Following the ceremony, the President announced the appointment of a Constitution Commission. Its report, submitted on 6th May 1961, was considered by a Committee of the Cabinet, and following a series of deliberations at cabinet level, President Ayub promulgated a new Constitution for Pakistan on 1st March 1962. The main provisions of the 1962 Constitution to which there had been eight amendments (to March 1969) are summarized on pages 315-318 of the Year Book of the Commonwealth 1969. Elections to the National and to the Provincial Assemblies were held in April and May 1962 and the new National Assembly met for the first time on 8th June, when Martial Law was withdrawn. The first general election since the introduction of the 1962 Constitution took place between November 1964 and May 1965. It comprised four separate elections. The Electoral College was elected in November 1964 and this was followed by the Presidential election in January 1965, when President Ayub Khan was re-elected to fill the presidential office for a further five years from 23rd March 1965. The National and Provincial Assemblies elections were held in March and May and the first session of the National Assembly was inaugurated by the President on 12th June 1965. Provision was made for the Electoral College to be expanded to 120,000 members by the Electoral College (Amendment) Act, 1967. President Yahya Khan has retained the structure of Basic Democracies, but has renamed it Local Government. INDO-PAKISTAN HOSTILITIES, 1965 A dispute over the ownership of a part of the Rann of Kutch resulted in a minor outbreak of hostilities between Pakistan and India on 4th April 1965. Following the intervention of the British Prime Minister, a de facto cease-fire came into effect on 30th April 1965, and was confirmed under an agreement signed on 30th June 1965. The agreement also provided for a withdrawal of forces and the appointment of a tribunal for the settlement of the dispute. This international tribunal reported in February 1968. Its conclusions, that 10 per cent of the area in dispute should go to Pakistan and the rest to India, were accepted by both India and Pakistan. Demarcation of this area has now been completed. A more serious conflict between the two countries occurred in August/September 1965, when the armed forces of Pakistan and India were heavily engaged. After three United Nations Security Council Resolutions calling for a cease-fire and withdrawal, the two countries agreed to a cease-fire on 22nd September. Withdrawals did not follow until the President of Pakistan and the Prime Minister of India had signed an Agreement at Tashkent, U.S.S.R., on 10th January 1966. It was agreed at Tashkent to hold further talks between the two countries about ways of resolving the conflict. The first such ministerial meeting was held in Rawalpindi in March 1966, but agreement has not yet been reached to hold a further meeting. Talks between officials have, however, been held to discuss such technical subjects as telecommunications and the Farakka Barrage project on the Ganges. POLITICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 1968-69 Several months of disturbances of an increasingly political nature, beginning with students' demonstrations in Rawalpindi in November 1968, led President Ayub to make, in February 1969, an offer of talks on constitutional changes to the opposition politicians. After certain relaxations had been made by the Government, such as the ending of the State of Emergency introduced in September 1965, talks were held in March 1969, but led only to agreement on a parliamentary system of government with elections to be held on adult franchise. Other questions, e.g. of relative regional powers, remained undecided. Faced with continuing disturbance in industry and the countryside, President Ayub, who had in February announced his decision not to stand for re-election in 1969-70, resigned on 25th March 1969 and handed over to the Commander-inChief of the Army, General Yahya Khan. General Yahya immediately declared the country under Martial Law with himself as Chief Martial Law Administrator, abrogated the 1962 Constitution, and dissolved the three Assemblies. The two Governors and all Ministers ceased to hold office. In pursuit of his declared aims of improving the standards of administration and creating a peaceful and settled atmosphere in which elections can be held on adult franchise to a parliament, General Yahya, who assumed the office of President on 31st March 1969, has since conducted talks with political leaders, whose parties are still permitted to function. He has also appointed a Chief Election Commissioner to draw up electoral rolls. As at September 1969, President Yahya governs partly through the Martial Law Administration, with a comprehensive network of local administrators, and partly through a Council of Ministers and the ordinary civil service apparatus. A modification by order of the abrogation of the 1962 Constitution has left much of that Constitution in force, within the limitations imposed by the primacy of Martial Law Regulations and Orders. HISTORICAL List of Heads of State GOVERNORS-GENERAL (Dominion of Pakistan) Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah, 15th August 1947 to 11th September 1948 Ghulam Mohammad, 19th October 1951 to 5th October 1955 Major-General Iskander Mirza, 6th October 1955 to 22nd March 1956 PRESIDENTS (Republic of Pakistan) Major-General Iskander Mirza, 23rd March 1956 to 27th October 1958 General (later Field-Marshal) Mohammad Ayub Khan, NPK, HJ, 27th October 1958 Field-Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan, NPK, HJ, 8th June 1962 to 23rd March 1965 General Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan, HPK, HJ from 31st March 1969 (with retro- HISTORICAL LIST OF MINISTRIES Quaid-i-Millat Liaqat Ali Khan, 15th August 1947 to 16th October 1951 I. I. Chundrigar, 18th October 1957 to 16th December 1957 GOVERNMENT President, Chief Martial Law Administrator, Supreme Commander-in-Chief, and COUNCIL OF ADMINISTRATION Air Vice-Marshal A. Rahim Khan, SPK, SBt Dr Abdul Motaleb Malik Nawabzada Mohammad Sher Ali Khan, HJ Ahsan-ul-Haque, SQA Chief Justice, Supreme Court: Hamood-ur-Rahman ARMED FORCES Commander-in-Chief, Pakistan Army: General A. M. Yahya Khan, HP, HJ Commander-in-Chief, Pakistan Navy: Rear-Admiral Muzaffar Hasan, SK Commander-in-Chief, Pakistan Air Force: Air Vice-Marshal A. Rahim Khan, SPK, SBt SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH Joint Secretary: (vacant) OTHER MINISTRIES Minister: Ahsan-ul-Haque, SQA Secretary (acting): A. Rab, sQA, EPCS COMMUNICATIONS Secretary: A. Rashid, SPK, CSP DEFENCE Secretary: S. Ghiasuddin Ahmed, HQA, SPK, EDUCATION Minister: Muhammad Shamsul Haq Secretary: Dr I. H. Usmani, CSP FINANCE Minister: Nawab Mozaffar Ali Khan Secretary: Ghulam Ishaq Khan, HQA, SPK, CSP FOOD, AGRICULTURE AND WORKS Secretary (acting): Ali Hasan, SQA, TP, CSP Secretary: S. M. Yusuf, HQA, SPK, CSP HEALTH, LABOUR AND SOCIAL Welfare CSP HOME AND Kashmir AffAIRS Secretary (acting): A. M. S. Ahmed, SPK, Joint Secretary (Kashmir Affairs): M. Z. INDUSTRIES AND NATURAL RESOURCES INFORMATION AND BROADCASTING Minister: Nawabzada Mohammad Sher Ali Khan, HJ Secretary (acting): Syud Ahmed, TP, CIS LAW AND PARLIAMENTARY AFFAIRS Syed DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATION PAKISTAN HIGH COMMISSIONERS IN OTHER Australia: M. Aslam Malik; Britain: vacant; COMMONWEALTH HIGH COMMISSIONERS Australia: L. H. Border; Britain: Sir Cyril Ceylon: Sir Razik Fareed; Ghana: E. R. T. PAKISTAN REPRESENTATION IN PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION WEST PAKISTAN The unification of the Province of Sind, the western part of the former Province of the Punjab, the North West Frontier Province, the Chief Commissioner's Province of Baluchistan, and the former Princely States of Kalat, Makran, Las Bela, Kharan, Bahawalpur, Khairpur, Chitral, Dir, Swat and Amb was effected by the Establishment of West Pakistan Act, 1955, which came into force on 14th October 1955. Karachi was merged with West Pakistan in July 1961. The area of West Pakistan is 310,378 square miles and the population 42,850,295 (1961 census). The provincial capital is Lahore. The Province is divided into twelve Divisions with headquarters at Peshawar, Dera Ismail Khan, Rawalpindi, Sargodha, Lahore, Multan, Bahawalpur, Khairpur, Hyderabad, Quetta, Kalat and Karachi. As a result of the recommendations of the Provincial Administration Commission (1960) the Commissioner, Peshawar Division, is responsible for the four Tribal Agencies of Malakand, Mohmand, Khyber and Kurram; the Commissioner, Dera Ismail Khan, is responsible for the Tribal Agencies of North and South Waziristan; and the Political Agent, Quetta, is responsible for the Tribal Agency of Zhob. Under the Martial Law Administration West Pakistan is Zone "A". Martial Law Administrator: Lieutenant-General Tikka Khan, SPK Governor: Air Marshal M. Nur Khan, HJ, SPK, SQA EAST PAKISTAN This Province is separated from West Pakistan by Indian territory. It comprises the Eastern part of the former Province of Bengal, together with Sylhet District, Non-resident representation. formerly part of Assam. The area is 55,126 square miles and the population 50,840,235 (1961 census). The provincial capital is Dacca. The various districts of the Province are grouped into four Divisions with headquarters at Dacca, Chittagong, Rajshahi and Khulna. Under the Martial Law Administration East Pakistan is Zone "B". Martial Law Administrator: Major General S. M. Yaqub Khan, SPK HONORIFIC TITLES IN USE IN PAKISTAN The best known of the titles specifically bestowed on individuals are Quaid-i-Azam, The Great Leader' (bestowed on Mr Mohammed Ali Jinnah), and Quaid-i-Millat, 'The Leader of the Nation' (bestowed on Mr Liaqat Ali Khan). The honorific titles in use in Pakistan are not in all cases capable of accurate rendering into English by way of translation or equivalence, but may be classed in various groups. Thus among prefixes Amir, Jan, Mehtar, Mir, Nawab and Wali are titles of nobility borne by territorial rulers; Chaudhury, Khan, Malik, Mian, Mir and Sardar denote a tribal chieftain or a landowner; Nawabzada and Khanzada indicate sons of rulers; Iman, Kazi, Maulana, Maulvi, Molla (Mullah) and Mufti indicate a religious leader, while Khwaja, and Pir denote descent from a saint, and Sayyid or Syed descent from the Prophet. Al-Haj or Haji indicates one who has made the pilgrimage to Mecca, Shaikh or Sheihk was originally an indication of a leader, perhaps of Arab descent, but has now generally become part of the name and has no special significance. The suffix Khan has also become part of the name, but usually indicates Pathan descent. Mr and Begum and used for Mr and Mrs respectively but it is incorrect to use Mr where an honorific of any kind prefixes the name. PAKISTAN CIVIL AWARDS Pakistan Civil Awards consist of five Orders: The Order of Pakistan (Pk), for services of the highest distinction to the State; The Order of Shujaat (St), for acts of the greatest heroism and most conspicuous courage in circumstances of extreme danger; The Order of Imtiaz (I), for conspicuously distinguished services in literature, art, sports or science; The Order of Quaid-i-Azam (QA), for special merit or for eminent service in the civil, military, or any other field of national activity; The Order of Khidmat (K), for meritorious service. The Orders have four descending Classes, viz: Nishan (N), Hila' (H), Sitara (S) and Tamgha (T). The Order of Pakistan, First Class, is, for example, Nishan-i-Pakistan (NPk) and the Order of Khidmat, Third Class, is Sitara-i-Khidmat (SK), the Class preceding the title of the Order and being followed by -i-. The -i- is, however, omitted in the abbreviated forms. S SIERRA LEONE IERRA LEONE lies on the west coast of Africa between 6° 55′ and 10° N. latitude and 10° 16′ and 13° 18′ W. longitude. Its 210-mile sea coast extends from the border of Guinea to the border of Liberia, these two countries enclosing Sierra Leone inland. The total area of Sierra Leone is 27,925 square miles. Sierra Leone is the only West African country with a hilly coastline and the name is a derivation of the Portuguese for ‘Lion Mountain'. It was given to this part of the coast by Pedro de Cintra in about 1462, when lions may have been common, though there are none there now. De Cintra's expedition was |