lessons a week for three years, the passages to be selected from Nepos or Cæsar; and (2) Latin composition based on Bennett's or Jones's Latin Composition.

B.

I. In Latin: candidates are examined (1) in the following authors, with questions on subject-matter, constructions, and the formation and inflection of words: Vergil, six books of the Æneid, with the prosody; Cicero, six Orations, including the four against Catiline; the translation at sight of passages adapted to the proficiency of candidates who have studied Latin in a systematic course of at least five lessons a week for three years, the passages to be selected from Nepos or Cæsar ; and (2) Latin Composition based on Bennett's or Jones's Latin Composition.

2. In Advanced French or Advanced German: (The examination in advanced French or in advanced German covers the examination in the elementary requirement in each subject.

Elementary French.-(a) The translation at sight of ordinary nineteenth century prose. It is important that the passages set be rendered into clear and idiomatic English. It is believed that the power of translating at sight ordinary nineteenth century prose can be acquired by reading not less than four hundred duodecimo pages from the works of at least three different authors. Not more than one-half of this amount ought to be from works of fiction. This number of pages is to include not only prepared work, but all sight reading done in class. (b) The translation from English into French of sentences or of a short connected passage, to test the candidate's familiarity with elementary grammar. Élementary grammar is understood to include the conjugations of regular verbs, of the more frequent irregular verbs, such as aller, envoyer, tenir, pouvoir, voir, vouloir, dire, savoir, faire, and those belonging to the classes represented by ouvrir, dormir, connaître, conduire, and craindre; the forms and positions of personal pronouns, the uses of other pronouns and of possessive demonstrative, and interrogative adjectives; the inflection of nouns and adjectives for gender and number, except rare cases; the uses of articles, and the partitative constructions.

Pronunciation should be carefully taught and pupils be trained to some extent to hear and understand spoken French. The writing of French from dictation is recommended as a useful exercise.

Advanced French: (a) The translation at sight of standard French. It is important that the passages set be rendered into clear and idiomatic English. It is believed that the necessary proficiency in translation at sight can be acquired by reading, in addition to the

of prose

elementary work, not less than six hundred duodecimo pages and verse from the writings of at least four standard authors. A considerable part of the amount read should be carefully translated into idiomatic English. (b) The translation into French of a connected passage of English prose. Candidates will be expected to show a thorough knowledge of accidence and familiarity with the essentials of French syntax, especially the uses of tenses, moods, prepositions, and conjunctions. Careful attention should be paid to pronunciation and the uses of spoken French.

For examination no specific authors or works are designated. An examination in pronunciation and the writing of French from dictation will be included. All applicants for admission are required to present a statement from their teacher, mentioning the text-books used and the authors read, including the number of pages translated from French into English and English into French.

Elementary German—(a) The rudiments of grammar and especially these topics: The declension of articles, adjectives, pronouns, and such nouns as are readily classified; the conjugation of weak and of the more usual strong verbs; the commoner prepositions; the simpler uses of the modal auxiliaries; the elementary rules of syntax and word order. The proficiency of the applicant may be tested by questions on the above topics and by the translation into German of simple English sentences. (b) Translation at sight of a passage of easy prose containing no rare words. It is believed that the requisite facility can be acquired by reading not less than two hundred duodecimo pages of simple German.

Practice in pronunciation, in writing German from dictation, and in the use of simple German phrases in the class room is recommended. Advanced German.—(a) More advanced grammar. In addition to a thorough knowledge of accidence, of the elements of word formation, and of the principal uses of prepositions and conjunctions, the candidate must be familiar with the essentials of German syntax, and particularly with the uses of modal auxiliaries and the subjunctive and infinitive moods. The proficiency of the applicant may be tested by questions on these topics, and by the translation into German of easy connected English prose. (b) Translation at sight of ordinary German. It is believed that the requisite facility can be acquired by reading, in addition to the amount mentioned under elementary German, at least five hundred pages of classical and contemporary prose and poetry. It is recommended that not less than onehalf of this reading be selected from the works of Lessing, Schiller, and Goethe.

It is recommended that the candidate acquire the ability to follow a recitation conducted in German and to answer in that language questions asked by the instructor.

For examination no specific authors or works are designated. An examination in pronunciation and the writing of German from dictation may be included. All applicants for admission are required to present a statement from their teacher, mentioning the text-books used and the authors read, including the number of pages translated from German into English and English into German.

C.

1. In Advanced French as above.

2. In Advanced German as above.

3. In Advanced Mathematics as below. See page 46.

As an alternate requirement for advanced mathematics one of the following sciences, viz., Physics, Chemistry, Botany, Geology, or Zoology may be offered as below.

1. Physics. Students offering physics for entrance must show an acquaintance with the more important phenomena and with the principles involved in the explanation of them. They must, in addition to a year's work with the text-book, have completed a year of laboratory practice and must be prepared to work simple numerical problems upon the laws of falling bodies; upon the pendulum; upon properties of liquids and gases, including the determination of density; upon thermometry and calorimetry, including specific heats and heats of fusion and liquefaction; upon the relations of current and electrotive force and resistance; upon velocity, wave length and resonance in sound; upon refractive indices, focal lengths and the size and position of images in optics. The student must understand and be able to use the metric system in measurement and computation.

The laboratory work offered must be chiefly quantitative in character, and must consist of at least forty exercises or experiments of the character given in Nichols's "Outlines of Physics," or other works similar to this in grade and method. The laboratory work prescribed above must have been performed by the student individually, in evidence whereof he must present his laboratory notebook at the time of examination. He must, moreover, be prepared to describe intelligently the method pursued and the results obtained in the experiments which he has performed.

2. Chemistry.—Remsen's "Introduction to the Study of Chemistry," or its equivalent, is to be taken as the basis of the examination. In addition to that, laboratory practice must have been taken with the

same book as a guide, or some other book of a similar character, representing eighty hours of actual work; the notes upon this, carefully written out, must be presented at the time of the examination, and this record should be endorsed by the teacher at the close of each day's work. Problems in the calculation of gas volumes, and in stoichiometry will be included in the examination. Finally the applicant will be examined on such on amount of qualitative analysis as can be accomplished in eighty hours of actual practice in the laboratory. A carefully written and endorsed note book of this work must also be presented at the time of the examination.

Laboratory as well as oral or written examinations will be held in those parts of the work requiring laboratory practice. The nature and scope of the problem work is shown in Trevor's "Chemical Problems."

3. Botany. The student should aim to acquire a knowledge of the general laws and fundamental principles of plant nutrition, assimilation, growth, etc., as exemplified by plants chosen from the different groups, as well as the general comparative morphology and the broader relationships of plants.

The following brief synopsis will suggest the topics and methods of study:

Study protoplasm in plants representing different groups, as spirogyra, mucor, nitella, and in the tissues of some of the higher plants, in order to demonstrate that this substance, though occurring in widely different plants, is fundamentally the same, and reacts in a similar manner to treatment with certain simple reagents.

Study absorption and osmose in plant cells, employing such plants as spirogyra, mucor, the cells of some higher plant as the beet, and in the root hairs of a seedling plant; test the effect of salt solutions in plasmolyzing the cells of these plants, then the restoration of turgescence in the same cells, and the movement of the protoplasmic membrane to demonstrate the part it plays in the process of absorption in plants.

Study nutrition by comparison of soil and water cultures in seedlings; study also root pressure; turgidity in plant parts and cell masses; transpiration; the path of movement of liquids in higher plants, and the general structure correlated with these processes; study nutrition of parasites (carnation rust, dodder), of mushroom. Study the movement of gases in carbon assimilation as shown by spirogyra, vaucheria, elodaea, etc., in respiration as shown in germinating seeds; study forms of chlorophyll bodies and the formation of starch, noting the parts of the plant where these processes take place, and using for comparison, spirogyra, zygnema, vaucheria, oedogo

nium; liverworts like riccia, marchantia, cephalozia; mosses like funaria, mnium; and a few of the higher plants, including lemna. Study growth of seedlings with reference to increase in length and diameter, direction of growth; irritability shown by movement of parts in response to stimuli. (The topics as above arranged, as far as possible represent progression of function, and the study of the lower plants throws great light on the processes in the higher forms, and at the same time familiarizes the student with a few of these lower forms).

Study general morphology, reproduction and fruiting in the different groups. Examples are suggested as follows: Among the algae,— spirogyra, vaucheria, oedogonium, coleochatae; among the fungi,— mucor, saprolegnia, puccinia (wheat rust), one of the erisypheae (powdery mildews), mushrooms; among the liverworts,―riccia, marchantia, cephalozia; among the mosses,-funaria, mnium, or polytrichum; among fern plants,- —a fern, equisetum, selaginella, isoetes; among gymnosperms, one of the pines; among angiosperms,- -one of the monocotyledons and a dicotyledon. (In this study it will be found useful in dealing with the lower plants to use the same plant as often as possible for the different topics, since fewer new names will be introduced and the student can concentrate the mind upon processes and structures. The plants suggested are chosen for a purpose since they represent progression of form and structure. The student should study all the stages suggested from the actual material using text-books only as aids.)

In the algae, liverworts, moses and ferns the organs of reproduction can usually be easily studied by beginners if material is preserved at the proper stages in advance, or it may be grown as wanted. In the higher plants the study of the reproductive organs is attended with difficulty. Here and in other difficult topics the studies should be supplemented by demonstrations on the part of the teacher, and by collateral reading.

Study the special morphology of the higher plants by a careful examination of types in the families of angiosperms. The following are suggested, ranunculaceae, cruciferae, leguminosae, rosaceae, umbelliferae, compositae, labiatae, cupuliferae, salicaceae, liliaceae, araceae, cyperaceae, geraniaceae, orchidaceae.

As a part of the examination, careful notes and drawings must be presented as evidence that the work on the several topics outlined above has been faithfully and successfully accomplished. Those who wish to prepare an herbarium in addition, may present the same as partial evidence, but weight will be given to this only when the