surrounds the investigator; it may be arbitrary in the commands or suggestions which it lays upon him. It is certainly true that all the advantages for research do not rest on the side of the university. In general it may be said that in England most researches have been conducted privately, and that in Germany most researches have been conducted mainly under the auspices of a university. Charles Darwin at Down, on his own estate-an estate difficult to reach or to go from-moving the world from his little fulcrum, is the type of the normal English searcher for truth. Immanuel Kant, at Königsberg University, occupying a professorship, lecturing to a few students, moving in the free atmosphere of scholarship, writing his blind books which are yet to open the eyes of mankind, is the type of the German searcher for truth.

The duty of research in the United States is urgent. The peril of a democracy is that it will search for truth not for truth's own sake, but for the sake of what truth will do or bring. It makes investigation into electricity to get light, or heat, or power, not to discover the laws, nature, and relations of electricity. Let it ever be known that truth is primary, and the search for truth for its own sake is a primary duty. The great thinker who gave as a reason for his passion for the theory of numbers that it is a pure virgin that never has been and never can be prostituted to any practical application whatsoever represents the type of the wisest investigator. This lesson of the value of truth for its own sake is a lesson that every democracy should learn. It is a lesson which the university is of all human forces best fitted to teach a democracy. Democracies, too, are naturally fickle. The search for truth should therefore be conducted under the most stable and permanent of all human institutions the university.

Furthermore, the higher education in America has also had a relation to the formal government. This relation it has fulfilled in three ways. It has served in disseminating a sound idea of the nature of government. It has also endeavored to make clear that government by parties, the natural method in a democracy, is only a means and never an end. It has, furthermore, trained men to become worthy officers of the state.

In training men to become worthy officers of the state it has educated men for service of two sorts. The one kind is the clerical and the less arduous administrative type. Such is the training given to the young Englishmen who are to occupy positions of a clerical grade in the colonial governments. This training is valuable and leads to resulting values in the interest of the government and of humanity. The other kind of training is less direct, and yet it is the more valuable as it is the less directly immediate in its purposes. It relates to general preparation for the most important administrative and executive places. The primary purpose of such a preparation is identical with the primary purpose of education. It seeks to make each man a thinker, a weigher of evidence, and a judge of relations. It does not aim to fit one to become president or a legislator or a member of the Supreme Court. It desires simply so to train the intellect, as well as all the other parts of one's nature, that the man, if elected president or legislator or appointed judge, shall do the work belonging to the position with efficiency and satisfaction. It looks upon government in its higher relations as first a means and secondly an end.

A second work which the higher education has accomplished and may accomplish for the government relates to political parties. In a prosperous democracy public attention is usually fixed on the party in power, and upon this party as an end and as a good in itself. For one becomes so accustomed to the party as a necessary method or means for carrying on the government that he is soon led to believe that the party is the government in itself, and even that in extreme instances the government exists to perpetuate and enrich the party. The university is therefore to impress upon the people the truth that parties exist in order to give the most efficient government, and that that party only has a right to be in power which gives the most efficient government. Therefore the universities have usually been a silent factor in political affairs. They have been concerned only to maintain a sound and efficient government. They have been, and are, the most eager to remove any political party which has become weak while it has been trying to govern. In the United States the universities have been the most conservative element in pre

serving the present government as a republic. They would be of all classes the most averse to a monarchy of any sort. But no body of citizens would be more eager to dislodge a political party which had proved itself to be incapable.

A third form of the service which the higher education has rendered relates to the dissemination of sound ideas of the nature of government. It has sought to impress upon the people that the principles of good government are the common principles which constitute the best life-honesty, capacity, faithful

ness.

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