but with no great effect. Finding that they were pursued by a frigate, they put into a creek and landed their arms and stores at the old castle of Allangreg. In the meantime the Marquis of Athol came against them with a considerable force, by whom they were drawn away from the castle, leaving only 150 men to defend it in case of an attack. Being attacked, the small garrison fled, and the whole of their provisions and stores fell into the hands of the enemy. All this was discouraging enough; but, what was worse, they were not agreed among themselves, nor was the country agreed to take part with them. The suffering Presbyterians would have nothing to do with Argyle, with whom they were highly offended for the part he had hitherto acted, and the declaration he emitted did not give them great hopes of that which was yet to come. In short, it was soon evident that they would be obliged to separate, and every man to shift for himself in the best manner he could. Disappointed in the Highlands, it was proposed to try the Lowlands; but they had wandered in the Highlands till the government forces, under Athol, Gordon, and Dumbarton, had cut off their communication with the disaffected parts of the country, and even cut them off from the possibility of escape. It was at last, however, resolved that they should march upon Glasgow; and they crossed the water of Leven three miles above Dumbarton, on the night of the 16th of June. Marching next morning towards Kilmaronock, in the hope of finding some provisions, of which they were in absolute want, they discovered a party of horse, and stood to their arms, but the party they had observed being only a small body of horsemen not sufficiently strong to attack them, they passed on. On setting their watch the same night, they were alarmed again by a party of the king's forces. Attempting a night march to Glasgow, they wandered into a moss, where they were so broken and scattered, that, in the morning there were not above 500 of them together.

All hope of success was now over. Sir John Cochrane and Sir Patrick Hume crossed the Clyde with about 150 men; and Argyle refusing to follow them, marched to Muirdyke, where his troops were attacked by Lord Ross, whom they repulsed in a very gallant manner, but were under the necessity of separating shortly after. Argyle, thus left to himself, despatched Sir Duncan Campbell and two Duncansons, father and son, to his own country, to attempt raising new levies, and repaired himself to the house of an old servant, where he calculated upon a temporary asylum, but was peremptorily denied entrance. In consequence of this he crossed the Clyde, attended only by one companion. At the ford of Inchinnan they were stopped by a party of militiamen. Fullarton, the name of Argyle's companion, used every means he could think of to save his general, who was habited as a plain countryman, and whom he passed for his guide. Seeing them determined to go after his guide, as he called him, he offered to surrender without a blow, provided they did not hurt the poor man who was conducting him. These terms they accepted, but did not adhere to; two of their number going after Argyle, who, being on horseback, grappled with them till one of them and himself came to the ground. He then presented his pocket-pistol, when the two retired, but other five advancing, knocked him down with their swords and seized him. When they found who it was they had made prisoner they were exceedingly sorry, but they durst not let him go. Fullaraton, perceiving the stipulation on which he had surrendered broken, snatched at the sword of one of them in order to take vengeance upon his perfidious opponents, but, failing in his at

tempt, he too was overpowered and made prisoner. Renfrew was the first place that was honoured with the presence of this noble captive; whence, on the 20th of June, he was led in triumph into Edinburgh. The order of the council was particular and peremp tory, that he should be led bareheaded in the midst of Graham's guards, with his hands tied behind his back, and preceded by the common hangman; and the more to expose him to the insults of the mob, it was specially directed that he should be led to the castle, which was to be the place of his confinement, by a circuitous route. All this, however, only served to display more strongly the heroic dignity, the meekness, the patience, and the unconquerable fortitude that animated their unfortunate victim; and it tended in no small degree to hasten that catastrophe which all this studied severity was intended to avert. The Scottish parliament on the 11th of June sent an address to the king; wherein, after commending his majesty in their usual manner for his immeasurable gifts of prudence, courage, and conduct, and loading Argyle, whom they style an hereditary traitor, with every species of abuse, and with every crime, particularly that of ingratitude for the favours which he had received, as well from his majesty as from his predecessor, they implore his majesty to show him no favour, and that his family, the heritors, the preachers, &c., who have joined him, may for ever be declared incapable of mercy, or of bearing any honour or estate in the kingdom, and all subjects discharged under the pains of treason, to intercede for them in any manner of way. Accordingly, the following letter, with the royal signature, and countersigned by Lord Milford, secretary of state for Scotland, was despatched to the council at Edinburgh, and by them entered and registered on the 29th of J June. "Whereas, the late Earl of Argyle is, by the providence of God, fallen into our power, it is our will and pleasure that you take all ways to know from him those things which concern our government most; as, his assisters with men, arms, and money, his associates and correspondents,-his designs, &c.; but this must be done so as no time may be lost in bringing him to condign punishment, by causing him to be denounced as a traitor within the space of three days after this shall come to your hands, an account of which, with what he shall confess, you shall send immediately to our secretaries, for which this shall be your warrant." James, who, while he was viceroy in Scotland, attended the infliction of torture upon the unhappy victims of his tyranny, and frequently called for another touch, watching, at the same time, the unhappy victim with the eager curiosity of a philosophical experimenter, evidently, by this letter, intended that it should have been applied to Argyle. "It is our will and pleasure that you take all ways to know from him," &c., seems positively to enjoin it; and when we reflect that torture was at the time in common use, and that the men to whom this order was addressed were in the habit of practising it, we might almost say it is somewhat of a mystery how he escaped it. Certain it is, however, that he did escape it, but how will, in all probability, never be known. That he did not escape it by any undue disclosures, is equally certain. That they had received such orders he was told, and of their readiness to obey them he had too many proofs; yet, when examined in private by Queensberry, he gave no information with respect to his associates in England; he also denied that he had concerted his design with any persons in Scotland; but he avowed boldly, and with the utmost frankness, that his hopes of success were founded on the cruelty of the administration, and such a dis

position in the people to revolt as he conceived to be the natural consequence of oppression. He owned, at the same time, that he had laid too much weight upon this principle. Writing also to a friend, just before his examination, he has these words: "What may have been discovered from any paper that may have been taken, he knows not. Otherwise, he has named none to their disadvantage." Perhaps it was to atone for their neglect with regard to the torture, that the council ordered his execution on the very next day, although they had three to choose upon; and, to make the triumph of injustice complete, it was ordered upon the iniquitous sentence of 1682. The warning was short, but it must have been, in some degree, anticipated; and he received it with the most perfect composure. He possessed a faith full of assurance that triumphed over all his afflictions, and a hope that breathed immortality.

The morning of his execution was spent in religious exercises and in writing short notices to friends. He had his dinner before he left the castle, at the usual hour, at which he discoursed with those that were along with Mr. Charteris and others with cheerful and becoming gravity. After dinner he retired, as was his custom, to his bedchamber, where it is recorded he slept quietly for about a quarter of an hour. While he was in bed one of the members of the council came and wished to speak with him. Being told that the earl was asleep, and had left orders not to be disturbed, he seemed to think that it was only a shift to avoid further questionings, and the door being thrown open, he beheld, in a sweet and tranquil slumber, the man who, by the doom of himself and his fellows, was to die within the space of two short hours. Struck with the sight, he left the castle with the utmost precipitation, and entering the house of a friend that lived near by, threw himself on the first bed that presented itself. His friend naturally concluding that he was ill, offered him some wine, which he refused, saying, "No, no, that will not help me; I have been at Argyle, and saw him sleeping as pleasantly as ever man did, but as for me-." The name of the person to whom this anecdote relates is not mentioned, but Wodrow says he had it from the most unquestionable authority. After his short repose Argyle was brought to the high council-house, from which is dated the letter to his wife, and thence to the place of execution. On the scaffold he discoursed with Mr. Annand, a minister appointed by the government to attend him, and with Mr. Charteris, both of whom he desired to pray for him. He then prayed himself with great fervency. The speech which he made was every way worthy of his character-full of fortitude, mildness, and charity. He offered his prayers to God for the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and that an end might be speedily put to their present trials. Having then asked pardon for his own failings, both of God and man, he would have concluded, but being reminded that he had said nothing of the royal family, he prayed that there never might be wanting one in it to support the Protestant religion; and if any of them had swerved from the true faith, he prayed that God might turn their hearts, but at any rate to save his people from their machinations. Turning round, he said, "Gentlemen, I pray you do not misconstruct my behaviour this day. I freely forgive all men their wrongs and injuries done against me, as I desire to be forgiven of God." Mr. Annand said, "This gentleman dies a Protestant;" when he stepped forward and said, "I die not only a Protestant, but with a heart-hatred of Popery, Prelacy, and all superstition whatsomever." He then embraced

SIR ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL.

his friends, gave some tokens of remembrance to his son-in-law, Lord Maitland, for his daughter and grandchildren, stripped himself of part of his apparel, of which he likewise made presents, and laying his head upon the block, repeated thrice, “Lord Jesus, receive my spirit," when he gave the signal, and his head was severed from his body. Thus died Archibald Campbell, Earl of Argyle, on the 30th of June, 1685, of whom it has been said, "Let him be weighed never so scrupulously, and in the nicest scales, he will not be found in a single instance wanting in the charity of a Christian, the firmness and benevolence of a patriot, nor the integrity and fidelity of a man of honour."

CAMPBELL, SIR ARCHIBALD, Bart., G.C.B., &c., was a son of Archibald Campbell, lieutenant in the army, by his wife, Margaret, daughter of Captain James Small. Having taken up the military profession like a family inheritance, Archibald entered the army in 1787, with the rank of ensign, in consequence of having raised twenty recruits for the service. Early in the following year he embarked with his regiment, the 77th, for India, and was em ployed in active service in the successful campaign against Tippoo Sultaun, and upon the coast of Malabar in 1790. In the following year he rose to the rank of lieutenant and adjutant, and served in the campaigns of the Mysore, and the first siege of Seringapatam. In 1795 he accompanied his regi ment in the reduction of the Dutch garrison of Cochin and its dependencies on the coast of Malabar; and in 1796 he was employed in the successful enterprise that reduced the island of Ceylon. After various changes connected with these leading events in our Indian warfare, he served as major of brigade to the European brigade of the Bombay army in 1799, and was present at the battle of Saduceer and the capture of Seringapatam. Having procured during this year, by purchase, the rank of captain in the 67th regiment, he exchanged into the 88th, that he might continue upon foreign service, as the last-mentioned corps had just arrived in India; but he was disappointed in his purpose by ill health, which compelled him, in 1801, to return home.

After having been employed in England chiefly in the recruiting service, and upon the staff of the southern district as major of brigade, he was subsequently appointed major in the 6th battalion of reserve, and was stationed in Guernsey till 1805, when he joined the 71st regiment, with which he continued in Scotland and Ireland until 1808: he then joined the 1st battalion on its embarkation for Portugal. Here Major Campbell saw service such as he had not witnessed in India, having been present in the battles of Rolica and Vimeira, as well as in the disastrous campaign in Spain under Sir John Moore, and the battle of Corunna. In February, 1809, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and appointed to assist Marshal Beresford in organizing and disciplining the Portuguese army. This was a service in which Colonel Campbell was associated with some of the best officers of the British army, and the value of their endeavours was well attested by the high state of efficiency to which the Portuguese soldiers were brought, and the important aid they rendered during the Peninsular war. In this auxiliary army Campbell rose to the rank of full colonel, and in 1811 to that of brigadier-general, and was present at the battles of Busaco, Albuera, Vittoria, the Pyrenees, the Nivelle, and the Nive, and several sieges, especially that of Badajoz. After having thus passed through the brunt of the war in the Peninsula and south of France, he was appointed to the rank

Having finished his military education at Gosport, and shown his eligibility for a commission, Colin Campbell was gazetted as ensign in the 9th (or East Norfolk) regiment of foot, in the summer of 1808, when he had reached the age of sixteen, and his commencement of the hardships of a military uniform. Old men can still remember the visions of their youthful wonderment when soldiers paraded before them so buckramed, so stiffened and pipe-clayed, that it seemed impossible they could either march or fight; and of these gratuitous difficulties of the Prussian school our young ensign was wont in after-years to make many a humorous complaint. Before his excoriated limbs, however, had lost their epidermis, and got the new enduring skin of the soldier, he was sent out on foreign service, and was present at the battle of Vimeira, where for the first time he stood under fire. He then followed the disastrous fortunes of the army of Sir John Moore both in its advance and retreat, until the campaign was finished by the battle of Corunna; but scarcely had he landed in England, when he was sent off, in 1809, upon the still more disastrous expedition to Walcheren. In this fatal enterprise, after enduring his full share of service and privations, he was struck down by the Walcheren fever; and although cured, the disease was so deeply seated in his system, that until he went to China, thirty years afterwards, it never failed to make yearly its periodic return. "Walcheren," he was wont to say, was with me every season." Nothing but a constitution of iron could have survived such inflictions, and nothing but an equally indomitable will and devoted love of his profession have retained him in the service.

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After this furnace of Walcheren had seasoned those whom it failed to destroy, Campbell in 1810 returned with his regiment to Spain, under better auspices than those of the Corunna campaign, and was present in most of the great actions that distinguished the Peninsular war. He shared in the battle of Barossa in March, 1811, and the defence of Tarifa on January 5th, 1812, and during the same year he was transferred to a corps of the Spanish army under General Ballasteros, with which he was present in several battles and skirmishes which our British historians have not recorded, or only passed lightly over. Among these was the expedition for the relief of Tarragona, which was a disastrous failure, and the affair for relieving the posts in the valley of Malaga. In 1813 he rejoined the army of the Duke of Wellington, and accompanied it through all the trying actions of that memorable year, distinguishing himself at every opportunity by his ardent courage, and establishing a high character throughout the army, by his resolution and deeds of active daring. Through the fire of Vittoria, which he entered with his wonted intrepidity, he passed unscathed, but was not so fortunate at the siege of San Sebastian, for in leading a forlorn hope to the aid of the neglected stormers, he received in this perilous service two severe wounds. At the passage of the Bidassoa he was again severely wounded by a musket shot, which passed through his right thigh. In the meantime his promotion had been going on, although slowly, and in a measure inadequate to his services. During the first year of his military career he had risen to the rank of lieutenant, and in 1813 he became a captain by brevet, in which rank he remained ten long years. Having neither fortune, nor family, nor political interest to promote his advancement, he was obliged to depend solely upon his merits, although these were so slow in obtaining recognition. Early in 1814 he was transferred to the 60th rifle regiment, in which he served in the American war of that

period, and was present in the battles of Bladensburg and New Orleans. Some years later he was sent to the West Indies, where he discharged the duties of brigade-major, and while he was very active in quelling the slave insurrection in Demerara he sustained a fresh return of the Walcheren fever, which still lurked in his constitution, and now broke out with somewhat of its former virulence. After this period, Britain being in a state of profound peace, Major Campbell was employed in an inglorious service, which was, to protect by military force the ejections and sales for the recovery of tithes in Ireland. He often spoke afterwards of this part of military duty as the most revolting of all in which he had been employed.

After some years had been thus spent in Ireland and elsewhere, in services which history does not condescend to notice, Colin Campbell, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, to which he had been appointed ten years earlier, was sent out to China in 1842, in command of the 98th regiment, and during this short Chinese war took an active part in the capture of Chin-kiang-fou, and the subsequent operations of our forces near Nankin. When this war had terminated, he was sent onward with his regiment to India, China being but a stepping-stone in its destination; and in India Colonel Campbell had little active employment, until the breaking out of the Sikh war in 1848. It was an occasion to test the military experience of Campbell acquired in long service and important action, especially in the Peninsula; and as, in consequence of seniority, he commanded the third division of the army of the Punjab, his worth was more likely to be seen and appreciated. Through all the difficulties of this trying campaign, conducted by the British against the most formidable enemy they had yet encountered in India, the effective ser vices of Campbell, now serving as brigadier-general under Lord Gough, were conspicuous. This was especially the case at the battle of Ramnaygur, the passage of the Chenab, the affair of Sadoolapore, and the decisive conflict of Chillianwallah, at which he was wounded, in directing a most opportune movement by which the British army was probably saved from destruction. Such was the testimony of the Duke of Wellington, who declared that the 61st regiment, which was under the leading of General Campbell, had performed in this battle one of the most brilliant exploits that had ever signalized a British regiment. At the battle of Goojerat, also, his worth as a skilful leader was so efficient, that he was created a K.C.B., and received the thanks of parliament and of the East India Company. After the suppression of the Sikhs, and the arrival of Sir Charles Napier in India as commander-in-chief, Campbell served under that distinguished warrior as brigadier-general, and in 1851 and the following year, while commander of the Peshawur district, he was employed in constant operations against the hill tribes, whom he defeated and reduced to subjection. Among these, his principal expedition was against the Ootmankbail and Ranazai tribes, whom, with 3000 bayonets, he completely defeated at Isakote, although they were 8000 strong. He was thus rapidly acquiring a military reputation only second to that of Napier himself, when his Indian services for the time were brought abruptly to a close. The operations in India at this period were subject to the interference of the political agents of the governorgeneral, who were too prone to dictate the mode in which a campaign should be carried out, as well as the terms of peace should it prove successful; and thus a commander found his movements hampered, and his authority over the troops controlled by a