lars. In the college year of 1805-6 the smaller figure was the estimate, and in the year 1816-17, the larger.1 The following is noted as expenses for a year: Instruction, two first years $46, third year $64, fourth $74, average Room rent Text books.. Wood..... Fuel for lecture rooms, repairs, catalogues, etc.. Amount of charges in College Quarter Bills Laundress.. Candles or oil. Servant..... "Steward and Commons, including board for thirty-eight weeks, at $2.50 per week..... $105.00 57.50 12.00 4.00 15.00 20.00 15.00 6.00 $234.50 "Besides these expenses, Students purchase or hire their own beds and a few necessary articles of furniture, when they are first admitted to College; they cost $40 to $60." The increase in the expenses of the student in the course of one hundred years has kept pace with the increase of living in the general community. In pecuniary as well as in other relations academic is in sympathy with general life. The Harvard catalogue of 1904-5 presents four scales of annual expenditure, which are described as "low," "moderate," "liberal," and "very liberal." In each of these estimates no special mention is included for books, stationery, clothing, washing, various subscriptions, and other incidental expenses. In each of the four scales the tuition is One Hundred and Fifty Dollars; the "College Reports," etc., by George Ticknor, "Answers of the Immediate Government," p. 50. rent for one-half of a room runs from Thirty, through Fifty and One Hundred, to Two Hundred Dollars, and the cost of board from One Hundred and Seventeen, through One Hundred and Sixty, to Three Hundred and Ninety Dollars, and the expenses for sundries from Forty, through Sixty and One Hundred, to Two Hundred Dollars. The whole expense is, under the scale of Low, Three Hundred and Sixty-two Dollars; of Moderate, Four Hundred and Fifty-four Dollars; of Liberal, Five Hundred and Sixty-nine Dollars, and of Very Liberal, One Thousand and Thirty-nine Dollars. The college student, and more especially his parents, through all generations, apparently has been unconsciously eager not to allow the increase in the cost of living in the general community to exceed by too many degrees the increasing cost of living within academic walls. In this sketch of undergraduate undertakings mention should be made of an organization which is not undergraduate, but which grows out of this life. Every college has its Alumni Association. It represents one of the more recent and important of the organizations. It is a society of the graduates based simply upon the element of graduation. It is designed to promote good fellowship of the members and the prosperity of their Alma Mater. One of the first associations of this sort was formed at Yale in 1827. The Alumni Association of Harvard was formed in the year 1842 and the Alumni Association of Williams College in the year 1843. It should also be said that associations of the graduates of individual colleges are found in all parts where a sufficient number reside. Princeton has no less than thirty-four such associa tions. In the list are Associations of South Africa and of Syria, as well as of Trenton and "The Oranges." The local associa tions of each college represent in their localities the graduate constituency of each college. They are a rallying point of memory, of personal relationship, and form a force serving for the college. The education, therefore, which the college has given has not been an education of books or of formal teaching only. It has "Harvard Catalogue," 1904-5, p. 568. been an education derived in part from the administration of undergraduate activities: the education of efficiency. It has also been an education formed from associations "steeped in sentiment," and "which whisper the last enchantment" of a former time: it has been an education of good fellowship. It has been an education which comes from men mingling with men. The failure which some college men have suffered in their careers has been a failure born largely of inability to get along with their fellows. Such failures are indeed pathetic. But the number of such failures arising among college men is relatively small. The qualities of courage, patience, judgment, tolerance, courtesy, and honor are qualities which belong quite as much to association of college men with each other as to any other formative cause of the college. CHAPTER XVIII ARCHITECTURE THE individualism which has characterized the development of the American spirit has also characterized the development of the architecture of American colleges. The colleges of Ox ford and Cambridge represent the community. The quadrangle stands for a communal life. It is exclusive and inclusive. The quadrangle contains the dormitory, the dining hall, the chapel, the library, and the common rooms. The life of the individual and the life of the community are lived within these cloisters. The early colleges in America were at first obliged usually to be content with a single building. It was used for, and was suffi cient for, all academic purposes. But when, with the increase of students, one building no longer sufficed, the succeeding ones were built without distinct organic relation to each other. Each was an individual. The buildings of the American college have usually avoided the form of the quadrangle, and have been arranged in a straight line. The Yale buildings stood in a row. In the first two years of the sixth decade of the eighteenth century was built the hall known as South Middle, and for almost one hundred years thereafter all buildings were put in a straight line. A similar form was adopted at Bowdoin, Williams, Amherst, Brown, and other New England colleges. This form also was adopted in the earlier colleges of what is now the older West. It was introduced in the old Western Reserve College in its first habitation at Hudson, and also in Marietta, on the banks of the Ohio. The type of architecture of these buildings was that which prevailed in the colonies. Its general description is embodied in the word " colonial," though "Georgian "might be a more exact epithet. These buildings were largely rectangular in shape, which was the form commonly employed for nearly all public structures, for not a few warehouses, and for many of the more impressive private houses. Massachusetts Hall, built in 1720, still standing in the Harvard yard, represents a mansion of the neighboring town of Medford. The original design for the buildings of William and Mary was that of a square, it is said, but the design was never carried out. Sir Christopher Wren planned the first building, which was built in 1705. In the middle of the nineteenth century fire twice damaged this structure, but on each of these two occasions and on one other, reconstruction had been made within the original walls. The first buildings, too, of King's (Columbia) College and of Princeton embodied the same square type. These buildings differed chiefly in respect to the form of the roof. The colonial type maintained itself until the first decades of the nineteenth century, when the increasing knowledge of Greek life and art came in to influence academic construction. The most conspicuous and earliest illustration of the introduction of the classical type is found in the University of Virginia. Jefferson was filled with the classical spirit above most of his contemporaries. He made an imitation of the Pantheon the chief part of the building of his University, and from it, on either side of its lawn, he built low colonnades, of one story, as dormitories for students, breaking up their lengths by porticoes, which were houses for members of the teaching staff. The lines of these colonnades were, and are, beautiful and impressive, but the cheap bricks of which they are constructed hurt the impressiveness of form and design. A more notable example of the influence of the classical idea is seen in the building of Girard College in Philadelphia. Its erection was begun less than a decade after Jefferson's University was opened to students, and was completed in fourteen years. Excepting that the columns are Corinthian and not Doric, the building is modeled after the Parthenon. This building, built at a cost of almost Two Million Dollars, with unexampled thoroughness of construction, seems destined to stand as long as the Parthenon itself. For a score of years, between 1820 and 1840, the Greek type prevailed. The first two buildings of Trinity at Hartford, bear |