The annual birth rate per thousand head of the population for Africans is 47·1, for Asians 29.5 and for Europeans 25-2. The death rate per thousand of the population for Africans is 17.1, for Asians 7-3 and for Europeans 6·6.

There are four main races: Africans, Asians, Arabs and Europeans. The Africans consist of four main ethnic groups which, with the estimated populations at the time of the 1962 census, are: Bantu (Kikuyu, Kamba, Luyha, etc.) 5,424,000; Nilotic (Luo) 1,148,000; Nilo-Hamitic (Masai, Samburu, Nandi, Kipsigis, etc.) 1,373,000; Hamitic (Somali, Boran, Rendille, etc.) 365,000. In addition to this there are 55,000 other Africans, mainly immigrants from neighbouring countries. The Bantu inhabit the land to the south of the Tana River, including the coastal strip. The main tribe is the Kikuyu, numbering approximately 1,642,000. The Bantu are in the main agriculturists, traditionally living by intensive subsistence cultivation mainly of maize and beans, but this is rapidly giving way to the production of cash crops such as coffee, tea, wheat and dairy products which are marketed through co-operatives. The Nilotics occupy the highlands in western Kenya bordering on Lake Victoria. The main tribe is the Luo, comprising some 1,148,000 people. The Masai (of the Nilo-Hamitic group) are also to be found in Tanzania. They are nomads, their lives being centred round their livestock although they are beginning to take part in the growing of wheat commercially. Also cattle-rearing nomads are the closely allied Hamitic groups of the north and north-east, from the Ethiopian and Somali borders to the shores of Lake Rudolf, where the Boran tribe merges with the Nilo-Hamitic group of the Rendille and with the Samburu. Much of the African livestock marketed through the Kenya Meat Commission comes from these areas. The Asians and Arabs are essentially town dwellers and own many of the shops. The European population is mainly in Nairobi and Mombasa and upcountry in those areas which are suitable for plantations, mixed farming and ranching in the main Central and Rift Valley Provinces.

There are numerous vernaculars spoken in Kenya, of which Kikuyu and Luo are the most important. Somali is spoken in the north and north-east, and Arabic is widely used by educated Muslims both in the coastal region and elsewhere. Kiswahili is the most important language, being the lingua franca of the semi-literate and educated sections and generally understood throughout the country. English is also fairly widely understood. Gujarati and Urdu are used by many of the Asian population. The official language is English. Newspapers are published in English and in Kiswahili and broadcasts are made in the same languages; there are also some programmes in other African languages.

Christianity is the predominant religion, there being (1962) approximately 2,896,900 Protestants and 1,756,800 Roman Catholics, mostly living in the Highlands and in the towns. There are 309,100 Muslims, but this figure excludes the Somalis and those Africans in the north who are members of the Sunni sect. Islam is spreading among the nomads and the townsmen. Among the Asian community there are Hindus, Sikhs, Jains, Muslims and Ismailis (followers of H.H. the Aga Khan), but the Goans are Roman Catholics.

Although the Government's long term objective of universal free primary education has not yet been achieved in Kenya, considerable advances have been made in recent years and it is estimated that over 60 per cent of those in the 7-13 age group are now attending primary school. Enrolment in primary schools has risen from 891,553 in 1963 to approximately 1,209,680 in 1968, when there were 6,135 primary schools in existence. Secondary schools increased in number

from 142 in 1962 to 601 in 1968. Secondary enrolment (excluding technical schools) was 101,361 in 1968 divided between Government aided schools and unaided schools, including 'Harambee' self-help schools. Enrolment in teacher training colleges was 6,634 in the same year. It is estimated that about 30 per cent of the total population are literate.

The University College, Nairobi, is a constituent college of the University of East Africa, but will shortly become an autonomous university. There were 1,500 students in the academic year 1967-68. The College comprises Faculties of Arts, Science, Engineering, Veterinary Science, Architecture, Design and Development, Commerce, and the newly established Faculty of Medicine. There is also an Institute of Adult Studies which forms part of the University College.

The Kenya Government's aim under the Health Development Plan 1960-1970 is to extend medical care and training facilities and measures for the prevention of disease and the promotion of a healthy environment. The number of hospital beds, including maternity beds, totalled, in 1967 about 13,600, of which just over 7,900 were in hospitals maintained by the Central Government, and the rest in hospitals run by local authorities and voluntary agencies. The country has also many health centres run by local authorities, and mainly situated in rural areas. These centres, which are staffed by sub-profession personnel, provide a comprehensive range of health and medical services. Total Government provision on health services in the financial year 1967-68 amounted to £5,434,000.

Kenya is divided into seven Provinces and the Nairobi Extra Provincial District, comprising Nairobi and its environs. The Provinces are: Central, Coast, North-Eastern; Eastern; Western; Nyanza; and Rift Valley.

The capital of the country is Nairobi with a population of approximately 450,000 (current estimate) which is increasing at approximately six per cent per annum. The principal cities and towns with population figures based on the 1962 census are:

Africans Asians Europeans Arabs Others

Total

The main port is Mombasa, which has 13 operational deep-water berths with extensions now under construction. Net registered tonnage in 1967 was 5,955,000 and the port is served by many steamship companies. Other ports of importance to the dhow traffic from India and the Arabian Peninsula are Lamu and Malindi. There is considerable traffic in livestock between Lamu and Mombasa. The Kenya shipping line, Southern Line, operates in East African waters carrying cargo to and from Mombasa, and the recently established East African Shipping Line is at present operating a single cargo vessel between Britain and East African ports.

The principal international airport is Nairobi (Embakasi) (runway 13,500 feet), 8 miles from Nairobi. There is a small airport nearer Nairobi at Wilson, with a runway length of 4,800 feet, 3 miles from the city centre. Mombasa has an airport 44 miles from the town, with a 6,200 feet runway. The airport at Kisumu is two miles from the town, and has 6,000 feet of runway. Extensions are planned

to both Nairobi and Mombasa airports. The principal local airlines are: The East African Airways Corporation; Safari Air Services Limited; Wilken Air Services Limited; and Caspair Limited.

There are about 1,270 miles of railway laid in Kenya, with a narrow gauge of 3 ft. 3 in. The railway in Kenya forms part of the East African railway system. The tonnage of public railway traffic amounted to 4,995,000 in 1967 and 4,885,000 passengers were carried during the same period. No separate figures exist for Kenya. There are about 26,000 miles of roads in Kenya, of which 1,528 miles are bitumen surfaced. Of the remaining 25,000 miles some are only tracks suitable for four-wheel-drive traffic.

Broadcasting services are provided by the "Voice of Kenya' which is government controlled. All production emanates from Nairobi at present and is boosted by 28 transmitting stations. Broadcasts are made in English, Kiswahili, twelve African vernaculars, Somali and Hindustani. T.V. broadcasting (government controlled) opened in 1962. Despite difficult reception conditions T.V. coverage extends over a considerable area around Nairobi as far west as Kisumu. Plans are in hand to establish television on the Coast.

The economy of Kenya is essentially agricultural but secondary industry is being encouraged. The principal exports during 1968 were: coffee (£12,807,962); tea (£10,014,063); petroleum products (£6,110,788); maize unmilled (£4,774,293); meat products (£3,025,855); pyrethrum flowers, powder and extract (£3,040,339); hides and skins (£1,671,355); sisal (£1,832,033); wattle bark extract (£1,134,085); soda ash (£1,132,238); and cement (£1,174,283).

Britain is Kenya's major trading partner, taking in 1968 £14,859,861 (28 per cent) of her exports and supplying £36,109,618 (33 per cent) of her imports. Britain's principal imports from Kenya are tea, sisal, coffee, meat preparations, fruit and vegetables; main exports to Kenya are transport equipment, machinery, metals and chemicals.

For the year 1968/69 the Government net revenue on the appropriation account is estimated at £75,755,000 and net expenditure at £88,426,000.

Details of the National Power Development Plan (1966-1986) have just been published, under which electric power potential would rise from 135 MW (1967) to 853 MW. At 1966 prices this will cost some £170 million of which £70 million can be attributed to the cost of building generating stations on the Tana River. Kenya's mining industry has not yet been greatly developed. Total production of all minerals in 1967 was valued at £2.1 million, the principal products being soda ash, salt and limestone; small amounts of gold and silver are also mined. Extensive geological surveys now being undertaken indicate that there are also economically exploitable deposits of, inter alia, woolastonite, iron ore, manganese and lead.

At the end of 1967 Kenya's forest land covered 4,266,000 acres, of which the plantation area accounted for 241,000 acres. Exotic softwoods cover 196,016 acres, exotic hardwoods 23,253 acres, indigenous softwoods 11,436 acres and indigenous hardwoods 9,596 acres. A pulp and paper mill is projected at Broderick Falls in the Western Province. Plantations of softwood species are being developed to support the industry and forest roads are under construction.

Tourism is Kenya's fastest growing industry, and is rapidly overtaking coffee as the country's principal foreign exchange earner. The number of visitors to Kenya (excluding visitors from Tanzania and Uganda) rose to over 215,000 in 1968

(127,000 in 1967) and receipts from tourism were estimated at about £15 million. It is estimated that by 1970 such receipts will exceed £20 million a year.

Republic Day, 12th December, celebrates both the attainment of Independence and the adoption of a republican constitution in 1964. Kenyatta Day, 20th October, being the anniversary of the detention of President Kenyatta in 1952, is now a day of celebration as a day for re-dedication to the service of the nation. Madaraka Day on 1st June is also a public holiday to mark the anniversary of Kenya's internal self-government.

HISTORY

Apart from knowledge of successive tribal migrations, little information is available regarding the early history of Kenya's interior. The coastal area has, however, been known for at least 2,000 years to Arabian merchants, who during the 7th century A.D. began to settle it with trading posts. The Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama landed at Malindi, at the mouth of the Sabaki River, in 1498, after sailing round the Cape, and was welcomed by the Sultan. Subsequently the Portuguese established trading posts and gained for a time a monopoly of coastal trading. The Arabs appealed for help and their kinsmen from Oman drove out the Portuguese; Fort Jesus, in Mombasa, being taken in 1698. Although all important Portuguese possessions had gone by 1740, stability did not return to the coast until the rule of Seyyid Said (1806-1856).

The interior remained largely unknown to the West until the arrival of the first missionary explorers in the middle of the 19th century.

Following German interest in East Africa, Britain and Germany concluded an agreement in 1886 regarding their respective spheres of influence. Britain was not, however, prepared to intervene directly, so in 1887 the British East Africa Association obtained from the Sultan of Zanzibar a concession of the mainland between the Umba and Tana Riviers. In 1888 the Imperial British East Africa Company was incorporated under Royal Charter.

Difficulties of administration in, and communication with, Uganda led to the construction of a railway linking the port of Mombasa with Kisumu on Lake Victoria. Construction commenced in 1895, and Kisumu was reached by 1901. During 1895 a Protectorate was declared over what is now Kenya and Uganda, the properties of the Imperial British East Africa Company being bought up.

European settlement took place between 1897 and the start of the First World War, following a survey made by Lord Delamere. Conditions of land alienation were laid down in 1902. There was also a large influx of Asians, in particular to work on the construction of the railway.

In 1905 the Protectorate was transferred from the authority of the Foreign Office to that of the Colonial Office, and a Governor and Commander-in-Chief, and Legislative and Executive Councils, were appointed in 1906. The Protectorate developed steadily prior to the First World War, settlement making good progress and exports of coffee, wool and wheat seemed promising.

The Germans in East Africa took the offensive at the start of the First World War, and penetrated Kenya's southern border. The British forces, under General Smuts, counter-attacked in 1916 and by the end of 1917 had driven the Germans out of the area.

Many more settlers arrived after the War, special schemes being launched for ex-soldiers. The early 1920s were marked by financial and economic crises, and Kenya was still on the road to recovery when the effects of the world depression

of the early 1930s were felt. Economically, the story of the later 1930s is one of gradual recovery.

The defence forces in Kenya were strengthened after the Italian occupation of Ethiopia in 1936. Italy entered the Second World War in 1940, and British forces, under General Cunningham, took the offensive in 1941. Italian resistance in East Africa ceased when Gondar fell in November 1941.

Between October 1952 and January 1960 a State of Emergency existed, during the period of the Mau Mau uprising.

After a final constitutional conference in September 1963 at which it was agreed that Kenya would assume sovereignty over the coastal strip, previously subject to the sovereignty of Zanzibar, Kenya became a sovereign independent Member of the Commonwealth on 12th December 1963. On 12th December 1964 Kenya became a Republic within the Commonwealth with Mr Kenyatta as its first President.

CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

The first Legislative and Executive Councils were appointed in 1906, following the transfer of the Protectorate from the authority of the Foreign Office to that of the Colonial Office.

After the First World War, controversy raged over the question of representation on the Legislative Council. In 1919 the number of Nominated Unofficial Europeans was increased from four to eleven and an elective basis established. The grant of the franchise to Europeans called forth a demand from the more numerous Indian community for equal privileges on a common roll with educational qualifications. The matter was resolved by the Devonshire White Paper of 1923 which granted the Indians five seats on a communal basis and also made provision for an Arab Elected Member and a Nominated Unofficial Member to represent African interests. The settlement was accepted by the Europeans, but the Indians launched a campaign of non-co-operation and did not fill the full number of seats allotted to them until the 1930s. A second Unofficial Member was later nominated to represent African interests.

Further constitutional changes took place after the Second World War. Mr Eliud Mathu was nominated in 1944 as the first African to represent his people on the Legislative Council, and a reorganisation of government in 1945 grouped the main departments under Members of the Executive Council.

Constitutional changes proposed by the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Mr Griffiths, were brought into force in 1951. The appointment of ten Nominated Members of the Legislative Council raised the numbers of the 'government' side from sixteen to twenty-six. At the same time the number of European Elected Members was raised from eleven to fourteen, of Asian Elected Members from five to six, of African Representative Members from four to six, with Arabs having one Representative and one Elected Member.

In 1954 a new constitution was introduced. It provided for a Council of Ministers, exercising collective responsibility, to consist of the Governor, the Deputy Governor, six Official, six Unofficial and two Nominated Members. The Government was reformed on this basis, the six Unofficial Ministers consisting of three European Elected Members, two Asians and one African Representative Member. Three Parliamentary Secretaries were appointed, two Africans and one Arab. At a later date the Governor appointed the Liwali for the Coast as his