portance by the advance of railways, the opening of wagon roads, and other supersessions of its service, even in the remoter parts of its arid domain. See Plate of CAMELS AND LLAMAS.

CAMEL (from camel, as carrying heavy burdens). A water-tight, box-like contrivance designed for lifting ships, sunken weights, etc. The use of wooden floats for lightening the draught of a ship to permit her to pass over a shoal or bar is very old, but the invention of hollow floats, or camels, is ascribed to the Dutch, and their first use is said to have been about 1688. The ordinary camel is a simple rectangular box float, and is much used in navy-yards and private shipbuilding establishments. The camels designed by the Dutch were sometimes a hundred feet or more in length, 20 feet broad, and made to fit the sides of the ship; they were allowed to fill with water, hauled up close to the vessel's sides, and secured in place by chains and lashings. When the ship reached the shoal or bar the water was pumped out of the camels, and the increased buoyancy thus obtained raised the ship enough to materially decrease her draught. Modern camels which are used in wreck-raising are generally built of steel and fitted with machinery for working the chains which support the wreck or attach it to the camel.

CAMEL-BIRD. The ostrich; a book-name. CAMEL CRICKET, or CAMEL LOCUST. A mantis (q.v.).

CAMEL'IDÆ (Neo-Lat., from Gk. κáμnλos, kamēlos, camel). The camel family, constituting

3

FEET OF FOSSIL CAMELS.

a section of the ruminants termed Tylopoda, in reference to the character of the feet. This family is composed of two genera―Camelus, with

2

SKULLS OF CAMELS.

1. Poëbrotherium, an extinct primitive type. 2. Existing camel, showing change in dentition.

two species (see CAMEL), and Llama, the American llamas, considered by some naturalists one species, by others four. (See LLAMA.) These animals agree in peculiarities of structure, which separate them from other ruminants, mainly as follows: Though a full set of incisor teeth are present in the young, only the outermost con

tinue through life as isolated laniariform teeth; canines are present in both jaws, and the molars are solenodont in type. The skeleton has many peculiarities, of which a striking one is the excessive comparative length of the thighbone, and the detachment of the hind leg from the body. The limbs are long, the ankle-bones peculiar, and all traces of phalanges are lost, except the third and fourth. These are not incased in matched hoofs, like other artiodactyls, but the foot consists of two elongated toes, each tipped with a small, nail-like hoof, the feet resting not upon the hoofs, but upon elastic pads or cushions under the toes. In the camels the toes are united by a common sole, thus resting upon one extended pad, instead of having each a separate one, as in the llama group, the broader expanse of the foot enabling the animals of the one genus more easily to traverse the loose sand of the desert, while the narrow

in

form and separation of the toes in the other is suited to the uneven surface of rocky heights. The head is long, without any horns or antlers, the lips extended and mobile, the neck of unusual length; the blood-corpuscles are oval instead of circular, as in all other mammals, and the digestive organs are characterized by a remarkable peculiarity in the structure of the stomach. "Though these animals ruminate," to quote Flower and Lydekker, "the terior of the rumen or paunch (see RUMINANT) has no villi on its surface, and there is no distinct psalterium or manyplies. Both the first and second compartments are remarkable for the presence of a number of pouches or cells in their walls, with muscular septa, and a sphincter-like arrangement of their orifices, by which they can be shut off from the rest of the cavity, and into which the fluid portion only of the contents of the stomach is allowed to enter." Such is the celebrated arrangement by which the camel stores in its stomach more water than it

can immediately use, and by gradually using it is able to make far longer journeys across arid regions than otherwise would be possible. This has customarily been regarded as a very striking special provision for the needs of the camel of the desert; but it is equally characteristic of the llamas, which inhabit well-watered regions, and has evidently descended to both from & remote common ancestry, regardless of present environments. See ALIMENTARY SYSTEM.

The structural evolution of the camel recalls that of the horse. In the old(See EQUIDE.) est Tertiary rocks of the ancient lake region of the Rocky Mountains, at the dawn of the Eocene, have been found diminutive remains suggesting this type, and in the Upper Eocene fossil skeletons undoubtedly cameloid. These belong to an animal (Prototylops) hardly larger than a jackrabbit, yet camel-like in many particulars. It

had four distinct toes, of which the third and fourth were most useful, while the lateral second and fifth were smaller; the metapodial bones were disconnected, and there was no space between the bunodont molars and the front teeth, where the canines and incisors were alike. By changes that went on analogous to those in other ungulates, there is found in subsequent cameloid forms increase in size, and a constant tendency toward acquiring the dentition and pedal anatomy characterizing modern forms. The next advanced form is greater in size, and the lateral toes, no longer useful, hang to the side of the foot above the ground like a deer's. A steady increase of size goes through the ascending formations of the Miocene, until we reach Procamelus, at the top of the Miocene (Loup Fork beds of Wyoming), which was as big as sheep and very llama-like, with teeth nearly of modern type and the metapodial bones firmly united when fully adult. During the Miocene the western American plateau seems to have been an arid desert, and under such conditions were developed the large, splayed feet, bereft of the useless side toes, the great sole-pads, and the pouched stomach that characterize the race. At the close of the Miocene, however, there came about a steady change toward a warmer, moister climate, inducing forest growth, which put an end to camel life in North America. Meanwhile they had migrated into South America, where fossil remains of great size are

a

found, and where the family still survives, in the modified and perhaps degenerate forms of the llamas; and also northwestward to Siberia, and thence into Central Asia, where their remains are found in the Pliocene rocks of India, but not earlier. Here the conditions were favorable, and the modern camels seem to have developed. It thus appears that North America was the original home of the Camelidæ, and that they "were derived from pig-like animals quite independently of the true ruminants." For particulars as to American fossil camels, consult Wortman, Bulletin American Museum Natural History, X. (New York, 1898).

xaual, chamai, on the ground + Alvov, linon, CAM'ELI'NA (Neo-Lat., probably from Gk. fax). A genus of cruciferous plants embracing about a dozen species, most of which are European. Camelina sativa is cultivated in Europe and Asia for the oil contained in the seed. The stalks contain a kind of fibre, which is sometimes used for making brooms. become introduced into the United States, where The plant has it is known as false flax, or gold of pleasure, and is considered a bad weed. See GOLD OF PLEASURE.

CAMEL'LIA (Neo-Lat., named after Joseph Kamel, a Moravian traveler of the Seventeenth Century, who first described the Camellia japonica). A genus of plants of the natural order Ternstræmiacea, nearly hardy evergreen shrubs or trees, and natives of China, Japan, and the north of India. Camellias are now extensively

Its

cultivated as greenhouse shrubs in Europe and in the United States. Many varieties are in cultivation. The best known and most esteemed is Camellia japonica, a greenhouse shrub. leaves are ovate-elliptical, almost acuminate and serrate shining; the flowers are without stalks, mostly solitary, large, and rose-like. It is a native of Japan, and there and in China it has been carefully cultivated from time immemorial. In its wild state it has red flowers, and the red single camellia is much used by gardeners as a stock on which to graft the fine varieties, the flowers of which are generally double. colors of the cultivated forms are various, including red, white, and yellow, and the varieties also differ much in the form and position of the petals. The flowering time is in autumn, win ter, and spring. Camellias grow best in cool houses. Free access of air is of great importance, and water must be given very liberally, yet with such caution that the soil may never

The

remain soaked after the immediate wants of the

plant are supplied. The proper soil for camellias is a loose black mold; a little sand and peat are often advantageously mixed with loam to Camellias are often propagated by form it. cuttings, or layers, but generally by grafting or inarching. The single camellia is also propagated by seed, and in this way the best stocks for grafting are procured. Of the other species of camellia, the most hardy, and one of the most beautiful, is Camellia reticulata. The seeds of certain varieties, as Camellia oleifera and drupifera, are used in China for the production of an olive-like oil. The true tea-plant is a close ally of the camellia. See TEA.

CAMEL'OPARD. See GIRAFFE.

CAMEL ΟΡARDALIS (Gk. καμηλοπάρδαλις, kamelopardalis, giraffe, literally camel-pard, from

1. CAPER PLANT (Capparis spinosa), showing edible

buds.

2. CANARY SEED GRASS (Phalaris Canariensis).

6. CANNAS OR INDIAN

3. BLUEBELLS (Campanula rotundifolia).

4. CARAWAY SEED (Carum caria).

5. CAMELLIAS (Camellia Japonica), single and double. SHOT (Canna Indica var.).

kdμnλos, kamēlos, camel + rápôalis, pardalis, pard). A constellation defined by Hevelius, between the pole-star, Auriga, Cassiopeia, and the head of Ursa Major, which consists of stars of moderate magnitudes, forming, in imagination, the shape of a giraffe.

A

CAMELOT, or CALBURY, kal′ber-i. steep hill in the parish of Queen's Camel, Somersetshire, England, 5 miles from Ilchester (Map: England, D 5), identified by tradition with Camelot, one of the capitals of the legendary King Arthur (q.v.). Others state that Camelot was the name given in the medieval romances to the city which grew up out of the permanent quarters of the second Augustan legion at Caerleon-upon-Usk.

CAMELOT. The legendary site of King Arthur's castle and court. It has been variously located in Somersetshire, at or near Winchester, Hampshire, and in Wales. Shakespeare favored the first, Tennyson and Capell the second, and Caxton the third site. The monks of Glastonbury were chiefly responsible for the 'Somerset' theory, which they maintained, especially in the Fourteenth Century, for the purpose of attracting pilgrims and thus enriching their abbey. It is often mentioned in English literature, notably in King Lear and The Lady of Shalott.

CAMEL'S HAIR. A fabric woven from the hair or wool of the camel, by Persians and Arabs, for tents and clothing. In early ages rough garments of this stuff were worn by monks and priests by way of penance. It is now imported into Europe and used extensively in the manufacture of dress materials, whose chief characteristic is a rough and hairy surface. Cow's hair is sometimes used as a substitute in the cheaper grades of so-called camel's-hair goods. A fine grade of camel's hair is used for artists' brushes.

CAMEN, kä'men, or KAMEN. A town in the Province of Westphalia, Germany, on the Seeseke, 10 miles southwest of Hamm. It is a thriving industrial centre, with coal-mines, papermills, and iron-foundries. Population, in 1900,

9888.

CAMENE (Lat., Old Lat. casmenæ, muses, prophetesses, connected with carmen, song). Iu Roman mythology, nymphs possessing the power of prophecy, as Carmenta and Egeria. They had a sacred grove in Rome, just outside the Porta Capena. (See EGERIA.) The Roman poets often apply the name Camence to the nine Muses of Grecian myth.

CAMENZ, kä'měnts. See KAMENZ.

CAMEO (It. cammeo, Fr. camée, Med. Lat. cammæus). Gems cut in relief are called cameos, in opposition to those that are hollowed out so as to vield a raised impression, which are called intaglios. The term cameo, however, is applied more especially to those diminutive pieces of sculpture which are prepared from precious stones having two strata or layers of different colors, the undermost of which is left to form the background, the object to be represented being cut in the upper one. The stone generally used for this purpose by the ancients was the variegated sardonyx.

True cameos were probably not made before the Third Century B.C., though in very early times we find the backs of seals decorated with

figures in relief, so especially in the scarabai, seals decorated on the back with the sacred beetle of Egypt. As precious stones were used in the Orient and among the Greeks after the conquests of Alexander for many decorative purposes, the Greek artistic sense sought to raise this decoration to a higher plane, and this seems to have led to the carving of the gems into reliefs. At this period cameos were very extensively used, not only as personal ornaments, but in cups, vases, candelabra, and other objects of domestic luxury. Pateræ and other vessels were frequently worked out of a single stone, upon which were exhibited a whole series of figures of the most exquisite workmanship. Many of the antique cameos which have been preserved are wonderfully beautiful, both in design and execution. Of the Alexandrian cameos, probably the finest is the "Tazza Farnese," a shallow dish cut from a single sardonyx, and now in Naples. Other very fine specimens of the early period are the Gonzaga cameo in Saint Petersburg and a companion in Vienna, containing the portraits in profile of a man and a woman. They are commonly said to be portraits of Ptolemy II. and his Queen, Arsinoë, but are quite as probably Alexander the Great and Olympias (so Furtwängler). Of cameos of the Roman time, many fine specimens are to be found in the Continental museums. Especially noteworthy are the Gemma Augustea in Vienna, and the large sardonyx in Paris; both show Roman emperors, Augustus and Tiberius, triumphing over barbarians. Very celebrated is the "Cupid and Psyche" formerly in the Marlborough collection, now in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, by Tryphon, who is supposed to have lived in the time of Augustus. The stones on which many of these cameos are cut are of surprising, and, in modern times, unequaled size and perfection. Cameos do not seem to have been made in medieval times; but the art revived in Italy, under the auspices of the Medici, and the production of cameos, both in pietra dura and in shell, has there become a branch of art manufacture of considerable importance. Impressions from antique cameos in glass, sulphur, porcelain, and other materials are produced in many places, and, for artistic purposes, possess all the value of the originals.

The manufacture of cameos from artificial substances was not unknown to the ancients. One of the most beautiful specimens of an imitation of cameo in glass is the famous Barberini or Portland vase, now in the British Museum. The ground is blue, the figures, which are in low relief, being of a delicate, half-transparent white. (See PORTLAND VASE.) Another example is a beautiful vase, similar in color, in the Naples Museum, the figures of which represent a Bacchanalian sacrifice. Many fragments of the same kind of manufacture exist in other cabinets, and from it the modern Wedgwood ware (q.v.)

was imitated.

a

A shell cameo is a cutting in relief on a shell. It is opposed in precious stone or meaning to intaglio, which signifies a cutting In intaglio work, furinto the stone or shell. thermore, only gems of a uniform color are used, while in cameo engraving or cutting it is desirable to choose such stones or shells as possess layers of varying colors, such as onyx, agate, or These differing tints are tropical sea-shells.