AN interesting address delivered by M. Paul Richer at the last meeting of the French Association for the Advancement of Science is printed in the current number of the Revue Scientifique. The subject is the relation of anatomy to art. M. Richer gives a lucid account of the canons of the human figure

which have been adopted during various periods in the history of art, referring especially to those of the Greek sculptors Polycleitos and Lysippos and to those of Leonardo da Vinci, Albert Dürer, and Jean Cousin. He then shows that we now have materials for the establishment of a scientific type of the proportions of the human body, so far at least as the white race is concerned. This type is not, of course, to be reproduced in the works of artists; but M. Richer thinks it may be of real service to them as a guide in the appreciation of the proportions of the different models they have from time to time to study.

MR. A. C. MACDONALD contributes to the Agricultural Journal of Cape Colony a full and interesting account of what has been done to develop the dairy industry in Great Britain. Speaking of the same industry in Cape Colony, he says that it is there only in its infancy. This is largely due to the difficulty which farmers otherwise favourably circumstanced have had hitherto to contend with in the transport of their dairy products to market in good condition. Now, however, the extension and union of railways have more or less removed this difficulty, and many of the leading farmers, taking advantage of the facilities afforded by such extension and union, have greatly increased their butter production. In fact, within the last two years the increase in the manufacture of this commodity in the colony has been very large. Mr. Macdonald sees no reason why in districts such as Alexandria, Bathurst, Peddie, Victoria East, Fort Beaufort, Albany, Port Elizabeth, Uitenhage, and East London, where it has now become difficult to farm with small stock or grow grain profitably, dairying should not prove as great a success as it has done in the Australian colonies, which in some respects are not so favourably situated as Cape Colony, provided that the same means are used.

THE nucleus of a paleontological collection was formed at the Johns Hopkins University five years ago by Dr. W. B. Clark from the deposits of the Atlantic coastal plain. He was able to gather together a very large amount of material owing to the richness of the formations in fossils and their accessibility to the city of Baltimore; and since that time additions have been made each year by collection and by exchange with the National and State Surveys and educational institutions. We learn from the new number of the University's "Circulars" that there was a greater increase of the fossil collections during the past year than during any preceding one. This was accomplished mainly by exchange and purchase, although a considerable amount of material was collected in the field. Among the more notable additions was a collection sent in exchange by Mr. G. F. Harris, of the British Museum. This collection is very rich in tertiary fossils, illustrating many of the typical English localities. It contains hundreds of species from the Eocene, Oligocene, and Pliocene of England. Owing to the fact that the richest and finest collections of the Paleontological Museum of the University are from the American tertiary, these English tertiary fossils are said to be of the highest interest and usefulness to students of geology.

AN interesting paper on Artesian wells as a water supply for Philadelphia was lately read by Prof. O. C. S. Carter before the chemical section of the Franklin Institute. A longcontinued drought caused much inconvenience at Philadelphia during the summer of 1892, so that the inhabitants would be likely to welcome any practicable suggestion for providing them with new supplies of fresh and wholesome water. Prof. Carter,

after careful investigation, strongly recommends the use of artesian wells, the water of which, he says, would be of considerable quantity and excellent quality.

AN instrument for measuring densities of liquids, which for simplicity can hardly be surpassed, is described by A. Handl in

the Wiener Berichte. It consists of two glass tubes joined by an indiarubber tube. One of them is 30 cm. long and about

I cm. wide, and bears two marks scratched into the glass at a distance of 20 cm. This tube is immersed in the liquid to be examined up to the lower mark. Meanwhile the other tube is On pulling it out the liquids in totally immersed in water. both tubes rise until that in the first tube reaches the second mark. The height of the water-column, read off on a suitable scale, measures the density of the liquid.

MESSRS. SIMPKIN, MARSHALL AND CO have issued Miss Eleanor A. Ormerod's "Report of Observations of Injurious Insects and Common Farm Pests, during the Year 1892, with Methods of Prevention and Remedy." This is Miss Ormerod's sixteenth report. She notes that during 1892 most of the insect infestations commonly injurious to field crops and fruit were present to such an extent as to cause inquiry as to their nature and as to methods of prevention, but that for the most part they did not affect large districts to a serious extent.

A NEW Scientific journal devoted to the interests of general systematic botany has made its appearance, published at Chambésy, near Geneva, under the title Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier.

A BOTANICAL DICTIONARY, by Mr. A. A. Crozier, has just been published by Holt and Co., of New York, containing definitions of over 5000 words.

MESSRS. PERKEN, SON, AND RAYMENT have issued an illustrated catalogue of photographic apparatus, magic lanterns, and optical instruments.

MESSRS. WHITTAKER AND Co. will issue in their Specialists' Series a work on "The Dynamo," by C. C. Hawkins and F. Wallis, and a new edition of Sir David Salomons' work on "The Management of Accumulators." They have also in preparation in the Library of Popular Science an introductory work on "Electricity and Magnetism," by S. Bottone, and one on "Geology," by A. J. Jukes-Browne. Mr. Perren Maycock has completed the second part of his work on "Electric Lighting and Power Distribution," and it will be issued in a few days. An illustrated work on "British Locomotives," by C. J. Bowen Cooke, of the London and North-Western Railway, is in the press, and will probably be issued in May. Messrs. Whittaker have also in the press a new work by J. Horner ("A Foreman Pattern Maker "), entitled "The Principles of Fitting," and the second part of Mr. Brodie's "Dissections Illustrated."

MESSRS. GRIFFIN AND CO. announce "A Manual of Dyeing," by Dr. Knecht, Mr. Chr. Rawson, and Dr. R. Loewenthal; "Oils, Fats, Waxes, and Allied Materials, and the Manufacture therefrom of Candles, Soaps and other Products," by Dr. C. R. Alder Wright; "Painters' Colours, Oils, and Varnishes, by Mr. Geo. H. Hurst; "Griffin's Electrical Price-Book," edited by Mr. H. J. Dowsing; the tenth annual issue of the "YearBook of Learned and Scientific Societies;" "A Treatise on Ruptures," by Mr. J. F. C. Macready; "Forensic Medicine and Toxicology," by Prof. Dixon Mann; "The Medical Diseases of Children," by Mr. Bryan Donkin; "A Medical Handbook for the Use of Students," by Mr. R. S. Aitchison; "The Physiologist's Note-Book," by Dr. W. Hill; and "A TextBook of Biology," by Prof. J. R. Ainsworth Davis.

MESSRS. L. REEVE AND CO. have in preparation a new work on the British Aculeate Hymenoptera from the pen of Mr.

Edward Saunders, uniform with the same author's work on the Hemiptera Heteroptera, just completed.

THE extreme difficulty which is experienced in the separate identification of the typhoid bacillus and the B. coli communis in consequence not only of their great resemblance microscopically, but also in the appearances to which they give rise when grown in artificial culture media, has caused much doubt to be cast upon the alleged detection of the former in water. It is well known that the B. coli communis is an almost constant attendant upon the typhoid bacillus, being normally present in the alimentary canal, and being, moreover, frequently found in large numbers in polluted streams and contaminated well

water.

In nearly all cases, therefore, where a water is suspected of harbouring the typhoid bacillus the B. coli communis may also be expected to be present. Unfortunately, the many methods which have been devised, some of which are extremely ingenious, for separating out the typhoid bacillus from other organisms, are based upon the idea that few, if any, microorganisms can flourish in as acid a medium as this bacillus, and no account has been taken of the refractory nature in this respect of the B. coli communis. This organism is, in fact, possessed of far greater powers of resistance than its more dangerous companion, and whilst the proportion of citric acid or phenol to be added, whether directly to the water or to the culture medium, is such that in some cases the other organisms present are destroyed whilst the typhoid bacillus and the B. coli communis are left untouched; in other methods the amount of acid prescribed is sufficient to entirely obliterate the typhoid bacillus, leaving, however, the B. coli communis sole master of the field. In an extremely interesting paper which has appeared in the Zeitschrift für Hygiene, vol. xii. p. 491, 1892 ("Ueber den Typhusbacillus und den Bacillus coli communis "), Dunbar discusses very fully all these points, and gives an account of the principal methods in vogue for the isolation of the typhoid bacillus, together with a critical commentary based upon his own experimental observations, as well as those of other investigators. As a result of these researches Dunbar maintains that no absolutely trustworthy method at present exists for the successful identification of the typhoid bacillus in the presence of the B. coli communis, and that it is highly probable that the latter has in many cases been mistaken for the former in water supposed to contain the typhoid bacillus. There can be no doubt, however, that, with a knowledge of these imperfections, the judicious application of some of these methods may very greatly facilitate the isolation of the typhoid bacillus in the presence of other organisms, and that, moreover, a method which is able to restrict the varieties present on any given gelatine plate to the B. coli communis and the typhoid bacillus already removes some of the chief obstacles.

A FURTHER communication from M. Moissan concerning the chemical properties of the diamond is contributed to the current number of the Comptes Rendus. In the first place precise determinations have been carried out of the temperatures at which various kinds of diamonds undergo combustion in pure oxygen. As the action of oxygen upon the diamond has so long been known, it appears somewhat singular that, as M. Moissan states, no exact data concerning the temperature of combustion should hitherto have been obtained. It will doubtless be remembered that Dumas and Stas, in their celebrated experiments in connection with their determination of the atomic weight of carbon, burnt diamonds in a current of oxygen in a porcelain tube heated in an ordinary earthenware table furnace. Other chemists have since performed similar experiments with the aid of the combustion furnaces employed in organic analysis. In order to be able to determine the temperature of such com. bustion with precision, M. Moissan has employed a modification

of Le Chatelier's thermo-electric apparatus, placed along with the diamond in a wide porcelain tube closed at the ends with glass plates through which the combustion in oxygen could be viewed. It was found that when the temperature is slowly raised under these conditions the combustion proceeds gradually without the production of light. But if the temperature is raised 40° or 50° above the point at which this slow combustion commences, a sudden incandescence occurs, and the diamond becomes surrounded by a brilliant flame. Various deeply coloured specimens of diamonds burnt with production of incandescence and flame at temperatures of 690°-720°, but trans parent Brazilian diamonds did not attain the stage of slow combustion without incandescence till the temperature of 760-770 was reached. A Cape diamond suffered gradual combustion at 780°-790°. Specimens of exceedingly hard boort likewise com menced to combine with oxygen at 790°, and burnt brilliantly at 840°-875°. When Cape diamonds were heated in a current of hydrogen to a temperature of 1200° they remained an changed; but if the stones had previously been cut they fre quently lost their brilliance and transparency. Dry chlorine ga was found incapable of reacting with the diamond until a tem perature of 1100 ̊-1200° was attained. Hydrofluoric acid vapour likewise only reacted at about the same high temperature. Vapour of sulphur also requires to be heated to 1000° before reacting, but in the case of black diamonds bisulphide of carbo is produced at about 900 ̊. Metallic iron, at its melting point combines with the diamond in a most energetic manner, and it is a point of considerable interest that crystals of graphite are deposited as the fused mass cools; hence the experiment forms a striking mode of converting the allotropic form of carbot which crystallises in the cubic system into that which crystallises in the hexagonal system. Melted platinum likewise conbines with the diamond with great energy. A most curious reaction has been observed to occur between the diamond an the carbonates of potassium and sodium. When a diamond placed in the fused carbonate contained in a platinum dish i rapidly disappears, and carbonic oxide is copiously evolved. Fused nitre or potassium chlorate, however, have not been observed to exert any action upon diamonds.

NOTES from the Marine Biological Station, Plymouth :Recent captures include examples of the Hydroid Myristhe's phrygia, the Opisthobranchs Aplysia punctata and Oscanin membranaceus, and the " cotton-spinner" (Holothuria nigra The week has been marked by a rapid increase in the numbers of Echinoderm larvæ, especially of Auricularia and Biținnaris, but Plutei are still relatively scarce. Ephyrae of Aurcha continue plentiful, and have grown appreciably. Among the Anthomedusa, Rathkea octopunctata, Sarsia prolifera (without buds), and the gonozooid of Podocoryne carnea have been noticed; among Leptomeduse, the Eucopium- and Eucte stages of Clytia Johnstoni have made their appearance, together with Thaumantias Forbesii (Haeckel) and small Obelia meduse. Several Muggiaa and a single Pilidium were seen on the 11th inst. The Nemertine Amphiporus lactifloreus, and the ABomoura Eupagurus Prideauxii, Galathea dispersa and intermena have begun to breed.

THE additions to the Zoological Society's Gardens during the past week include a Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus, & from India, presented by Mr. G. J. Sheppard ; a Leopard (Felis pardus) from Kismaya, East Africa, presented by Mr. J. Ross Todd; a Spotted Ichneumon (Herpestes nepalensis) froz Nepal, presented by Lieut. Philip Egerton, R.N.; six Va turine Guinea Fowls (Numida vulturina) from East Africa, presented by Mr. R. J. Macallister; a Black Tanager (Tar phonus melaleucus) from South America, presented by Ms Trelawny; a Greater Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Ca

galerita) from Australia, presented by Miss Amy M. Dundas; three white-tailed Gnus (Connochates gnu, 899) from South Africa, deposited; a Burchell's Zebra (Equus burchelli, ?), two Silver-backed Foxes (Canis chama), a Cape Bucephalus Bucephalus capensis) from South Africa, a Salvin's Amazon (Chrysotis salvini) from South America, purchased; four Upland Geese (Bernicla magellanica) from the Falkland Islands, received in exchange; four Coypus (Myopotamus coypus) born in the Gardens.

THE SIZES OF JUPITER'S SATELLITES.-M. J. J. Landerer describes in the Comptes Rendus some experiments made to test the accuracy attainable in measuring the diameters of satellites by their shadows cast on the primary. He took a finely-ground glass plate and blackened it, leaving a space in the middle representing the appearance of Jupiter with its bands and small black spots representing shadows. He then placed it at a distance of 314 m., illuminated it by a suitable light from behind, and sketched the disc through the telescope used for the actual observations. With some practice it was found possible to draw such spots correctly to within one-tenth per cent. M. Landerer then applied his method to the satellites themselves, and found the following numbers for their radii :-0'0199, 00184, 00435, and 0-0419. The number of observations was twenty-six for the first satellite, seventeen for the second, thirty for the third, and twenty-two for the fourth. The commonly accepted numbers, obtained by micrometric measurements of the bright satellites, are 0'0291, 0'0259, 0°0431, and 0'0367.

OBSERVATIONS OF THE ZODIACAL LIGHT.-In No. 3155 of the Astronomischen Nachrichten Mr. Arthur Searle gives an account of the experimental work he and Prof. Bailey have been carrying on with respect to the best methods of making and recording observations of the zodiacal light. Owing to the prevalent use of electric light in the neighbourhood of Harvard College Observatory, the observations were made at some distance away. The general mode of defining the position of the zodiacal light up to the present has been by drawing its outline on a star atlas exactly as it appeared in the sky at the time of observation. The great drawback about this method is that in the majority of cases the zodiacal light has no definite outline, but gradually decreases in brightness as one recedes from the axis of the figure, eventually fading imperceptibly away. That this is so is the general idea and is backed up by observations, but it is also true that the contour, so to speak, of the luminous figure is sometimes sharper at some places than at others. Instead of outline drawings these observers have substituted contour lines in which the degree of light represented by each contour is stated; the latter is accomplished by selecting a portion of the sky "unaffected by the zodiacal light, but of equal brightness with those portions traversed by the contour line. This region would naturally lie near the Milky Way and its situation is defined by the stars in the vicinity. To complete the record the geographical position of the observer's station and the time of observation should be included in the statement. In addition to the contour lines two other sugges tions are put forward, (1) that the axis of brightness should be indicated by a line, and (2) that should there be distinctly observed by any chance two cones of light, an outer and an inner, such a distinction should be shown in the record by drawing a boundary between them.

WEINER'S LUNAR ENLARGEMENTS.-Since the appearance of the magnificent enlargements obtained by Dr. Weinek from the Lick Observatory negatives, many details of surface structure have been brought to light which have up till now evaded even the aided eye. These details, consisting as they do of winding rills, valleys, and hair-like markings, appear quite sharp and distinct in contrast with the larger surface features, and it is this fact that has caused some uncertainty about their being actual features on the lunar surface. Every one acquainted a little with photography knows that a photograph loses in sharpness the more it is enlarged, and it is here very curious to find a picture after being twenty times enlarged with minute details quite crisp and sharp, and the larger portions quite fluffy, as is the case in the enlargement of Vendelinus, taken on August 31, 1890. As Mr. Elger remarks (Observatory, March), "if these curious markings represent actual features on the moon's surface, ought they not to be easily seen in any good telescope that shows the formation and its principal details with far greater sharpness than the twenty-times enlarged negative, and many small craters, &c., in addition which are scarcely traceable upon it? One does not understand why this should not be so, unless these objects make an impression on the sensitive plate that they fail to do on the retina, which is hardly likely to be the case." M. Faye, in Comptes Rendus (No. 9) for March, when referring to these enlargements, says that several members, MM. Fizeau, Mascart, and Cornu included, reserved their opinions on the interpretation of these markings, which seemed to be the results of retouching. "Certain vermiculées appearances," says he, "show a clearness which is strictly in contradiction with the very general 'estompée' appearance of the lunar cliché."

"L'ASTRONOMIE" FOR MARCH-The March number of this magazine commences with some observations of Jupiter made at the observatories in Juvisy, Bruxelles, and in Spain during the past year. The numerous drawings which accompany the observations impress one with the incessant change that is taking place in the dense atmosphere, while the large red spot was as usual seen ploughing its way apparently through one of the dark belts. The period of rotation of this spot seems to have suffered a retardation during the last twelve months, as will be seen from the following table, which we take the liberty of producing here :

1879 80

:

M. Guillaume, of the Lyons Observatory, contributes some interesting notes on the appearances of Saturn's rings during the same year, at which time it will be remembered we were lying nearly in its plane. Besides the drawings showing the general features of the planet, there are some illustrating the different degrees of luminosity observed at various parts of the ring itself. "The Circulation of Winds at the Surface of the Globe" is the title of an article by M. A. Duponchel, in which he gives as an introduction a brief historical account of the early hypotheses; while M. Flammarion gives us the fifth chapter on "Comment Arrivera la fin du Monde," dwelling for the most part on the destructive forces at work on the earth's surface.

BERMERSIDE OBSERVATORY.-In the advertising sheets of the Observatory for March we are sorry to see the following notice: -"On sale (the owner giving up astronomical work) the 3-foot Common reflector, with or without dome, complete, in perfect order. cation to J. Gledhill, Bermerside Observatory, Halifax.” Mirror by Sir H. Grubb. Full particulars on applica

College. Mr. Cozens-Hardy has already made some interesting journeys in Montenegro and the neighbouring little-known parts of the west coast of the Balkan Peninsula which he intends to study further.

THE expedition of M. Delcommune by Lake Tanganyika appears to have been the most successful of all those sent out by the Katanga Company, as its leader has returned to Leopoldville, and will soon reach Europe to recount his experiences. The expeditions of Captain Stairs and Captain Bia, although successful in reaching their destination, were unfortunate in losing their leaders, and all the parties suffered terribly from sickness and famine. One of the interesting circumstances of these expeditions is the fact that a bronze tablet commemorating the death of Livingstone has been fixed to the tree at Old Chitambo's, where the great traveller died. This tablet was sent out in duplicate by Mr. A. L. Bruce of Edinburgh, son-inlaw of Dr. Livingstone, through Mr. Arnot, who being unable

to reach Chitam bo's himself, entrusted one of the tablets to Captain Bia, by whose party it was placed in position.

MR. MACKINDER'S educational lectures, of which the eighth was delivered in the hall of the University of London on Friday night, continue to be well attended. The subject of the lecture was the Alps as a factor in European history, and the series of fine maps specially prepared for projection by the lantern enabled the development of the historical argument to be followed from point to point.

THE March number of the Scottish Geographical Magazine contains a valuable note by Prof. Mohn on the climate of Greenland, in which he epitomises his discussion of Dr. Nansen's results, published in a recent Ergänzungsheft of Petermann's Mitteilungen, and corrects it by the record of Peary's work. The isotherms (reduced to sea-level) run parallel to the coast, the interior being coldest at all seasons; 30° F. compared with 26° on the coast for January, 30° as compared with 50° for July, and on the average for the year the centre of the land is probably about -10°, while the coast has the temperature of 30°.

THE CHATHAM ISLANDS AND AN
ANTARCTIC CONTINENT.

A the last meeting of the Royal Geographical Society Mr. H. O. Forbes discussed the question of the former extension of an Antarctic continent in relation to certain observations made during a recent visit to the Chatham Islands. The whole surface of these islands, especially Wharekauri and Rangiauria, is covered with a bed of peat in places over forty feet in depth-deeper in the northern part than in the southern-traversable in safety only by those acquainted with the country; for to the inexperienced eye there seems in most places no difference in the surface which can carry with safety both horse and rider, and that on which the lightest-footed pedestrian cannot venture without being engulfed. The surface of some of the larger and wetter depressions in the ground was covered with a brilliant-coloured carpet of luxuriant mosses, emitting an aromatic fragrance, spread out in artless undesigned parterres of rich commingled green, yellow, and purple, and endless shades of these, warning the traveller of the existence of dangerous bogs beneath, and brightening miles of treeless moorland, which, but for those floating gardens, would be uninviting and uninteresting. In many places all over the island this great peat-moss is on fire, and has for years been smouldering underground, or burning in the exposed faces of the great pits which have now been burnt out. Dr. Dieffenbach mentions these fires at his visit in 1840, and states that the combustion had begun before 1834. They appear to have been burning in one part or another of the island ever since Dieffenbach's visit. A peculiarity in the main island that strikes the visitor very early is the occurrence of many lakes and tarns. These lakes are, for the most part, on the eastern side, at the back of the low hills facing Petre Bay. The largest is fifteen miles long, over forty miles in circumference, and about ten and a half miles broad at its widest part.

Mr. Forbes's object in visiting the islands was to look for the remains of a fossil bird, fragments of which had been sent to him in New Zealand. These he discovered in considerable numbers, and found that the bird was no other than a species of Aphanapteryx, a large and remarkable member of the rail family, which lived contemporary with the celebrated dodo in

the Island of Mauritius, and was very similar to one of the extinct flightless birds of that island. Here was the only plac in the world where it was known to exist, and where it hol with the dodo preserved its fading race down to about tw hundred years ago, when both of them passed away and perished for ever from among living things. In the Chathan Islands the remains of the Aphanapteryx were found in kitche middens of the Morioris, showing that in this region of the world also it had survived down to comparatively recent date. just as the moa had in New Zealand.

In the Chatham Islands there still live several types of

flightless birds scarcely represented elsewhere, except in widely separated oceanic islands. To account for their distribution is necessary to reason backwards to former distributions of land and sea. The occurrence of similar forms in the three souther continents and in the islands which lie between them is most easily

explained by a former Austral continent of considerable norther extension. The outlines of this continent it is of course impossible to trace with anything approaching to accuracy till we are a possession of a larger number of soundings. But it is not unlikely that the great meridional masses of land-or world ridges-which are probably of primeval antiquity extended to meet prolong ations northward of the Antarctic continent. There is some evidence that the direct union of South Africa with the other continents was not for so prolonged a period as the others The presence of the Aphanapteryx and other ocydromine birds both in the Mascarene and in the New Zealand continental Islands supports other evidence pointing to an extension of the area south by Marion and Kerguelen Islands, and of New Ze land south, or of the Antarctic land north, by way of the Macquarrie, Auckland, and Antipodes Islands. It is interesting to observe that the great Pacific trough to the east of the longit of New Zealand extends far south into the Antarctic region.

It is not necessary to suppose that all the southerly extending arms were connected contemporaneously with Antarctic continent. It is impossible to account for the presence for instance, of some South American forms in Australia as not in New Zealand; of Mascarene forms in the New Zealand region and not in Australia, or in Africa, or elsewhere, while we are unacquainted with the orography, the rivers and mounta barriers, of the submerged southern continent; and its vario commissures may have been open at one time and closed another. As there are, moreover, abundant evidences of grea volcanic action over all the region, in New Zealand, Soc America, Mascarenia, and the Antarctic Islands, the perme tions and combinations of the ups and downs of these lands, th openings and closings of the gates, paths, or stepping-stores, beyond our computation.

The deductions as to an Antarctic continent, made on biolog cal grounds, are supported by the depth of the circumpolar ses so far as it is known. The submarine plateau of the Austral las. slopes northward all round the shores of the known lands me gently than is the case along any other coast, and this w seem to indicate that, if elevated, the land would form in grea extent a continuation of the three primal ridges of the gi southward, coalesced and spread out round the Pole, with, be tween these arms, the terminations of the great and permater ocean troughs. How far these hypotheses-which are but a statement, in great measure, of the investigations and conclusion of many distinguished naturalists, geologists, and geograph may be substantiated or refuted by future discoveries it is dif to say; but the discovery of these interesting Aphanater. bones on the Chatham Islands must always remain an impor factor in the solution of this question. There was an animated discussion.

Lieutenant Peary's expedition to Greenland has brought back a valuable collection from the little known tribe of Eskimo at Whale Sound, including their summer houses of skins, their boats, Sledges, weapons, implements, utensils, ornaments; full sets of garments and carvings in ivory, as well as several hundred photographs of individuals of the tribe and of scenes illustrating their daily life; also several crania, and a complete census of the tribe with a full set of anthropometrical measurements and observations. In Labrador, the Skiles expedition (upon which I obtained positions for two Harvard students, one as a naturalist and the other as astronomer) has brought back 57 of the Labrador Eskimo,-men, women, and children with all their belongings, -making an Eskimo village now on the Fair grounds in Chicago, where it will remain until the Fair is over. On the Pacific side Dr. Sheldon Jackson has made ethnological collections in Alaska, and also among the coast tribes of Siberia. Mr. Cherry has collected from the tribes of Yucon valley; and by seven other assistants a systematic collection has been made on the northwest coast, between the Columbia River and Alaska, particularly from northern Vancouver and the Queen Charlotte Islands. On the Saskatchawan Mr. Cowie has made a complete collection to illustrate the life and customs of the tribes of the valley.

Arrangements have been made with the Canadian Commissioner of Indian affairs by which the interior tribes of Canada will be represented living on the Fair grounds; and by the cooperation of the Canadian Government World's Fair Commission a representation of the archæology of Canada has been secured. In the eastern portion of Canada Mr. Tisdale and Mr. Fenollosa, both Harvard students, have collected anthropological data, and much of ethnological importance. Nearly all the Indian tribes of the United States have been visited by students from Harvard and other universities for the purpose of obtaining anthropological data relating to the physical characteristic of the various tribes and of collecting ethnological material.

The State of New York through its World's Fair Commission has also been brought into this work. The Commissioners are earnestly cooperating with me in securing a large archæological collection, and also a thorough representation of the Iroquis tribes. Families from these tribes will be living on the Exposition grounds in bark houses such as were in use when this powerful

nation first came in contact with our race.

South of the United States, the Bureau of Latin-American Republics in connection with the State Department has been working with the Ethnological Department of the Exposition, of which its forms a section, and a number of officers of the army and navy were detailed to visit the various republics and arouse an interest in the Exposition, and also to make collections in ethnology and archæology under instructions which I furnished for their guidance. These gentlemen have accomplished much ethnological importance, and have secured several collections from the native peoples of Central and South America. Mr. Frederic Ober was sent to the West Indies and made a special research among the Caribs.

In relation to Mexican archaeology, Mrs. Zelia Nuttal, acting in her double capacity as honorary assistant in the Museum and in the Ethnological Department of the Exposition, has been engaged in a search for objects in Europe, brought there at the time of the Spanish conquest, and has found several interesting things, connected with the period of Cortez, of which she has had facsimiles made both for the Exposition and for the Museum.

Further South in Mexico, Consul E. H. Thompson has continued the work in connection with his explorations for the Museum among the ancient ruins of Yucatan. During this time he has made about 10,000 square feet of moulds of portions of the ruined buildings, showing the façades, parts of corners of structures, doorways, and the great recess with its pointed arch of the so-named "House of the Governor" at Uxmal. He has also moulded both sides of the famous Portal at Labna. Casts are to be made from these moulds in Chicago, and there will be seen on the Exposition grounds facsimiles of these elaborately carved stone structures of Yucatan, over and around which will be the tropical plants native to the region of the ruins. As this work by Mr. Thompson was in connection with his explorations for the museum, we can secure such casts from the moulds as we may desire at the cost of making the casts, which, however, will be several thousand dollars.

The Museum Expedition to Honduras, which is an important part of the work of the year, will be specially mentioned further on, but as it forms a link in the chain of explorations it is referred to in this geographical review. Farther south, Mr. G. A.

Dorsey, a graduate student in this department of the University, working as a special assistant for the Exposition, has made extensive and important explorations on the Island of La Plata, Ecuador, and in Peru and Bolivia, where he collected a large amount of material. Lieutenants Safford and Welles have secured series of garments, weapons, and other objects illustrating the tribes of portions of the interior of South America. officers sent out by the Latin-American Bureau have been farther south, and Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego have been drawn upon for representations of their ethnology.

O.her

Returning to the United States, archæological work has been carried on in Ohio by Dr. Metz, Mr. Saville, Mr. Moorhead, Mr. H. I. Smith and Mr. Allan Cook. In the Delaware valley, Mr. Ernest Volk, who in previous years was in the field with me, has been engaged in making a careful exploration of several ancient village sites, burial places, and workshops or quarries, where stone implements were made. Mr. Allan Cook of the University also made a brief study of a small burial-place on Cape Cod. Mr. M. H. Saville, a student assistant in the Museum, examined an ancient soapstone quarry in Connecticut from which interesting specimens were obtained both for the Museum and Exposition; and several gentlemen, particularly Dr. F. H. Williams, Mr. Wm. C. Richards and Mr. James Shepard, who showed him much courtesy, gave to the Museum a number of stone implements found on and near the old quarry. In Maine, Mr. C. C. Willoughby working entirely for the Museum, explored two singular burial-places in the Androscoggin valley in which the graves were so old that the skeletons had entirely disappeared, leaving in the graves only masses of red ochre and numerous implements and other objects of stone. This exploration was conducted in a careful manner and the notes, drawings, and photographs of the objects in place show how thoroughly the work was done. A fine lot of implements in perfect condition was found by Mr. Willoughby, and several others obtained in former years from the same place were given to the Museum by Mr. Elijah Emerson of Bucksport. This remarkable collection will be exhibited in Chicago as part of the Peabody Museum exhibit and will afterwards be arranged in the Museum. At the request of Mr. T. H. B. Pierce of Dexter, Me., Mr. Willoughby also made a partial examination of a mound near Dexter which may be a burial mound. exploration should be made, for if it prove to be a burial mound it would be the only one known in New England.

Further

Important researches in physical anthropology have also been carried on. These were in part based on the observations made by the assistants among the native tribes, and in part upon collections. In this connection Dr. Franz Boas, aided by Dr. G. M. West and two clerical assistants, has been engaged in the museum in classifying the anthropological data and in preparing charts, tables, and diagrams to illustrate this subject at the Exposition. Thus for the first time there is being prepared a presentation of the physical characteristics of the native American peoples. Measurements have also been taken, and observations made, on more than fifty thousand children in the public schools in different parts of the United States and Canada, as well as on those in the Indian schools, and on many negro children. In this connection we have secured the cooperation of the authorities of the Japanese schools, and of those of the Hawaiian Islands. We shall thus have the measurements of a number of Japanese and Kanaka children for comparison. this series of physical measurements has been added a series of tests relating to the mental development of children. These observations and deductions will not only furnish data of importance to educators, but there is reason to believe, from what has already been accomplished in this direction, that they will also give the basis upon which decided reforms in certain directions will be established. It is almost needless to say that the details of this part of the work are entrusted to Dr. Franz Boas, who is my earnest collaborator in connection with the Exposition.

To

This brief review of the work of about 100 assistants shows how much has been done during the year; and as the Peabody Museum is the place from which it has all been directed, and as much of the work has been done by my regular assistants and students, it is eminently proper to refer to it in this report as showing the relation of the Museum to anthropological research in America. It must also be remembered that the directors of the World's Columbian Exposition have not only given to me this grand opportunity for research, but that it has been largely paid for by the funds subscribed by the citizens of Chicago. Never before has there been a year when so much money has