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the principles could be isolated by dissolving them in alkalies, and reprecipitating by acids. These were found to contain 552 per cent. of carbon, 68 of hydrogen, 3'0 of nitrogen, 350 of oxygen, 3'5 of ashes. A repeated treatment with hydrofluoric and hydrochloric acids left in one instance 14 per cent. of insoluble matter of a constitution similar to the preceding. This insoluble matter acted upon solutions of potassium salts in much the same manner as artificial humic acid obtained from sugar. It forms potassium compounds which are capable of resisting even prolonged washing by rainwater. This explains the "absorbing" action of the soil upon the alkalies, and especially upon potash.-On the interference fringes of grating spectra on gelatine, by M. A. Crova. Researches on samarium, by M. Lecoq de Boisbaudran. -Remarks on the native iron of Ovifak and the bitumen of the crystallised rocks of Sweden, by M. Nordenskiöld. Among the blocks of native iron brought from Ovifak in 1870 there was one of about 40 kgr. which it was impossible to saw or to cut. It is now supposed that this is due to black diamonds disseminated through the iron. Considerable masses of bitumen are found in the crystalline rocks of Sweden, notably near Norberg and Dannemora. One of the two kinds found gives a large number of distillation products and leaves hardly any ashes. The other resembles anthracite. It yields little on distillation, and leaves much residue on combustion. This residue contains, besides silica, iron, lime, magnesia, &c., some oxide of nickel, uranium (3 per cent.), cerium, and yttrium, the three last in the form of carbon compounds resembling nickel carbonyl. These also occur in carbon forming large nodules in the oldest sedimentary strata of Sweder, the alum schists.-Observations of small planets made at the Toulouse Observatory, by M. B. Baillaud.-The Bielids, by P. François Denza.-On orthogonal correspondance of elements, by M. Alphonse Demoulin.-On the possibility of defining a function by an entire divergent series, by M. H. Padé. A new sclerometer, by M. Paul Jannettaz.-On the indications of water-level in boilers by a glass tube, and their influence upon explosions, by M. Hervier.-On initial capacities of polarisation, by M. E. Bouty. The electricity absorbed in virtue of capacity of initial polarisation is entirely recoverable, on the condition of employing for the discharge an external circuit of negligible resistance.-On the distillation of mixtures of water and alcohol, by M. E. Sorel.-A general method for the calculation of atomic weights according to the data of chemical analysis, by M. G. Hinrichs.-On the formation of gallanilide, and on its triacetyl and tribenzoyl derivatives, by M. P. Cazeneuve-On the lakes of Sept-Laux (Isère) and La Girotte (Savoie), by M. A. Delebecque.-On a means of preserving beetroot plants and economic or ornamental young vegetables against the attacks of greyworms (Chenilles d'Agrotis) and other insect larvæ, by M. A. Laboulbène; with remarks by M. Chambrelent.

BERLIN.

This

Physiological Society, March 3.-Prof. du Bois Reymond, President, in the chair.-Dr. J. Munk gave an account of one part of the experiments on the nutrition of fasting-men, which he had carried out in conjunction with Messrs. Lehmann, Müller, Senator, and Zuntz. The same observers having some years ago made experiments on the fasting-man, Cetti, whose outcome was not in accord with the results of experiments made on dogs, they had more recently experimented again over a period of six days on another fasting-man, Breithaupt. man's nutrition was followed for several days, on an ordinary diet, before the period of fasting, and again after the latter had ended. During the fast the patient was at liberty to consume as much water as he pleased, the amount taken being carefully noted. The following were the results of the experiments. The output of nitrogen sank slowly and continuously during the whole period of fasting. The urinary phenol increased in amount up to the fourth day (the sixth day in Cetti's case) and then sank to a minimum. Indol was only found in traces, and acetone was absent altogether. The amount of chlorine, as of alkali, diminished progressively, and continued below the normal even after food was once more taken. The urine contained a large quantity of phosphoric acid, as also of lime and magnesia. Prof. Zuntz reported on the respiratory interchange of the above man. When at rest the intake of oxygen was the same as that of a normally fed person twelve hours after a meal. The respiratory quotient varied from o'66 to 0.69, and was thus less than that due to the oxidation of fats alone (0°7), or of proteids alone (08). During the fast the patient's power in

turning a wheel against friction was the same as that observed when feeding, but fatigue set in much sooner, and was most marked in the cardiac muscles. During the earlier days of the fast. the consumption of oxygen when working was the same as for a normal person, but later on it became greater. The after-effects of work lasted longer than when food was taken. The speaker regarded the above extremely low respiratory quotient during the fast, as due to the possibility that the proteids split up int glycogen and some other substance, which was then oxidised and gave rise to the small quotient observed. In support of this view experimentswere made by Dr. Vogelius on the construction of carbohydrates in the fasting body. In the fasting animals on which the experiments were carried out, all glycogen was removed by moderately strong doses of strychnine. After this they were sent to sleep for eighteen hours by means of chloralhydrate, and at the end of this period glycogen was found ir considerable quantity both in their liver and muscles-glycogen which must presumably have been formed from the metabolisz of their own proteids.

Meteorological Society, February 7.-Prof. von Bezold, President, in the chair.-The President gave a short accoun of a paper he had recently published in the Sitzungsberichte of the Berlin Academy on the thermal exchanges of the atmos phere, and entered into details as to the general propositions therein put forward. The latter are as follows:-1. The total radiant heat received by the whole earth in a year is equal the total amount given off by radiation in the same period. 2. The total heat received by any portion of the earth or the atmosphere is on the average equal to that given off by the same portion. 3. The total heat received and given off in the course of a year is not the same for different portions of the earth or atmosphere in some parts the amount received s by given portions of the earth or atmosphere during any givet greater than that given off, and vice versa. 4. The heat received period of the year is in general not equal to that passed of during the same period. 5. The total amount of heat taken a at the surface of the whole atmosphere during a given portic of the year is not necessarily equal to that given out at the same surface during the same period.

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DIARY OF SOCIETIES.

LONDON.

MONDAY, APRIL 10.

ARISTOTELIAN SOCIETY, at 8-John of Salisbury: Clement C. J. Webb.
VICTORIA INSTITUTE, at 8.-Primitive Indian Philosophy.

TUESDAY, APRIL 11.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, at 8.30.-Note on a Cranium from a Grave
at Birling, near Eastbourne. Sussex: A. Michell Whitley and Dr. Tal-
fourd Jones (communicated by G. M. Atkinson).-Stray Notes on
Egyptian Mummies: Dr. Alexander Macalister, F. R.S.-On Two Skulls
from Nagyr: R. Duckworth.-l'amma Island and its Natives: P. W.
Bassett Smith, R.N.

INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEFRS, at 8.-Ballot for Members.-Steam-
Engine Trials: the late P. W. Willans.

ROYAL INSTITUTION, at 3.-Symbolism in Ceremonies, Customs, and Art:
Dr. John Macdonell.

WEDNEDSAY, APRIL 12.

stra

GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, at 8.-On some Paleozoic Ostracoda from West-
moreland: Prof. T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S.-On some Palæozoic
coda from Girvan (Ayrshire): Prof. T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S.-On the
Dwindling and Disappearance of Limestones: F. Rutley.-On some
Bryozoa from the Inferior Oolite of Shepton Gorge, Dorset, Part II. :
Edwin A. Walford.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, at 7.-On a Species of Chrysopa observed in
the Eastern Pyrenees, together with Descriptions of, and Notes on, New
or Little-known Palearctic Forms of the Genus: R. McLachlan, F. R.S.

THURSDAY, APRIL 13.

MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY, at 8.- Toroidal Functions: A. B. Basset, F.R.S.-To Inscribe in One of Two Given Triangles a Triangle similar to the other: J Griffiths.

ROYAL INSTITUTION, at 3.-The Atmosphere: Prof. Dewar, F.R.S.

FRIDAY, APRIL 14.

ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, at 8.

INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, at 7.30.-The Manufacture and
Efficiency of Armour-Plates: D. Carnegie.

ROYAL INSTITUTION, at 9.-Seals: Sir William H. Flower, K.C.B.,
F.R.S.

SATURDAY, APRIL 15.

ROYAL INSTITUTION, at 3.-Some Applications of Electricity to Chemistry (the Tyndall Lectures): James Swinburne.

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