ments were sent, yet there is no positive evidence to that effect.

After the lesson taught at Acoma, Oñate, in his capitol at San Juan, was left in undisputed possession of New Mexico, but internal troubles among the soldiers, the colonists and the religios, gave much trouble to him. With this, however, we are not particularly concerned, as it does not properly relate to Arizona.

After these troubles had been adjusted by appeal to the viceroy and the king, having most of his 200 men reunited at San Juan, with possibly a small re-enforcement brought by Zaldivar, the governor started, on October 7th, 1604, on a western expedition, in which he was accompanied by Padres Escobar and San Buenaventura, the former the new comisario. He visited the Zuni province "more thickly settled by hares and rabbits than by Indians," from which the explorers went to the five Moqui towns with their 450 houses and people clad in cotton. Ten leagues to the westward, they crossed a river flowing from the southeast to the northwest, the Colorado Chiquito, called Colorado from the color of its water, which, no doubt, gave that name to the larger river at that time known as the Rio del Tison (Firebrand River). The place of crossing was called San Jose and farther to the southwest they crossed two other rivers which were branches of the Rio Verde in the region north of Prescott, where Espejo had been twenty-three years before. The country was very attractive and its people wore little crosses hanging from the hair on the forehead and were therefore

called Cruzados. The Indians informed Oñate that the sea was twenty days or 100 leagues distant, and was reached by going in two days to a small river, flowing into a larger one, which, itself, flowed into the sea. The general travelled west about fifteen leagues to the Santa Maria, or Bill Williams' Fork, which he followed to its junction with the Colorado, though they seemed to have no idea that there was any connection between the great river which they called Rio Grande de Buena Esperanza, or Good Hope, and the one they had already named Rio Colorado, but they knew it was the one which long ago had been called the Rio del Tison by Melchior Diaz.

For some distance above and below this junction lived the Mohaves. Captain Marquez went up the river for a short distance, then the whole party followed the bank south, the natives being friendly, to the mouth of the Gila, below which they followed the Colorado for twenty leagues to the Gulf of California. The country was thickly populated, being inhabited by several tribes, in manners and language very similar, the population on the eastern bank alone being placed at 20,000.

Oñate reached tidewater on January 23d, 1605, and on the 25th, with the friars and nine men, he went down to the mouth of the Colorado, where he reported a fine harbor, formed by an island in the center, in which he thought a thousand ships could ride at anchor, and which he christened Puerto de la Conversion de San Pablo. The rest of the company came down to see the port, after which the explorers began

their return by the same route to New Mexico. Their return was not unattended by hardships for they had to eat their horses, but they arrived safely at San Gabriel on the 25th of April.

Oñate ceased to rule as governor in New Mexico in 1608, and was succeeded by Pedro de Peralta. Between 1605 and 1616, was founded the villa of Santa Fe, or San Francisco de la Santa Fe. "The modern claim" says Bancroft, "that this is the oldest town in the United States rests entirely on its imaginary annals as an Indian pueblo before the Spanish Conquest."

CHAPTER V.

EARLY SPANISH MISSIONS AND MISSIONARIES. THE MOQUIS-FRANCISCAN FRIARS-MISSIONS FATHER EUSEBIO FRANCISCO KINO-NUESTRA SEÑORA DE LOS DOLORES-FATHER JUAN MARIA DE SALVATIERRA-SOBAIPURIS-GUEVAVI-TUMACACORI-SAN XAVIER DEL BAC— PIMA INDIANS-IMMACULATE CONCEPTIONST. ANDREW-SAN PEDRO Y SAN PABLO DE TUBUTAMA SARIC-TUCUBABIA - SANTA MARIA DE SUAMCA COCOSPERA CASAS GRANDES SAN DIONISIO-JESUITS-FR. FELIPE SEGESSER-FR. JUAN BAPTISTA GRASSHOFFER FR. GASPAR STEIGER-FR. JOSE CARUCHO FR. FRANCISCO PAVER - FR. IGNACIO KELLER-FR. JACOB SEDELMAIRREVOLT OF PIMAS-FR. ALONZO ESPINOSAFR. IGNACIO PFEFFERKORN-FR. JIMENOFR. PEDRO RAFAEL DIAZ-TUCSON-SANTA BARBARA - BUENA VISTA-CALABAZAS-FR. BARERA-EXPULSION OF JESUITS.

The first natives of Arizona to submit to Spanish authority were the Moquis, who occupied the territory which at that time was known as the province of Tusayan. These Indians had practically the same habits, customs and government as the Indians of Cibola. They were very intelligent and far advanced in civilization. Their houses were ordinarily three or four stories high, but some were seven stories. Of them, Casteñada says: "They cover their privy parts and all

the immodest parts with cloths made like a sort of table napkin, with fringed edges and a tassel at each corner, which they tie over the hips. They wear long robes of feathers and of the skins of hares and cotton blankets. The women wear blankets, which they tie or knot over the left shoulder, leaving the right arm out. These serve to cover the body. They wear a neat, wellshaped outer garment of skin. They gather their hair over the two ears, making a frame which looks like an old-fashioned headdress."

"This country is in a valley between mountains in the form of isolated cliffs. They cultivate the corn, which does not grow very high, in patches. There are three or four large fat ears, having each eight hundred grains, on every stalk, growing upward from the ground, something not seen before in these parts. There are large numbers of bears in this province, and lions, wild-cats, deer and otter. There are very fine turquoises, although not so many as was reported. They collect the pine nuts each year, and store them up in advance. A man does not have more than one wife. There are estufas, or hot rooms, in the village, which are the courtyards or places where they gather for consultations. They do not have chiefs as in New Spain, but are ruled by a council of the oldest men. They have priests who preach to them, whom they call papas (elder brothers). These are the elders. They go up on the highest roof of the village and preach to the village from there, like public criers, in the morning while the sun is rising, the whole village being silent and sitting in the galleries to listen. They tell them how they