vertical cliffs of Gold and Gihon Bluffs in latitude 41° 20′, rise from 100 to 500 feet, with spurs of the Trinity Mountains behind

*Kotzebue, when on the coast of Alaska in 1826 writes: "In the winter, during a cold of "10° Reaumar the Kalushes walk about naked, and jump into the water as the best means "of warming themselves. At night they lie without any covering, under the open sky, near "a great fire, so near indeed as to be sometimes covered by the hot ashes." Vol. II, page 50. See Bibliography.

them. Five miles behind Rocky Point, Trinity Mountain is 3010 feet in height.

At Cape Mendocino (latitude 40° 26') the grassy ridge rises to 1360 feet in three miles, and the coast takes a decided trend to the southeast thence to Point Arena, 94 miles distant. This is a markedly forbidding coast line; King Peak rises to 4090 feet in two and a half miles from the shore; hence to the southeastward the range continues from 3000 to 2200 feet high near Russian River.

That is the land which is described as "low plaine": those are the hills declared to have been covered with snow in the middle of June 1579. Only one explanation can be offered.

Navigators have honestly misconstrued appearances as La Pérouse's volcano on Cape Mendocino, which may have been an extensive grass fire on the treeless ridge, or a forest fire from one of the wooded valleys. Cook saw King Island in the Bering Sea by extraordinary refraction, and located it as a second island: Vancouver saw the Island of San Clemente from the Presidio of San Diego, by extraordinary refraction, and plotted it as another island which he called San Juan. We have experienced cases of extraordinary refraction on the coast, and in the mountains.

The seasons were then the same as they are to-day. We have the same winds and the same "most uile, thicke, and stinking fogges" which Drake experienced. And the same fogs at Drake's Bay where it is related that "neither could we at any time, in the whole fourteene 'dayes together, find the aire so cleare to be able to take the height "of sunne or starre."

This account of his experience at Drake's Bay is borne out by later observations, although one writer* adduces it as "the one "doubtful point in the account of the climate." He quotes Robert Greenhow to prove that it is "not exaggeration, but a 'positive and 'evidently wilful falsehood' credulously inserted by the general "compiler of the 'World Encompassed' "t of the climate at Point Reyes. "From July 2, 1859, the fog hung over the promontory of "Point Reyes for thirty-nine consecutive days and nights. The "Sun was invisible for the first nine days, and on shore it was visible

*Dictionary of National Biography. Edited by Leslie Stephen and Sidney Lee. London 1885-1901. 66 vols. See Volume XV, page 431.

†Greenhow, Robert: History of Oregon and California, 1845; (being the second edition), Boston. Page 75n.

"only at mid-day for the next thirty days; but the fog hung densely "over the water."*

In this connection Professor Alexander G. McAdie of the Weather Bureau Service on this coast, has examined the records of five consecutive years, during the time of season Drake was at this anchorage, and has published his results in tabular form, from which he concludes "that the statement of the first travellers is fully borne out "by the records of to-day."†

It is a satisfaction thus to verify whatever statements have been made in the narratives; for further particulars see page 136 et seq.

It is perhaps pardonable at this time to recall the fact that in the disputes which took place half a century ago between Great Britain and the United States as to their respective claims to the right of territory on this coast dependent upon discovery, one of the strong points made by Great Britain was the discovery of Drake as far north as the parallel of 48 degrees, although he did not go through the formalities of taking possession until he reached the latitude of Drakes Bay. Here he went through a grotesque performance of taking possession, of which the least said the better. And And if any later galleon should seek refuge here he left a monument in proof of his landing. This was "a plate nailed upon a faire great poste, "whereupon was her Majestie's name, the day and year of our "arrival there, with the free giving up of the province and people into "her Majestie's hands; together with her highness' picture and arms, "in a piece of five-pence of current English money, under the plate, "whereunder was also written the name of our General."

The formality of taking possession of this immediate vicinity had been performed by Cabrillo when he anchored his ships the San Salvador and La Victoria in forty-five fathoms of water, in the Gulf of the Farallones, "on Friday the seventeenth day of November 1542"; thirty-seven and a half years earlier than Drake, and when on a voyage of discovery and exploration.

232.

*Coast Pilot of California, Oregon and Washington: Davidson: Washington 1889: page

*Climate and Crops. California Section, April 1902, pages 4 and 10.

DRAKE CARRIED TO THE LATITUDE OF VANCOUVER ISLAND AND ANCHORED IN SAN FRANCISCO BAY.

GARDINER G. HUBBARD.

One of the latest authorities has declared that Drake reached "the latitude of Vancouver" [Island], "took possession", and named it "New Albion"; "landed at the harbor of San Francisco, refitted "his ships," etc.

We are afraid some part of the paper was written without careful examination of authorities, and certainly with no personal knowledge of the coast.

In 1893 Mr. Gardiner G. Hubbard, President of the National Geographic Society of Washington, presented a paper upon the general research in geography, and in speaking of Drake he said that "instead of returning as he had come Drake determined to seek and "find the fabulous strait so long sought by Columbus, and by that "channel to find his way home.

"He followed the Coast from Central America northward to the "latitude of Vancouver Island, [4810-51°] and took possession of the "land for England, calling it New Albion; then, finding the coast "still trending to the northwestward and the weather growing more "and more severe, he gave up his attempt, landed at the harbor of "San Francisco, refitted his ships [sic], and returned home by the "Cape of Good Hope. * * *

"This voyage of Drake completed the discovery of America from "the northern coast of Labrador southward around Cape Horn and "northward to 48°, the latitude of Vancouver island."*

Our quotations are from pages 15, 16, and the writer speaks of Drake's ships, not ship, in San Francisco Harbor.

The five charts in that number are Claudius Ptolemy, circa 150, Toscarelli 1474, Chronicon Nurembergense 1493, Juan de la Cosa 1500, Ruysch 1508.

*The National Geographic Magazine; Vol. V, pp. 1-20, pls. 1-5. April 7, 1893. The paper was presented January 13, 1893.

THE GOLDEN HINDE PLACED IN THE HARBOR OF SAN

FRANCISCO.

JUSTIN WINSOR, AND EDWARD EVERETT Hale.

The account of Drake's advent upon this northwest coast, is very unevenly given in the History of Mr. Justin Winsor.*

Dr. Hale links the history of the slave traffic carried on by Hawkins and Drake, with their plunderings in the voyages of these navigators. Their crimes are, in a measure, condoned: and stress is laid upon the asserted treachery of certain Spanish authorities who resisted the piratical raids of the English. In one of the expeditions on the Isthmus of Panamá Drake is represented as viewing "the "Pacific from a spot probably near the place where Balboa had first "seen the Pacific, and vehemently * implored divine "assistance * * that he might make a perfect discovery of "the same."

This place of view was said to be from a tree overlooking Panamá, but Balboa first saw the Gulf of San Miguel.

These minor irregularities of Drake are smoothed over, and the expedition of 1577 reaches the coast of America within a page. Mr. Thomas Doughty is beheaded in a lawful manner. The voyage of plunder is carried through a few sentences; no reference is made to the invaluable sea charts taken from Don Francisco Xarate, and when Drake reached Guatulco we are assured that the "next day", he "struck northward on the voyage he discovered the coast of Oregon "and of that part of California which now belongs to the United "States.

"A certain doubt hangs over the original discovery of the eastern "coast of this nation. There is no doubt that the coast of Oregon "was discovered to Europe by the greatest seaman of Queen Eliza"beth's reign."

Dr. Hale then quotes Fletcher whose account brought the Golden Hinde to the latitude of 42°; and made the land three days after.

No decided opinion is expressed by the historian about the latitude of the landfall; and "it is a question how far north Drake went"; but the ship is sailed southward to latitude 38° 30′ where they came to a "conuenient and fit harbour."

We take exception to the dictum that Drake was the first to discover the coast of Oregon to Europe.

8vo.

*Narrative and Critical History of America Vol. III.

Boston and New York: 8 vols.