laws lent their aid to the ecclesiastical constitutions. The magistrate from that time co-operated with the priest, and clerical sentences were made efficacious by secular force. But the state, when it came to the assistance of the church, had no intention to diminish its authority. Those rebukes and those censures which were lawful before, were lawful still. But they had hitherto operated only upon voluntary submission. The refractory and contemptuous were at first in no danger of temporal severities, except what they might suffer from the reproaches of conscience, or the detestation of their fellow christians. When religion obtained the support of law, if admonitions and censures had no effect, they were seconded by the magistrates with coercion and punishment. "It therefore appears from ecclesiastical history, that the right of inflicting shame by public censure, has been always considered as inherent in the church: and that this right was not conferred by the civil power; for it was exercised when the civil power operated against it. By the civil power it was never taken away; for the christian magistrate interposed his office, not to rescue sinners from censure, but to supply more powerful means of reformation; to add pain where shame was insufficient; and when men were proclaimed unworthy of the society of the faithful, to restrain them by imprisonment, from spreading abroad the contagion of wickedness. at once, or public by degrees, is the only question. And of a sudden and solemn publication the impression is deeper, and the warning more effectual. "It may easily be urged, if a minister be thus left at liberty to delate sinners from the pulpit, and to publish at will the crimes of a parishioner, he may often blast the innocent and distress the timorous. He may be suspicious, and condemn without evidence: he may be rash, and judge without examination: he may be severe, and treat slight offences with too much harshness: he may be malignant and partial, and gratify his private interest or resentment under the shelter of his pastoral character. "Of all this there is possibility, and of all this there is danger. But if possibility of evil be to exclude good, no good ever can be done.If nothing is to be attempted in which there is danger, we must all sink into hopeless inactivity. The evils that may be feared from this practice arise not from any defect in the institution, but from the infirmities of human nature. Power, in whatever hands it is placed, will be sometimes improperly exerted; yet courts of law must judge, though they will sometimes judge amiss. A father must instruct his children, though he may often want instruction. A minister must censure sinners, though his censure may be sometimes erroneous by want of judgment, and sometimes unjust by want of ho "It is not improbable that from this acknow-nesty. ledged power of public censure, grew in time the practice of auricular confession. Those who dreaded the blast of public reprehension, were willing to submit themselves to the priest, by a private accusation of themselves; and to obtain a reconciliation with the church by a kind of clandestine absolution, and invisible penance; conditions with which the priest would in times of ignorance and corruption easily comply, as they increased his influence, by adding the knowledge of secret sins to that of notorious of fences, and enlarged his authority, by making him the sole arbiter of the terms of reconcile ment. "If we examine the circumstances of the present case, we shall find the sentence neither erroneous nor unjust: we shall find no breach of private confidence, no intrusions into secret transactions. The fact was notorious and indubitable; so easy to be proved, that no proof was desired. The act was base and treacherous, the perpetration insolent and open, and the example naturally mischievous. The minister, however, being retired and recluse, had not yet heard what was publicly known throughout the parish; and on occasion of a public election, warned his people, according to his duty, against the crimes which public elections frequently pro"From this bondage the Reformation set us duce. His warning was felt by one of his pafree. The minister has no longer power to press rishioners, as pointed particularly at himself.into the retirements of conscience, or torture us But instead of producing, as might be wished, by interrogatories, or put himself in possession private compunction and immediate reformation, of our secrets and our lives. But though we it kindled only rage and resentment. He charg have thus controlled his usurpations, his just and ed his minister, in a public paper, with scandal, original power remains unimpaired. He may defamation, and falsehood. The minister, thus still see, though he may not pry: he may yet reproached, had his own character to vindicate, hear, though he may not question. And that upon which his pastoral authority must necessaKnowledge which his eyes and ears force upon rily depend. To be charged with a defamatory him it is still his duty to use, for the benefit of lic, is an injury which no man patiently endures his flock. A father who lives near a wicked in common life. To be charged with polluting neighbour, may forbid a son to frequent his the pastoral office with scandal and falsehood, company. A minister who has in his congre- was a violation of character still more atrocious, gation a man of open and scandalous wicked- as it affected not only his personal but his cleriness, may warn his parishioners to shun his cal veracity. His indignation naturally rose in conversation. To warn them is not only law-proportion to his honesty, and with all the fortiful, but not to warn them would be criminal.-tude of injured honesty, he dared his calumniaHe may warn them one by one in friendly converse, or by a parochial visitation. But if he warn each man singly, what shall forbid him to warn them altogether? Of that which is to be made known to all, how is there any difference whether it be communicated to each singly, or to all together? What is known to all, must necessarily be public; whether it shall be public tor in the church, and at once exonerated himself from censure, and rescued his flock from deception and from danger. The man whom he accuses pretends not to be innocent: or at least only pretends; for he declines a trial. The crime of which he is accused has frequent opportunities and strong temptations. It has already spread far, with much depravation of private morals, and much injury to public happiness. To warn rected against a breach of morality, against an the people, therefore, against it, was not wanton act which no man justifies. The man who ap and officious, but necessary and pastoral. propriated this censure to himself, is evidently "What then is the fault with which this wor- and notoriously guilty. His consciousness of thy minister is charged? He has usurped no his own wickedness incited him to attack his dominion over conscience. He has exerted no faithful reprover with open insolence and printed authority in support of doubtful and controverted accusations. Such an attack made defence neopinions. He has not dragged into light a bash-cessary; and we hope it will be at last decided ful and corrigible sinner. His censure was di- that the means of defence were just and lawful." REVIEWS AND CRITICISMS. LETTER ON DU HALDE'S HISTORY OF THERE are few nations in the world more talked of, or less known, than the Chinese. The confused and imperfect account which travellers have given of their grandeur, their sciences, and their policy, have hitherto excited admiration, but have not been sufficient to satisfy even a superficial curiosity. I therefore return you my thanks for having undertaken, at so great an expense, to convey to English readers the most copious and accurate account, yet published, of that remote and celebrated people, whose antiquity, magnificence, power, wisdom, peculiar customs, and excellent constitution, undoubtedly deserve the attention of the public. can afford, when he becomes acquainted with the Chinese government and constitution; he will be amazed to find that there is a country where nobility and knowledge are the same, where men advance in rank as they advance in learning, and promotion is the effect of virtuous industry, where no man thinks ignorance a mark of greatness, or laziness the privilege of high birth. they have been addressed in this manner, have neither stormed, nor threatened, nor kicked their ministers, nor thought it majestic to be obstinate in the wrong: but have, with a greatness of mind worthy of a Chinese monarch, brought their actions willingly to the test of reason, law, and morality, and scorned to exert their power in defence of that which they could not support by argument. His surprise will be still heightened by the relations he will there meet with of honest ministers, who, however incredible it may seem, have been seen more than once in that monarchy, and have adventured to admonish the emperors of any deviation from the laws of their country, or any error in their conduct, that has endangered As the satisfaction found in reading descrip- either their own safety, or the happiness of their tions of distant countries arises from a compari-people. He will read of emperors, who, when son which every reader naturally makes, between the ideas which he receives from the relation, and those which were familiar to him before; or, in other words, between the countries with which he is acquainted, and that which the author displays to his imagination; so it varies according to the likeness or dissimilitude of the manners of the two nations. Any custom or law unheard and unthought of before, strikes us with that surprise which is the effect of novelty; I must confess my wonder at these relations but a practice conformable to our own pleases was very great, and had been much greater, had us, because it flatters our self-love, by showing I not often entertained my imagination with an us that our opinions are approved by the general instance of the like conduct in a prince of Engconcurrence of mankind. Of these two plea- land, on an occasion that happened not quite a sures, the first is more violent, the other more century ago, and which I shall relate, that so lasting; the first seems to partake more of in- remarkable an example of spirit and firmness in stinct than reason, and is not easily to be ex- a subject, and of conviction and compliance in a plained, or defined; the latter has its founda-prince, may not be forgotten. And I hope that tion in good sense and reflection, and evidently depends on the same principles with most human passions. An attentive reader will frequently feel each of these agreeable emotions in the perusal of Du Halde. He will find a calm, peaceful satisfaction, when he reads the moral precepts and wise instructions of the Chinese sages; he will find that virtue is in every place the same, and will look with new contempt on those wild reasoners, who affirm that morality is merely ideal, and that the distinctions between good and ill are wholly chimerical. you will look upon this letter as intended to do honour to my country, and not to serve your in terest by promoting your undertaking. The prince, at the christening of his first son. had appointed a noble duke to stand as proxy for the father of the princess, without regard to the claim of a marquis, (heir apparent to a higher title,) to whom, as lord of the bedchamber then in waiting, that honour properly belonged.—The marquis was wholly unacquainted with the affur, till he heard at dinner the duke's health drunk by the name of the prince he was that evening to represent. This he took an opportunity after But he will enjoy all the pleasure that novelty | dinner of inquiring the reason of, and was in Every man that is solicitous about the esteem and makes by consequence his first apology for his conduct to himself; and when he has once deceived his own heart, which is for the greatest part to easy a task, he propagates the deceit in the world without reluctance or consciousness of falsehood. formed by the prince's treasurer of his highness's | fence, discover often more impartiality, and less intention. The marquis immediately declared, contempt of evidence, than the advocates which that he thought his right invaded, and his honour faction or interest have raised in their favour. injured, which he could not bear without requir It is, however, to be remembered, that the ing satisfaction from the usurper of his privileges; parent of all Memoirs, is the ambition of being nor would he longer serve a prince who paid no distinguished from the herd of mankind, and the regard to his lawful pretensions. The treasurer fear of either infamy or oblivion, passions which could not deny that the marquis's claim was in- cannot but have some degree of influence, and contestable, and by his permission acquainted the which may at least affect the writer's choice of prince with his resolution. The prince there- facts, though they may not prevail upon him to upon sending for the marquis, demanded, with advance known falsehoods. He may aggravate a resentful and imperious air, how he could dis-or extenuate particular circumstances, though he pute his commands, and by what authority he preserves the general transaction; as the general presumed to control him in the management of likeness may be preserved in painting, though a his own family, and the christening of his own blemis his hid, or a beauty improved. son. The marquis answered that he did not encroach upon the prince's right, but only de-of others, is in a great degree desirous of his own, fended his own: that he thought his honour concerned, and, as he was a young man, would not enter the world with the loss of his reputation. The prince, exasperated to a very high degree, repeated his commands; but the marquis, with a spirit and firmness not to be depressed or shaken, persisted in his determination to assert his claim, and concluded with declaring that he would do himself the justice that was denied him, and that not the prince himself should trample on his character. He was then ordered to withdraw, and the duke coming to him, assured him, that the honour was offered him unasked; that when he accepted it, he was not informed of his lordship's claim, and that now he very willingly resigned it. The marquis very gracefully acknowledged the civility of the duke's expressions, and declared himself satisfied with his grace's conduct; but thought it inconsistent with his honour to accept the representation as a cession of the duke, or on any other terms than as his own acknowledged right. The prince, being informed of the whole conversation, and having upon inquiry found all the precedents on the marquis's side, thought it below his dignity to persist in an error, and restoring the marquis to his right upon his own conditions, continued him in his favour, believing that he might safely trust his affairs in the hands of a man, who had so nice a sense of honour, and so much spirit to assert it. EUBULUS. But to what purpose, it may be asked, are such reflections, except to produce a general incre dulity, and to make history of no use? The man who knows not the truth cannot, and he who knows it will not, tell it; what then remains, but to distrust every relation, and live in perpetual negligence of past events; or what is still more disagreeable, in perpetual suspense? That by such remarks some incredulity 18 indeed produced, cannot be denied, but distrust is a necessary qualification of a student in history. Distrust quickens his discernment of different degrees of probability, animates his search after evidence, and perhaps heightens his pleasure at the discovery of truth; for truth, though not always obvious, is generally discoverable, nor is it any where more likely to be found than in private memoirs, which are generally published at a time when any gross falsehood may be detected by living witnesses, and which always contain a thousand incidents, of which the writer could not have acquired a certain knowledge, and which he has no reason for disguising. Such is the account lately published by the Dutchess of Marlborough, of her own conduct, by which those who are very little concerned about the character which it is principally in REVIEW OF THE ACCOUNT OF THE CONDUCT tended to preserve or to retrieve, may be enterOF THE DUTCHESS OF MARLBOROUGH. tained and instructed. By the perusal of this FROM THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE, 1742. account, the inquirer into human nature may obtain an intimate acquaintance with the chaTHE universal regard which is paid by man- racters of those whose names have crowded the kind to such accounts of public transactions as latest histories, and discover the relation between have been written by those who were engaged their minds and their actions. The historian in them, may be, with great probability, ascribed may trace the progress of great transactions, and to that ardent love of truth, which nature has discover the secret causes of important events. kindled in the breast of man, and which remains And, to mention one use more, the polite writer even where every other laudable passion is ex-may learn an unaffected dignity of style, and an tinguished. We cannot but read such narratives artful simplicity of narration. with uncommon curiosity, because we consider the writer as indubitably possesssed of the ability to give us just representations, and do not always reflect, that, very often, proportionate to the opportunities of knowing the truth, are the temptations to disguise it. The method of confirming her relation, by inserting at length the letters that every transaction occasioned, has not only set the greatest part of the work above the danger of confutation, but has added to the entertainment of the reader, who has now the satisfaction of forming to himself the characters of the actors, and judging how nearly such as have hitherto been given of them agree with those which they now give of Authors of this kind have at least an incontestable superiority over those whose passions are the same, and whose knowledge is less. It is evident that those who write in their own de-themselves. 592 Even of those whose letters could not be made public, we have a more exact knowledge than can be expected from general histories, because we see them in their private apartments in their careless hours, and observe those actions in which they indulged their own inclinations, without any regard to censure or applause. Thus it is that we are made acquainted with the disposition of King William, of whom it may be collected from various instances that he was arbitrary, insolent, gloomy, rapacious, and brutal; that he was at all times disposed to play the tyrant; that he had neither in great things nor in small the manners of a gentleman; that he was capable of gaining money by mean artifices; and that he only regarded his promise when it was his interest to keep it. There are doubtless great numbers who will be offended with this delineation of the mind of the immortal William, but they whose honesty or sense enables them to consider impartially the events of his reign, will now be enabled to discover the reason of the frequent oppositions which he encountered, and of the personal affronts which he was sometimes forced to endure. They will observe that it is not always sufficient to do right, and that it is often necessary to add gracefulness to virtue. They will recollect how vain it is to endeavour to gain men by great qualities, while our cursory behaviour is insolent and offensive: and that those may be disgusted by little things who can scarcely be pleased with great. Charles the Second, by his affability and politeness, made himself the idol of the nation, which he betrayed and sold. William the Third was, for his insolence and brutality, hated by that people which he protected and enriched :-had the best part of these two characters been united in one prince, the house of Bourbon had fallen before him. It is not without pain that the reader observes a shade encroaching upon the light with which the memory of Queen Mary has been hitherto invested-the popular, the beneficent, the pious, the celestial Queen Mary, from whose presence none ever withdrew without an addition to his happiness. What can be charged upon this delight of human kind? Nothing less than that she wanted bowels, and was insolent with her power; that she was resentful, and pertinacious in her resentment; that she descended to mean acts of revenge, when heavier vengeance was not in her power; that she was desirous of controlling where she had no authority, and backward to forgive, even when she had no real injury to complain of. This is a character so different from all those that have been hitherto given of this celebrated princess, that the reader stands in suspense, till he considers the inconsistencies in human conduct, remembers that no virtue is without its weakness, and considers that Queen Mary's character has hitherto had this great advantage, that it has only been compared with those of kings. The greatest number of the letters inserted in this account were written by Queen Anne, of which it may be truly observed, that they will be equally useful for the confutation of those who have exalted or depressed her character. They are written with great purity and correct ness, without any forced expressions, affected phrases, or unnatural sentiments, and show uncommon clearness of understanding, tenderness of affection, and rectitude of intention; but discover at the same time, a temper timorous, an xious, and impatient of misfortune, a tendency to the affection of others, and a weak desire of burst into complaints, helpless dependance on moving compassion. There is indeed nothing insolent or overbearing, but ther there is nothing great, or firm, or regal; nothing that enforces obedience and respect, or which does not rather invite opposition and petulance. She seems born for friendship, not for government; and to be unable to regulate the conduct of others, other wise than by her own example. occurrences in her reign, in which the nation was That this character is just, appears from the governed for many years by a party whose principles she detested, but whose influence she knew not how to obviate, and to whose schemes she was subservient against her inclination. was made by turns against each party, proves The charge of tyrannising over her, which that, in the opinion of both, she was easily to be governed; and though it may be supposed that the letters here published were selected with some regard to respect and ceremony, it appears plainly enough from them that she was what she has been represented, little more than the slave of the Marlborough family. The inferior characters, as they are of less im picture of Harley is at least partially drawn, ali portance, are less accurately delineated; the the deformities are heightened, and the beauties, for beauties of mind he certainly had, are en tirely omitted. REVIEW OF MEMOIRS OF THE COURT OF PRINCIPAL OF MARISCHAL-COLLEGE IN THE UNIVERSITY BY THOMAS BLACKWELL, J. U. D. OF ABERDEEN. reader, is that of disgusting him with the author's THE first effect which this book has upon the vanity. He endeavours to persuade the world, that here are some new treasures of literature spread before his eyes; that something is dis covered, which to this happy day had been concealed in darkness; that by his diligence time has been robbed of some valuable monument which he was on the point of devouring; and that names and facts doomed to oblivion are now restored to fame. when he shall be told that Mr. Blackwell has How must the unlearned reader be surprised, neither digged in the ruins of any demolished city, nor found out the way to the library of Fez; nor had a single book in his hands, that has not been in the possession of every man that was inclined to read it, for years and ages; and that his book relates to a people who, above all others, have furnished employment to the studions, and behind them a coin or a stone, which has not amusements to the idle; who have scarcely left been examined and explained a thousand times, and whose dress, and food, and household stuff, it has been the pride of learning to understand, of vicious diffidence or affected humility who THE COURT OF AUGUSTUS. Brutus." should have forborne to promise many novelties, | tenderness she met with, brought her joy, her When the reader has been awakened by this her health." He is a great lover of modern terms. His I do not mean to declare that this volume has nothing new, or that the labours of those who senators and their wives are Gentlemen and "that Sex have gone before our author, have made his per- Ladies. In this review of Brutus's army, who formance a useless addition to the burden of lite-was under the command of gallant men, not braver rature. New works may be constructed with officers than true patriots, he tells us, old materials, the disposition of the parts may tus the Questor was Paymaster, Secretary at show contrivance, the ornaments interspersed War, and Commissary General, and that the se cred discipline of the Roman required the closest may discover elegance. It is not always without good effect that men connexion, like that of father and son, to sub of proper qualifications write in succession on the sist between the General of any army and his same subject, even when the latter add nothing Questor. Cicero was General of the Cavalry, to the information given by the former; for the and the next general officer was Flavius, Master same ideas may be delivered more intelligibly of the Artillery, the elder Lentulus was Admiral, or more delightfully by one than by another, or and the younger rode in the Band of Volunteers: with attractions that may lure minds of a diffe-under these the tribunes, with many others too rent form. No writer pleases all, and every writer may please some. But after all, to inherit is not to acquire; to decorate is not to make; and the man who had nothing to do but to read the ancient authors who mention the Roman affairs, and reduce them to common-places, ought not to boast himself as a great benefactor to the studious world. After a preface of boast, and a letter of flattery, in which he seems to imitate the address of Horace in his vile patabis molicis Sabinum-he opens his book with telling us, that the "Roman republic, after the horrible proscription, was no more at bleeding Rome. The regal power of her consuls, the authority of her senate, and the majesty of her people, were now trampled under foot; these [for those] divine laws and hallowed customs, that had been the essence of her constitution were set at nought, and her best friends were lying exposed in their blood." These were surely very dismal times to those who suffered; but I know not why any one but a school boy in his declamation should whine over the commonwealth of Rome, which grew great only by the misery of the rest of mankind. The Romans, like others, as soon as they grew rich grew corrupt, and, in their corruption, sold the lives and freedoms of themselves, and of one another. a subordinate officer: for we are informed aftedious to name." Lentulus, however, was but terwards, that the Romans had made Sextus Pompeius Lord High Admiral in all the seas of their dominions. Among other affectations of this writer is a furious and unnecessary zeal for liberty, or rather other. This indeed might be suffered, because for one form of government as preferable to anpolitical institution is a subject in which men have always differed, and if they continue to obey their lawful governore, and attempt not to make innovations for the sake of their favcu:ite schemes, they may differ for ever without any just reproach from one another. But who can bear the hardy champion who ventures nothing? who in full security undertakes the defence of the assassination of Cæsar, and declares his resolution to speak plain? Yet let not just senti ments be overlooked: he has justly observed, that the greater part of mankind will be naturally prejudiced against Brutus, for all feel the benefits of private friendship: but few can discern the advantages of a well-constituted government. We know not whether some apology may not be necessary for the distance [seven months] be tween the first account of this book, and its con tinuation. The truth is, that this work, not be ing forced upon our attention by much public applause or censure, was sometimes neglected, and sometimes forgotten; nor would it, perhaps, have been now resumed, but that we might avoid to disappoint our readers by an abrupt de "About this time Brutus had his patience put to the highest trial: he had been married to Clodia; but whether the family did not please him, or whether he was dissatisfied with the lady's behaviour during his absence, he soon en-sertion of any subject. tertained thoughts of a separation. This raised a good deal of talk, and the women of the Clodian family inveighed bitterly against Brutus-but he married Portia, who was worthy of such a father as M. Cato, and such a husband as M. Brutus, She had a soul capable of an exalted passion, and found a proper object to raise and give it a sanction; she did not only love but adored her husband, tis vor.b, his truth, his every shining and her quali, rade her gaze upon him like a god, while the endearing returns of esteem and 75 It is not our design to criticise the facts of this history, but the style; not the veracity, but the address of the writer; for, an account of the ancient Romans, as it cannot nearly interest and present reader, and must be drawn from writings that have been long known, can owe its value only to the language in which it is delivered, and the reflections with which it is acto believe that he companied. Dr. Blackwell, however, seems to have heated his imagination so as to be much affected with eve |
