lic (Ambassador) (resident in Caracas); Ecuador (Ambassador) (resident in Bogota); El Salvador (Ambassador) (resident in San José); Ethiopia (Ambassador); European Communities (Economic, Atomic Energy, Coal and Steel) (Representative and Ambassador) (resident in Brussels); Finland (Ambassador); France (Ambassador); Gabon (Chargé d'Affaires) (resident in Yaounde); Germany, Federal Republic (Ambassador) (also Head of Canadian Military Mission, Berlin); Greece (Ambassador); Guatemala (Ambassador) (resident in Mexico City); Guinea (Ambassador) (resident in Dakar); Haiti (Ambassador) (resident in Havana); Honduras (Ambassador) (resident in San José); Hungary (Ambassador) (resident in Prague); Iceland (Ambassador) (resident in Oslo); Indonesia (Ambassador); Iran (Ambassador); Iraq (Ambassador) (resident in Teheran); Irish Republic (Ambassador); Israel (Ambassador); Italy (Ambassador); Ivory Coast (Ambassador) (resident in Accra); Japan (Ambassador); Jordan (Ambassador) (resident in Beirut); Korea (Ambassador) (resident in Tokyo); Kuwait (Ambassador) (resident in Teheran); Lebanon (Ambassador); Luxembourg (Ambassador) (resident in Brussels); Malagasy Republic (Ambassador) (resident in Addis Ababa); Mexico (Ambassador); Morocco (Ambassador) (resident in Madrid); Nepal (Ambassador) (resident in New Delhi); Netherlands (Ambassador); Nicaragua (Ambassador) (resident in San José); Niger

(Ambassador) (resident in Lagos); North Atlantic Council, Brussels (Permanent Representative and Ambassador); Norway (Ambassador); Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris (Permanent Representative); Panama (Ambassador) (resident in San José); Paraguay (Ambassador) (resident in Buenos Aires); Peru (Ambassador); Philippines (Consul General); Poland (Ambassador); Portugal (Ambassador); Rumania (Ambassador) (resident in Belgrade); Rwanda (Ambassador) (resident in Kinshasa); Senegal (Ambassador); Somali Republic (Ambassador) (resident in Addis Ababa); South Africa (Ambassador); Spain (Ambassador); Sudan (Ambassador) (resident in Cairo); Sweden (Ambassador); Switzerland (Ambassador) Syria (Ambassador) (resident in Beirut); Thailand (Ambassador) (resident in Kuala Lumpur); Togo (Ambassador) (resident in Accra); Tunisia (Ambassador); Turkey (Ambassador); United Arab Republic (Ambassador); United Nations (Permanent Representative and Ambassador); European Office of the United Nations, Geneva (Permanent Representative and Ambassador); U.N.E.S.C.O., Paris (Permanent Delegate); United States (Ambassador); Upper Volta (Ambassador) (resident in Accra); Uruguay (Ambassador) (resident in Buenos Aires); U.S.S.R. (Ambassador); Venezuela (Ambassador); Yugoslavia (Ambassador); Conference of the 18-Nation Committee on Disarmament, Geneva (Ambassador).

THE PROVINCES OF CANADA

Canada consists of ten Provinces and two Territories. The Provinces comprise the Atlantic Provinces of Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick; the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario; the Prairie Provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta; the Pacific Province of British Columbia.

Prior to the British North America Act of 1867, British North America consisted of the Colonies of Canada (the provinces of Ontario and Quebec), New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland in the east and the Colony of British Columbia in the west, the vast central and northern territory being known as Rupert's Land (the territory which drained into the Hudson Bay) and the North-Western Territory. There were also lands to the north which were virtually unexplored.

In 1867 the British North America Act divided Canada into the two Provinces of Quebec and Ontario and joined these with the colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to form a confederation, to which was given the name of Canada. This Act was brought into force on 1st July 1867 by Royal Proclamation dated 22nd May 1867.

By Order in Council dated 23rd June 1870, following the introduction of the Rupert's Land Act, 1868, Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory were transferred to Canada with effect from 15th July 1870. The combined territories were designated as The North-West Territories.

On the date of the transfer a part of the North-West Territories, by the Manitoba Act, 1870, was formed into a new province called the Province of

Manitoba (its boundaries being later extended in 1881). On the same day the new Province was admitted separately into the Union of Canada. A LieutenantGovernor was appointed to govern Manitoba, and by a separate commission the Governor of Manitoba was appointed as the Lieutenant-Governor of the North-West Territories.

By Order in Council dated 16th May 1871 the Colony of British Columbia was admitted into the confederation on 20th July 1871.

Prince Edward Island was admitted by Order in Council of 26th June 1873 on the 1st July of that year.

On 31st July 1880, in compliance with the prayer of an Address from the Parliament of Canada dated 3rd May 1878, Her Majesty issued an Order in Council annexing to Canada from 1st September 1880 all British Territories in North America not already included within Canada and all islands adjacent thereto, with the exception of the Colony of Newfoundland and its dependencies. These additional territories were formally included in the North-West Territories. The Keewatin Act, 1876, provided for the formation of a separate district of the North-West Territories, to be known as the District of Keewatin, to the north of Manitoba. By Order in Council of 8th May 1882 the southern part of the North-West Territories was divided into the provisional Districts of Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta and Athabasca and by Order in Council of 2nd June 1895 further provisional Districts of Ungava, Franklin, Mackenzie and Yukon were created in the north of the Territories, the boundaries being redefined by Order in Council of 18th December 1897. Yukon was created a separate Territory, distinct from the North-West Territories, by the Yukon Territory Act, 1898.

On 1st September 1905, by the Alberta Act, 1905, and the Saskatchewan Act, 1905, the Provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were formed from the provisional Districts of Alberta, Assiniboia, Saskatchewan and Athabasca, the dividing line running north and south.

The remainder of the North-West Territories were re-designated the Northwest Territories in 1906.

By a Federal Act of 1912 the boundaries of the Provinces of Ontario, Quebec and Manitoba were extended, the whole of Ungava being transferred to Quebec and parts of Keewatin to Ontario and Manitoba. However the Newfoundland Government objected to the transfer of the whole of Ungava to Quebec. By the decision, on 1st March 1927, of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, Newfoundland was confirmed in the ownership of the Atlantic watershed of the Labrador peninsula, including the basin of the Hamilton River, an area of about 112,000 square miles. The decision was the outcome of a dispute between Canada and Newfoundland as to the ownership of this region which had lasted for 25 years and was ultimately by agreement submitted to the arbitrament of this Tribunal.

In 1949 Newfoundland, including Labrador, was joined by the British North America Act, 1949, with the existing nine Provinces as a tenth Province after the people of Newfoundland had by a majority voted in favour in a referendum held in 1948.

For each province there is a Lieutenant-Governor, appointed by the GovernorGeneral in Council and holding office during pleasure, but not removable within five years of appointment except for cause assigned.

Each province has a 'Legislative Assembly'. The Provincial Legislatures possess the power of altering their own constitutions. The territory not comprised within any province (Yukon and the Northwest Territories) is very thinly inhabited. The Yukon Territory is governed by an appointed Commissioner (under instructions from the Governor-General in Council or the Minister of Northern Affairs and National Resources) and an elective legislative council of seven members. The Northwest Territories are similarly governed by a Commissioner and nine councillors, of whom four are elected and the rest appointed by the Governor-General in Council.

The Provincial Legislatures have powers to legislate in respect of certain specified subjects, of which the chief are property and civil rights, the alteration of their own constitutions, direct taxation within the province and provincial loans, the management of provincial public lands, provincial and municipal offices, hospitals, gaols, licences, local works, and the general civil law and procedure. Over education they have full powers, subject only to certain provisions to secure protection to religious minorities. In agricultural, quarantine and immigration matters they possess concurrent legislative powers with the Parliament of Canada. By the provisions of the British North America Act and subsequent arrangements entered into from time to time, the Canadian Government is required to make certain annual payments to the individual Provinces. These payments (subsidies) are of four kinds:

(a) Interest on Debt Allowances. This is based on payment of interest at 5 per cent per annum on the amount by which the actual debts of the Provinces on their entering into Confederation fall short of a prescribed debt allowance.

(b) Allowances for Government and Legislature. These are fixed amounts based on the population of the Province concerned and range from $100,000 to $240,000.

(c) Allowances per Head of Population. Grants are paid at the rate of 80 cents a head up to a population of 24 million, and at 60 cents a head for so much of the population as exceeds that number.

(d) Special Grants. A number of special grants have been sanctioned for various reasons.

During the fiscal year ended 31st March 1966 the statutory subsidies amounted to $23.6 million, payments under the Federal-Provincial Fiscal Arrangements Act were $351.2 million, tax-sharing arrangements $3.4 million, other estalished programmes $81.5 million and transfer of certain public utility tax receipts $6.4 million.

NEWFOUNDLAND

SITUATION AND POPULATION

The Province of Newfoundland consists of the island of Newfoundland and the mainland of Labrador. The island, with an area of 43,359 square miles, lies between the Gulf of St Lawrence and the Atlantic Ocean. It is triangular in shape, each side being about 320 miles long. The mainland consists of that part of the Ungava peninsula which drains into the Atlantic Ocean as distinct from Hudson Bay or the Gulf of St Lawrence; its area is 112,826 square miles.

The estimated population of Newfoundland on 1st June 1967 (including Labrador) was 500,000. The capital is St John's, with a population in the city proper of 79,884 and in the Metropolitan Area of 101,161 at 1st June 1966.