on the map from Mariposa to Amador, the mother lode will be in several places two or three miles distant from the line, but usually within half a mile of it. The dip is always to the eastward, and usually at an angle of 45° or 50° to the horizon.

CHARACTER OF THE GOLD.—The gold is generally in fine particles, and is distributed evenly through a large portion of the lode in the pay chimneys, and there is very little of the rock entirely without gold. The sulphurets are not very abundant nor very rich, and when found they consist almost exclusively of pyrites of iron and copper, without those mixtures of lead, arsenic, antimony, and zinc which interfere with amalgamation seriously in some other lodes. The quartz of the mother lode is usually hard and white; and in most of the pay chutes near one wall or the other, ribbon rock, or rock with numerous black seams lying parallel with the wall, is found. In some mines, especially at the Raw Hide, the quartz is colored green with carbonate of copper; and the same color, though not so strong, is observed in portions of the Princeton mine.

WIDTH.-The width varies from a foot to thirty feet; that is, the main vein as worked; but it is accompanied by branches or companion veins, so that the total width of vein matter is sometimes nearly a hundred feet. In some places these side veins are known to be branches separated at the surface from the main vein by "horses;" in others they are different in material and do not unite at the deepest workings. The most remarkable side veins are those of talcose slate, which in some places can be traced for miles. They are from two to twenty feet wide, and are rich in gold. We do not find, in our books, mention of any similar auriferous deposit in other countries; but in California a number of them have been found, remote from the mother lode as well as near it.

South of Maxwell's creek is a parallel talcose vein, on the west side of the main mother lode, known as the Adelaide, which name was given to it by Mr. J. F. Johnson. The same name has been given by mistake in Tuolumne county to a companion talcose vein on the east side of the main lode. There is no

reason that the two are the same vein, or for extending the name of one to the other.

PAY CHIMNEYS.--The pay chimneys are usually large and regular, and are either vertical or have a slight dip to the north.

In the companion talcose veins the pay chimneys are not distinctly marked, nor are the character and limit of the lode well defined.

HILLS AND HOLLOWS.-The streams seem to have made their beds in places where the mother lode is split up into a number of branches, as at the Mercede, Maxwell's creek, Tuolumne, Stanislaus, and Mokelumne rivers; while in those places where the lode is wide and solid there are high hills, as at Peñon Blanco, Pine Tree, Whiskey Hill, Quartz Mountain, and Carson Hill. The richest part of the vein was on the top of Carson Hill, and next to that in richness was Pine Tree Hill. The Hayward, the Oneida, and the Keystone are in valleys. The Golden Rule and the mines at Angels are neither on hill nor in hollow, and are yet very rich.

No other class of quartz mines in California is so poor in specimens as those on the mother lode, nor, with two or three exceptions, are there any others in which the gold is so regularly distributed through the pay chutes.

PECULIARITIES OF THE LODE.-The chief peculiarities of the mother lode are its great length, its great thickness, its uniform character, the near proximity of large companion veins, of which at least one is usually talcose, and the richness of the talcose veins. In reply to questions about the chief distinguishing feature of the mother lode, the miners engaged in working various mines gave very different answers. One said it was the presence of a belt of green stone on the eastern side. Another thought it was a black putty gouge. A third spoke first of the occurrence of places as smooth as glass on the walls. Another considered the mother lode to consist of two branches, one the luminated, the other the

houlder branch. The former is usually on the west side; the latter has the most curves. The lode is richest where the two meet. Another says the mother lode is a series of branches, sometimes a dozen in number, covering a width that varies from 500 to 3,000 feet, with a greenstone porphyry wall on the east, and dioritic porphyry wall on the west.

IS IT A FISSURE VEIN?-The question whether the mother lode is a gash or a fissure vein has little practical importance. Such an inquiry is serviceable in regard to deposits the character of which is doubtful; but we already know that in regard to length, uniformity of veinstone, continuity in depth, and number of pay chutes, few fissure veins exceed this. Professor Ashburner, in a report made on the Pine Tree and Josephine mines, in May, 1864, expressed an opinion that the "great majority" of the auriferous quartz lodes of California are gash veins; and he implies that the Pine Tree, which is a part of the mother lode, belongs to that class. Whitney, in his "Metallic Wealth of the United States," says:

True fissure veins are continuous in depth, and their metalliferous contents have not been found to be exhausted or to have sensibly and permanently decreased at any depth which has yet been obtained by mining.

Segregated and gash veins, and the irregular deposits of ore not included under the head of veins, and not occurring in masses as part of the formation, cannot be depended upon as persistent, and they generally thin out and disappear at a not inconsiderable depth; at the same time they are often richer for a certain distance, and contain larger accumulations of ore than true veins, so that they may be worked for a considerable time with greater profit than these, although not to be considered as of the same permanent value.

In a report on the Princeton mine made by Professor Blake, in December, 1864, he said:

strata.

The identification of the Princeton as a fissure vein leads us to the question whether all the gold veins of the Sierra Nevada and other gold districts of similar formation are not also of fissure origin, rather than formed by metamorphism from materials pre-existing in the It certainly is not essential to a fissure vein that it should cut across the strata of a country. In a region of regularly stratified slates, the line of least resistance to a breaking force is certainly the line or plane rather of the stratification. In that line or plane the rocky crust may be most readily split, and hence it is, I believe, that most of our veins are found conforming to the stratification. Professor Tuomey, in his report on the geology of South Carolina, describing the gold-bearing veins of that State, mentions several that for a part of their course follow the bedding of the rocks, and in other places cut across the bedding. I have observed similar conditions at various places in California, and I am daily more and more inclined to the view that gold veins are the results of emanations from great depths below, which, ascending through rifts and fissures of the rocks, were condensed or deposited upon the walls.

CLAIMS IN MARIPOSA.-The following is a list of the claims on the mother lode, beginning at the mother lode and going northward:

The Crown Lead, 4,500 feet on the mother lode, besides claims on two parallel lodes. Not at work. Noticed elsewhere.

The Virginia, 2,500 feet, crops out largely. A tunnel 160 feet long strikes the vein at a depth of 100 feet. Several shallow shafts have been sunk. Some good quartz has been found, but no work is being done now. There is no mill. The Pyles, 1,200 feet; no work done.

The Mary Harrison has a mill, and is at work.

The Clayton, 3,000 feet.

The Louisa, 3,000 feet, is being opened and explored. One shaft is down 130 feet, and another is being sunk to the same depth, and a third, commenced on a lower level, is down 90 feet. A tunnel started near the level of Maxwell's creek, strikes the bottom of the 90 foot shaft. About 2,000 tons of ore have been taken out, and have been crushed at the mill of the Maxwell Creek Mining Company, yielding $8 or $9 per ton. The mother is split up here into a number of branches.

On the Margaret, 3,000 feet, no work has been done. In this claim the mother lode is split up into a number of narrow branches, at least at and near Maxwell's creek, which separates it from the Louisa.

The Pumpkin, 3,000 feet, is not doing anything. Several shafts have been sunk, and some rock taken from it seven or eight years ago yielded $40 per ton. The Nonsuch, 1,400 feet, is lying idle.

Parallel with and opposite to the Nonsuch, 300 feet distant to the eastward, on a talcose slate vein, is the Hidely and Cunningham mine. A four-stamp mill commenced running last spring.

On the King Solomon, 3,000 feet, no work is doing.

The Yosemite, 3,000 feet, has a tunnel of exploration, but no mill, and is not at work.

The Peñon Blanco, 6,000 feet long, is being explored by a tunnel running 285 feet on the vein from the northwest side of the hill, and by a cross-tunnel from the east side of the hill. Eight men are at work, and $6,000 or $8,000 have been spent on the claim. The name is Spanish, means "large white rock," and was suggested by the immense croppings of white quartz on the top of the high hill, which is one of the most prominent land-marks in the western part of Mariposa county.

The Murphy, -feet, has done nothing.

The McAlpin, 1,200 feet, was worked 10 years, first with an arrastra, and afterwards with an eight-stamp. The lode is here 25 feet wide. A tunnel strikes the vein 400 feet below the surface, and a shaft runs down 160 feet from the tunnel. McAlpin sold out in 1864, and left the State, taking with him, if rumor is right, $75,000 obtained net from the mine. Since he left the mine has not paid, and the mill is now standing idle. Ten or 15 feet eastward from the main lode, and parallel with it, is a companion vein, which has been worked to some extent, and is supposed by some miners to be richer than the main lode. The mill is driven by water supplied by the Golden Rock Water Company. CLAIMS IN TUOLUMNE.-The following claims are now lying idle or only partially worked. Those marked * are idle; those upon which work is being done are noticed:

The King Philip*; the Newhall,* 3,000 feet; the Rhodes,* 3,000 feet; Woodworth,* 3,000 feet; Wheeler,* 7,500 feet; Munn*; Wotcott and Rocco*; the Culbertson,* extending across the Tuolumne river; here comes a tract* of 1,200 feet in dispute; the Kelly,* 4,000 feet; the Clio, 2,000 feet, has a 10-stamp mill, not at work now; the Scorpion*; the Northern Light,* 3,000 feet; the Johnson, the Yuma,* 3,150 feet, and the Hector, are on the Talcose companion vein in this neighborhood. The Shawmut is on the main lode and has a mill. The Eagle also has a mill.

*

*

The Chickenhawk has two shafts, and is at work with a hoisting engine, but without a mill. The Dickson & Co.,* 1,500 feet; the Durgan & Co.,* 500 or 600 feet; the Golden Rule*; the Simmons & Co.,* 800 feet; the Miller, Waller & Co., 450 feet; the Heslep & Co., 900 feet; the Simon Whitford & Co.,*450 feet; the Rowe & Co.,* 350 feet; the Golden Rule, 1,600 feet, has a 15stamp mill in profitable operation on the castern vein; the Waller & App, 780% feet, has a shaft 60 feet deep; the Hitchcock,* 500 feet. The Nyman, 550 feet, has a tunnel 150 feet long, and a shaft 40 feet deep; another tunnel is now being run to open the mine. There is no mill.

*

The Jim Stuart,* 530 feet, has a shaft 78 feet deep; the App, 1,000 feet, has. been worked regularly for seven years with a 10-stamp mill. Opposite to the App, on the eastern talcose vein, is the Heslep, 1,650 feet, which has been at work for 15 years with a 10-stamp mill. This claim extends beyond the App and is opposite the Jim Stuart also.

The Silver, 1,500 feet, has a 10-stamp mill, but in May all the work was given to opening the mine. The Sweeny, 1,500 feet, has a five-stamp mill, but the mine has caved in, the flume was blown down, and no work is being done... One pocket near the surface paid $30,000.

i

The Tazewell,* 800 feet; the Donovan & Co.;* the McCann,* 600 feet; the Mooney & Co., 600 feet, has a four-stamp mill in profitable operation working the talcose vein; the Trio,* 2,316 feet, has a 10-stamp mill; the Harris, 1,000 feet, has no mill, but is being opened; the Williams & Brother, 1,000 feet, has no mill, but is being opened; the Reist, 1,000 feet, has a four-stamp mill, and is paying; the General Hooker,* 1,200 feet; the Rawhide Extension is doing nothing now, though there is a shaft 200 feet deep, which always contains water, sometimes to within 20 feet of the surface; in the Rawhide claim adjoining there is a working shaft 280 feet deep, and only 40 feet distant. The Rawhide, 1,650 feet, is owned by a New York company, and has a 20-stamp mill.

The Hensley & Co.,* 1,300 feet; the Faxon,* 1,000 feet; the Quinby, 1,000 feet, on the eastern talcose companion vein, has a four-stamp mill which has been idle for years; the Chaparral, 1,500 feet, has a five-stamp mill, but is not running; the Buckeye, 1,200 feet, is on a branch vein 200 feet west of the main mother lode, opposite to the Chaparral.

*

The Horsely, 1,500 feet, has sunk a shaft 20 feet deep; the Meader & Carrington,* 1,500 feet, has a four-stamp mill; the Hawkeye,* 1,000 feet; the Silver Hill,* 1,500 feet; the Gillis,* 1,200 feet; the Gillis No. 2,* 1,200 feet; the Seavers,* 1,000 feet; the Watt*; the Alsop & Co.,* reaches to the Stanislaus river.

The following claims are on an eastern branch or companion vein of the mother lode, commencing at the Rawhide, and running northward to the Stanislaus river.

First is a piece of unclaimed ground where no lode has been found. The White Senior* claim; the Tom White,* 1,200 feet; the Patterson, has a 10stamp mill, but only five are running; the Gillis, *1,200 feet; the Jackson; the Waters; the Rector,* 1,200 feet, has sunk a shaft 52 feet deep; the Watts, 1,000 feet, is now at work prospecting, about $15,000 have been taken from small veins at the surface; the Mt. Stanislaus,* 3,000 feet.

This brings us to the Stanislaus river, in the bed of which no large vein is discoverable. Here, as at Maxwell's creek, the lode is split up into a multitude of little branches.

CLAIMS IN CALAVERAS.-Immediately north of the Stanislaus river, on the line of the mother lode, Carson hill rises to an elevation of 1,600 feet above the river; and the lode in passing through the hill appears to split into three branches. On the eastern branch are the following, viz: the Virginia,* 1,000 feet; the Adjunction,* 800 feet; the Carson Hill, has done some work, but is not doing anything now; the South Carolina, 2,550 feet, has yielded $400,000, and is now closed; the Enterprise, 800 feet; the Reserve, 980 feet, is being reopened, but has no mill, the yield has been $130,000.

These are all the claims on the eastern branch. On the middle branch are the following, commencing at the river, and running northward: the Stanislaus,* 1,200 feet; the Mineral Mountain,* 3,000 feet; the Melones,* 1,200 feet.

On the western or Santa Cruz branch is the Santa Cruz* mine, 3,000 feet; the Morgan, 500 feet, has no mill, but is at work, yielded $2,800,000 in 1850 and 1851; the Kentucky,* 220 feet; the Iron Rock, 1,300 feet, is doing nothing, though some very good rock was found in short tunnels and shafts; the Chaparral,* 3,031 feet; the Chaparral Hill, 3,200 feet, is now at work taking out rock, but has no mill.

Here comes a space where the vein has, not been found.

The Hanford, 900 feet;* the Hanford and Shears.*

Here comes an interval of a mile and three-quarters, before we reach the town of Angels.

The Stickles, 400 feet, has a 10-stamp mill at work; the Calaveras,* 1,100 feet, had a nine-stamp mill which was moved away; the Lightner, 400 feet,* had a 10-stamp mill, but it has been moved away; the Angel, 900 feet, has a 30-stamp

mill, now at work; the Hill, 412 feet, has produced $250,000, and has a 12stamp mill at work; the Bovce, 450 feet, has produced $600,000, and has a 10stamp mill at work; the Fritz,* 600 feet, had a 10-stamp mill, which was moved

away.

Here comes another space where the mother lode is not traceable on the surface, and has not been traced. The general opinion is that it crosses the Mokelumne river about three miles west of Mokelumne Hill.

CLAIMS IN AMADOR.-North of that river, in Amador county, we hav» the following: the Tibbetts & Corliss;* the Hayward, 1,800 feet, has 56 stamps at work, crushing 80 tons per day, and has been at work since 1852, the reputed yield is $27 per ton gross, and $22 net, or more than $600,000 net per year; the Loring Hill, 700 feet, has been worked for 10 years. Opposite to the Loring Hill, on a parallel vein, is the Railroad, 800 feet. This mine has yielded $70,000, and is now at work, but has no mill. The Wildman, 1,130 feet, is down 530 feet, and has drifted 200 feet, but the 12-stamp mill is employed in doing custom-work; the Mahoney has been working five years, with a 15-stamp mill; the Lincoln, 2,378 feet, has worked 10 or 12 years, but the 20-stamp mill is now engaged in custom-work; the Barnhart,* 1,000 feet; the Comet, 750 feet, has commenced prospecting; the Herbertville, 1,200 feet, had a 30-stamp mill, which never paid, and was burned down. No work is being done at the mine. The Keystone, has a 20-stamp mill, has worked steadily since 1851, and has produced about $700,000. Opposite to the Keystone, on a companion vein, is the Spring Hill, 1,200 feet, which has crushed 50,000 tons of quartz, but obtained little profit. It has a 30-stamp mill, which is idle, with the exception of five stamps engaged in custom-work. The Amador, 1,300 feet, was worked to a depth of 240 feet some years ago, but afterwards caved in, and has stood idle now, for some time; the Bunker Hill, 1,200 feet, is at work with an eight-stamp mill; the Mayflower,* 1,200 feet; the Hazard,* 800 feet, has an eight-stamp mill; the Pennsylvania,* 1,000 feet; the Loyal,* 600 feet, has a 20-stamp steam mill; the Italian, 340 feet, has a six-stamp mill, which has crushed about 2,000 tons; the Seaton, 1,200 feet, has a 40-stamp mill, and has worked about 10,000 tons of quarts, which averaged eight or nine dollars. The mill is not running, but the mine is being opened. The McDonald,* 800 feet; the Potosi, 800 feet, is at work with a sixteen-stamp mill; the Webster,* 600 feet, had a mill, which was moved away; the Plymouth, 1,200 feet, is being worked with a 15-stamp mill; the Enterprise, is at work with a 10-stamp mill; the Challen,* 1,000 feet; the Green Aden,* 1,200 feet, has a shaft 100 feet deep; the Hooper,* 1,200 feet; the Noe,* 800 feet; the Richmond, 800 feet, has a 10-stamp mill, but the only work now being done is prospecting.

Here we reach the Cosumnes river, and north of this the lode has not been traced distinctly, although the Pacific lode at Placerville appears to have its characteristics.

SECTION III.

MARIPOSA COUNTY.

Mariposa* county, the southernmost of the rich placer mining counties of the Sacramento basin, lies between parallels 37° and 38° of north latitude, and reaches from the summit of the Sierra Nevada to the low land of the San Joaquin valley. The northern boundary is the divide between the Tuolumne and Mercede rivers, and the southern is a line drawn northeastward from the point * The name of this county is derived from the Spanish "Las Mariposas," The Butterflies.