vote only in case they have been legally appointed or elected to their position or have been confirmed therein.

SEC. 10. Persons under paternal authority, under guardianship, or under employers' authority, even though they possess one of the qualifications mentioned in the preceding section, shall not have the right to vote.

The apprentices of merchants and artisans and those employed in public or private service as servants or domestics shall be regarded as being under employers' authority.

Overseers of estates are not regarded as under such authority.

SEC. II. The right to vote shall not be exercised:

1) By soldiers in the army, sailors, and members of the National Guard, whether on active duty or temporarily on leave during their term of enlistment, but reservists and members of the National Guard summoned in conformity with sec. 36 of Law 40 of 1868 and Law 32 of 1873 for military inspection and temporary service are not included within this provision.

2) By members of the finance, customs, and revenue police. 3) By members of the armed police.

4) By members of the state, municipal, and communal police.

Therefore they shall not be registered in the lists of voters. SEC. 12. The right to vote shall not be exercised by those: 1) Who have been condemned to imprisonment on account of some crime or misdemeanor, or of some violation of the press laws mentioned in secs. 6 to 12 of Law 18 of 1848, during the continuance of such imprisonment.

2) Who, on the basis of a valid judicial finding, are being held for trial because of some crime or misdemeanor.

3) Who have been disqualified as voters by a regular judicial proceeding, during the time fixed by the judicial

sentence.

4) Who have become bankrupt, until they are discharged.

Such persons shall, therefore, not be registered in the list of voters, even if otherwise entitled to vote.

The electors mentioned in clauses 1, 2, 3, and 4, if otherwise entitled to vote, shall be registered in special lists and may by way of exception exercise the right to vote on proof of aquittal or of their discharge from bankruptcy by a valid judicial decision, or if they can furnish evidence by certificate from the competent authorities that they have served the full term of their sentence, or upon proof, by reference to the original judgment, that the term of their disabilities has expired; such evidence to be submitted to the commission charged with the preparation and correction of the lists of voters or finally to the president of the election.

SEC. 13. Every elector who has reached his twenty-fourth year shall be eligible as a representative provided he is registered in the list of voters and is qualified in the Hungarian language, which in accordance with law is the legislative language.

Those sentenced, after the present law has become operative, by a regular judicial proceeding, on account of murder, robbery, arson, larceny, concealment, forgery, fraud, fraudulent bankruptcy, or perjury, shall not be eligible.

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

In the sections devoted to Austria and to Hungary reference has already been made to the relations existing between the two parts of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy before 1867. Hungary refused to agree to any arrangement that did not leave to it entire independence in the management of its internal affairs, and not until the Emperor was willing to treat upon this basis could any solution of the Hungarian difficulty be reached.

Hungary, under the leadership of Deak, insisted upon the complete adoption of the system established by the laws of 1848, that is, upon the recognition of Hungary as an independent monarchy joined with Austria only by the bonds of a common ruler. Austria would not agree to concede so much as this, and at first contended for an imperial ministry to which the Hungarian ministry should be subordinate. For a time no compromise seemed possible; negotiations were for a time interrupted by the war between Austria and Prussia.

After the defeat of Austria and its exclusion from Germany and Italy, a more conciliatory policy was pursued toward Hungary, and under Beust, the minister whom Austria borrowed from Saxony, an agreement was reached upon the manner of conducting affairs common to the two parts of the monarchy. On February 17, 1867, the Hungarian laws of 1848 were restored in force by imperial order, and to the Hungarian Diet was left the final adoption of measures of compromise with Austria. The Ausgleich was adopted by Hungarian law of June 12, 1867; it was then submitted to the Austrian Reichsrat and adopted on December 21, 1867. The important element of this agreement is the recognition of Hungary as a co-ordinate part of the empire, the adoption of the system of dualism.

The Ausgleich of 1867 comprised not only the law regulating the permanent political relations between Austria and Hungary, but also laws enacted for a period of ten years, establishing a common customs system for the two countries, and fixing Hungary's share in the expenses of the joint government. These ten

year treaties were enlarged and renewed in 1878 and 1887. Negotiations for their renewal were begun in 1896, but no agreement could be reached, and not until October 8, 1907, were negotiations finally completed; the laws approved by the Hungarian and Austrian ministries in 1907 were approved by the Austrian Reichsrat and the Hungarian Diet in December of the same year. The laws relate principally to a uniform customs tariff for the two countries, the monetary system, and Hungary's quota of expenses of the joint Austro-Hungarian government.

In 1878 when Bosnia and Herzegovina were taken from Turkey and placed under the control of Austria-Hungary, identical laws were adopted in the two parts of the empire for the administration of these territories.

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 1

ANDRÁSSY, JULIUS. Ungarns Ausgleich mit Oesterreich vom Jahre 1867. (Leipzig, 1897.)

EISENMANN, LOUIS. Le compromis Austro-Hongrois de 1867. Étude sur le dualisme. (Paris, 1904.) A careful study of the compromise and of the relations of Austria and Hungary since 1867.

AUSTRIAN LAW

CONCERNING THE AFFAIRS COMMON TO ALL OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE AUSTRIAN MONARCHY, AND THE MANNER OF MANAGING THEM1

(December 21, 1867)

SECTION 1. The following affairs are declared common to Austria and Hungary:

a) Foreign affairs, including diplomatic and commercial representation abroad, as well as measures relating to international treaties, reserving the right of the representative

1 See also books listed under Austria and Hungary for discussions of the affairs of the joint government.

1 The Hungarian Law 12 of June 12, 1867, contains provisions applicable to Hungary which are practically identical with those of this law. On this account it is not thought necessary to give the text of the Hungarian law.