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Description of the northernmost territories of the western section
Description of the southern portion, or California -

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The Columbia and its branches

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1499.

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Year. 1587.

1588.

1592.

1594.

1596.

1602.

1603.

1610.

1616. 1640.

1643.

1669.

1697.

1700.

Attempts of the English to discover passages for ships between the Atlantic and
the Pacific Oceans, causing great uneasiness to the Spanish Government,
Pretended northern voyage of Maldonado from the Atlantic to the Pacific
Voyage of Juan de Fuca along the northwest coast

Voyage of Cermenon, who is wrecked on the Bay of San Francisco
Spanish Government orders colonies to be established in California
Voyage of Vizcaino in the Gulf of California

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Survey of the west coast to the 43d degree of latitude by Vizcaino
Supposed discovery of a great river, near the 43d degree, by Aguilar, in one of
Vizcaino's vessels
Discovery of Hudson's Bay by Hudson

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Discovery of the navigation around Cape Horn, by Lemaire and Van Schouten
Supposed northern voyage of Fonte from the Pacific to the Atlantic
Voyage of De Vries in the Pacific, north of Japan

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Charter given to the Hudson's Bay Company by King Charles II. of England
Unsuccessful attempts of the Spaniards to plant colonies in California
The Jesuits undertake the reduction of California for the King of Spain
The Russians conquer Kamschatka

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Father Kuhn, a Jesuit, ascertains that California is connected with the Amer-
ican continent

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Peter the Great, Czar of Russia, forms plans for exploring the seas east of Kam-
schatka, and for extending his dominion to America
Louis XIV., King of France, grants Louisiana to Crozat
Supposed extent of Louisiana at that time

·

150

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150

150

1714.

Treaty of Utrecht between Great Britain and France, no boundary-line estab-
lished in America agreeably to its provisions

150, 216

1728.

Voyage of Beering, by order of the Empress Catherine of Russia, from Kam-
schatka into the Arctic Sea

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Tschirikof discovers America near the 56th degree of latitude, and returns to
Kamschatka

1742.

The survivors of Beering's crew return to Kamschatka, and begin the fur trade
between that country and the islands eastward of it

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General peace; British and French voyages of discovery
Voyage of Synd

1766-'8. Journey of Carver through the country west of Lake Superior

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Establishment of the first colonies on the west coast of North America by the
Spaniards -

1769-72. Journeys of Hearne, west and northwest from Hudson's Bay, to the Arctic Sea
1770. Dispute between Great Britain and Spain about the Falkland Islands

First voyage from Kamschatka to China, by a party of Polish exiles, under
Count Benyowsky

1771.

1774.

Voyage of the Spaniards, under Perez, along the northwest coast to the 53d de-
gree of latitude

1775.

Voyage of the Spaniards, under Heceta, Bodega, and Maurelle, to the 58th de-
gree of latitude

Heceta discovers the mouth of a river, named by him San Roque, now called
the Columbia

1776.

Captain Cook sails from England for the Pacific, in search of a northern pas-
sage from that sea to the Atlantic

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Expedition under Shellikof, who establishes settlements on the Island of Kodiak
Publication of the Journals of Cook's Voyage

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Cook examines the northwest coast of America to the 70th degree
Death of Cook and of his successor Clerke

The English, under Gore, on their way to England, carry to Canton the first
furs which entered that place by sea
Voyage of the Spaniards under Arteaga, Bodega, and Maurelle, to Prince Wil-
liam's Sound

Association of merchants in Siberia for carrying on the fur trade

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Preparations begun in many countries for carrying on the fur trade between
Northwest America and China

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Year.

1786. Voyage of the French, under La Pérouse, from Mount Saint Elias to Monterey 1787. Berkely discovers the Strai of Fuca

1788.

1789.

Voyages of Portlock and Dixon

Sept. 30. The ship Columbia, Capt. Kendrick, and sloop Washington, Captain
Gray, sail together from Boston for the north Pacific

Formation of the Northwest Fur trading Company of Montreal
Captains Kendrick and Gray arrive at Nootka, where they spend the following

winter

Voyages of Meares and Douglas from Macao to the northwest coast

Meares attempts to find the River San Roque, and pronounces that none such

exists

Voyage of the Spaniards, under Martinez and Haro, to observe the progress of
the Russians on the north Pacific coasts -

Attempt of Ledyard to pass, through Russia and America, from Paris to the
United States

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Martinez and Haro sent by the Viceroy of Mexico to occupy Nootka
Complaints addressed by the Spanish Government to that of Russia against the
encroachments of Russians in America

1790.

1791.

1792.

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Spain promises satisfaction to Great Britain

Oct. 28. A convention is signed between those Powers, respecting the naviga.
tion of the Pacific and the right of occupying its vacant American coasts
Remarks made on that convention in the British Parliament

The Spaniards occupy Nootka, and seize vessels which are said to be the prop-
erty of British subjects

104, 212

Captain Gray first sails around Queen Charlotte's Island, to which he gives the name of Washington Island

92

The Spaniards quit Nootka; which they, however, reoccupy in the following
spring, under the command of Elisa

117

The owners of the vessels seized at Nootka complain to the British Government,
which demands satisfaction from that of Spain -

111

The King of Spain asks aid from Louis XVI. of France to resist the demand,
which is refused by the National Assembly of France

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The Spaniards from Nootka endeavor to explore the northwest coasts
Voyages of Fidalgo and Quimper

Voyage of the Russians, under Billings, from Kamchatka
Observations on the nature and duration of the engagements entered into be-
tween Great Britain and Spain by the convention of October 28
Captain Vancouver sent from England with two ships to explore the northwest
coasts of America, and as commissioner to receive the lands and buildings at
Nootka, to be restored by the Spaniards according to the convention of 1790
Voyages of the Spaniards under Malaspina and Elisa
Voyage of Marchand in the French ship Solide

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Seven vessels arrive from the United States in the north Pacific, to be employed
in the fur trade

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Captain Ingraham, in the Hope, from Boston, discovers the Washington Islands 119
Captain Gray, in the Columbia, from Boston, discovers the mouth of the great
river seen by Heceta in 1775, but cannot enter it
Captain Kendrick, in the Washington, írom Boston, discovers a new passage
from Nootka Sound to the sea, and purchases lands near Nootka from the
savages

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Unsuccessful voyage of the Russians from Kamschatka, under Hall and Sarets-
chef
Voyages of the Spaniards under Caamano, and Galiano and Valdes

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The Spaniards endeavor, unsuccessfully, to establish a new settlement on the
Strait of Fuca

123

Queen Charlotte's, or Washington Island, explored and frequented by the
American fur-traders

92, 123

Captain Quadra arrives at Nootka as commissioner on the part of Spain to exe-
cute the convention of 1790

132

Vancouver arrives on the American coast, near Cape Mendocino

123

He examines the coast northward to the Strait of Fuca, and pronounces that
there is no large river or inlet there

125

Gray, in the Columbia, on his way to examine the river which he had found in
the preceding year, meets Vancouver near the Strait of Fuca, and informs him
of the discovery, which Vancouver doubts

125

Gray discovers Bulfinch's Harbor, and enters the great river, (May 11,) which he
names after his ship, the Columbia

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Vancouver surveys the Strait of Fuca, partly in company with the Spanish ves-
sels Sutil and Mexicana, under Galiano and Valdes

Observations on the Journal of the Voyage of the Sutil and Mexicana
Vancouver and Quadra meet at Nootka

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134

134

Letter addressed to Quadra by Gray and Ingraham, (August 3,) detailing the
occurrences at Nootka in the summer of 1789
Vancouver's false synopsis of that letter

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Negotiations between Vancouver and Quadra, as related by Howel
The commissioners agree to wait for orders from their Governments
Quadra communicates accounts and charts of Gray's discoveries to Vancouver 135
Survey of Bulfinch's Harbor by Vancouver's lieutenant, Whidbey

135

Survey of the Columbia by Lieutenant Broughton, who attempts to appropriate
to himself the merit of first entering the great river

136

Vancouver winters at the Sandwich Islands; his proceedings there

137

Expedition of Rodman and a party of Americans from the mouth of the Missouri
across the continent, to the Pacific

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He winters at the Sandwich Islands, the sovereignty of one of which is ceded to
Great Britain by Tamahamaha

138

Death of Quadra

138

Alava appointed Spanish commissioner in place of Quadra

138

Expeditions of Mackenzie across the continent to the Pacific, which he reaches
near the 53d degree of latitude

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Vancouver completes his surveys of the northwest coast, and sails for England 141
The Spaniards abandon Nootka

Broughton arrives as British commissioner at Nootka, which he finds occupied
only by the savages

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141

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141

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143

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Whole of the direct trade in furs from the northwest coast to China carried on
by Americans, from 1796 to 1814

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Formation of the Russian-American Company, which receives a charter (1799)
from the Emperor Paul

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Foundation of Sitca, or New Archangel, by the Russians, under Baranof
Louisiana ceded by Spain to France, which (1803) cedes it to the United States
Observations on the extent of Louisiana

145

145

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Voyage of Krusenstern and Lisiansky from St. Petersburgh to the north Pacific
Destruction of the ship Boston, of Boston, by the savages at Nootka Sound
Lewis and Clarke begin their expedition across the continent
They reach the mouth of the Columbia

146

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142

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152

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152

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Frazer, and others in the employ of the Northwest Trading Company, cross the
Rocky Mountains, and form the first British establishment in that part of
America on Frazer's Lake

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Krusenstern and Lisiansky complete their voyage of circumnavigation
Convention signed at London between the plenipotentiaries of Great Britain and
the United States, for the settlement of boundaries in America, but not con-
cluded

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Russian Government complains to that of the United States of the misconduct of
American fur-traders in supplying the natives on the northwest coasts with

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Formation of the Pacific Fur Company at New York, by J. J. Astor
Parties sent by sea from New York, and by land from Saint Louis, to establish
factories on the Columbia

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1810.

1811.

156

157

157

158

158

1812.

War declared by the United States against Great Britain

158

1813.

The Russians establish themselves in California near Port San Francisco Property of the Americans on the Columbia sold to the Northwest Company Astoria taken by a British ship of war, and its name changed to Fort George 1814.* Peace of Ghent between Great Britain and the United States

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Destruction of the ship Tonquin, which had carried out the other party, and her crew, by the savages near Nootka

Year. 1814.

1817.

1818.

Agreeably to which, (1815,) the Americans demand the restitution of Astoria
The Russians attempt unsuccessfully to take possession of one of the Sandwich

Islands

Page.

164

148

168

169, 219

Messrs. Prevost and Biddle sent in the ship Ontario to take possession of Astoria, 164
Discussions on the subject between the British and American Governments 164
Astoria restored formally by the British authorities to those of the United States 165
Negotiation between Great Britain and the United States
Negotiation ended by the convention of October, 1818
Negotiation between the United States and Spain, terminated by the Florida
Treaty, (February, 1819,) in which the 42d parallel of latitude is made the
boundary between the territories of the two Powers west of the Rocky Moun-
tains
Charter of the Russian-American Company renewed for twenty years
Florida Treaty ratified

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1822.

1823.

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Act of British Parliament for regulating the fur trade, and establishing a crimi.
nal and civil jurisdiction in the Indian territories, which are granted to the
Hudson's Bay Company

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Ukase of the Russian Emperor, claiming all the west coasts of America north of the 51st parallel

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175

176

Discussions between the Russian and the American Governments on this subject 176
Propositions made on the part of the United States for a joint convention respect-
ing Northwest America, between the United States, Great Britain, and Russia 177
Propositions for a joint convention declined by the other Powers
Proceedings in the Congress of the United States

178

173, 178, 179

1824.

1825.

1826.

Negotiation between the United States and Great Britain broken off
Negotiation between the United States and Russia terminated by a convention,
fixing the parallel of 54 degrees 40 minutes as the limit between the parts of
the coast on which either Power could form establishments
Convention of a similar nature between Great Britain and Russia
Revival of the fur trade between Saint Louis and the Columbia countries
Renewal of negotiation at London between the British and American Govern.

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1827.

ments

Convention prolonging for an indefinite period the third article of the convention
of October, 1818

183

1829.

Debates in Congress with respect to the occupation of Oregon
1834-38. Negotiations between the Governments of the United States and Russia, respect-
ing the renewal of the 4th article of the convention of 1825

Hudson's Bay Company's expedition to take possession of the River Stikine ren-
dered fruitless by the Russians

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Particular account of the Hudson's Bay Company's system and establishments
Captain Bonneville's trading expedition from Missouri to the Columbia
Captain Wyeth's attempts to form American trading establishments beyond the
Rocky Mountains

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Establishment of American colonies on the river Wallamet

Reflections on the fur trade in America, and on the future destinies of the coun-
tries beyond the Rocky Mountains

Observations on the pretensions advanced by the parties in this negotiation
First trading expedition from Missouri to the Rocky Mountains in which wag-
ons were employed

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A.-Respecting the part of the northwest coast seen by Drake in 1579
B.-Respecting the pretended northern voyage of Maldonado from the Atlantic to the
Pacific in 1588

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C-Account of the voyage of Juan de Fuca in the north Pacific in 1592, extracted from
Purcha-'s Pilgrims

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D.-Correspondence at Nootka in 1792, between the Spanish commissioner Quadra, and
Messrs. Gray and Ingraham, the commanders of two American vessels, respecting
the occurrences at that place in 1789
E.-Showing that the 49th parallel of latitude was probably not adopted as the line of sep-
aration between the British and French territories in America, agreeably to the
treaty of Utrecht in 1714

F-Containing extracts and copies of treaties between various nations respecting the

northwest coast of America

201

205

207

212

216

219

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