ZANZIBAR CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT On 1st July 1913 the control of Zanzibar passed from the Foreign Office to the Colonial Office, and by a Zanzibar Order in Council of 1914 the offices of British Consul-General and the Sultan's First Minister were merged in the newly-created post of British Resident, who was appointed, subject to the control of the Governor of the British East Africa Protectorate, as High Commissioner. A Protectorate Council was constituted as an advisory body with the Sultan as President and the British Resident as Vice-President. In 1925 the office of High Commissioner was abolished and the British Resident was made directly responsible to the Colonial Office. Executive and Legislative Councils were constituted in 1926 in place of the old advisory Protectorate Council. In 1960, following recommendations made by Sir Hilary Blood who had been appointed Constitutional Commissioner, a degree of responsible government was granted. Elected Ministers, one of whom was Chief Minister, formed the majority in the Executive Council, and in the Legislative Council there was a large elected majority. In 1962 the franchise was extended to provide for universal adult suffrage, and a Delimitation Commission recommended an increase in the number of elected members in the Legislative Council. On 24th June 1963 internal selfgovernment was introduced. After a General Election in July a Government was formed from a coalition between the Zanzibar Nationalist Party and the Zanzibar and Pemba People's Party, which had won a majority of seats (though not of votes) over the Afro-Shirazi Party headed by Sheikh Abeid Amani Karume. At the Independence Conference held in London in September 1963 arrangements were agreed for the final transfer of power, and Zanzibar attained full sovereign independence on 10th December 1963 under the Sultan as Head of State. Establishment of The People's Republic of Zanzibar On 12th January 1964 the Sultan's Government was overthrown by a sudden internal uprising. Zanzibar was proclaimed a People's Republic, with Mr Karume as President. The former constitution was abrogated, but other existing laws continued in force. A Revolutionary Council of 32 members was declared the Supreme Authority in the Republic. A Cabinet of Ministers was appointed to exercise executive power on behalf of, and with the advice of, the Revolutionary Council. Under a Presidential Decree made in February 1964 the Revolutionary Council was to enact constitutional Decrees which were to form the basic law of the Republic, and a Constituent Assembly was to be convened to consider these basic provisions which, after having received the Assembly's assent, were to be the Constitution of Zanzibar. A further Presidential Decree of 11th May 1965 established the Afro-Shirazi Party as the sole party and supreme authority in Zanzibar. UNION OF TANGANYIKA AND ZANZIBAR After meetings between President Nyerere and President Karume it was decided that Tanganyika and Zanzibar should form one Sovereign State. Articles of Union were signed on 22nd April 1964 and on 25th April 1964 legislation ratifying these Articles was enacted by both the Tanganyika Parliament and the Revolutionary Council of Zanzibar. By this legislation the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar was created as a single sovereign state, as from 26th April 1964, under President Nyerere. President Karume was declared 1st Vice-President of the United Republic, while retaining the style of President of Zanzibar as head of the separate Legislature and Executive for Zanzibar. There were 18 members from Zanzibar in the National Assembly of the United Republic and some of these became Ministers and Parliamentary Secretaries in the United Republic Government. The legislation provided for an interim constitution which laid down that the United Republic should be governed in accordance with the provisions of the existing Tanganyika Constitution suitably modified to provide for a separate Legislature and Executive in Zanzibar with exclusive authority over matters other than reserved matters. Reserved matters were: external affairs; defence; police; emergency powers; citizenship; immigration; external trade and borrowing; The Public Service of the United Republic; income tax, corporation tax, customs and excise duties; harbours, civil aviation, posts and telegraphs. The main subjects which remained within the competence of the Zanzibar Government and for which there were separate ministries or departments included agriculture and fisheries; education and national culture; health and social insurance; information and broadcasting; labour; prisons; roads, power and works. The United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar became the United Republic of Tanzania on 29th October 1964. On 5th July 1965 the National Assembly passed the Interim Constitution Act which formerly declared Tanzania to be a one-party state. A revised TANU constitution formed the first schedule of the Act, which looked forward to the union of TANU and the Afro-Shirazi party. By the Interim Constitution Act the National Assembly was enlarged and now consists of 107 members elected from the Mainland, 15 elected by the Assembly itself, 17 Regional Commissioners from the Mainland and 3 from Zanzibar, up to 32 members of the Zanzibar Revolutionary Council, up to 10 Mainland residents chosen by the President and up to 20 Zanzibar residents similarly chosen. Zanzibar appointments require the approval of the President of Zanzibar. The maximum membership of the National Assembly is therefore 204. President Nyerere dissolved Parliament on 10th July 1965 and the first postindependence elections for the National Assembly took place on 21st and 26th September 1965. These took place on the Mainland only. The Presidential elections were held throughout the country on the same days. HISTORICAL LIST Sir Richard Turnbull, KCMG (later GCMG), 9th December 1961 to 8th December 1962 MINISTRIES Dr Julius K. Nyerere, 9th December 1961 to 22nd January 1962 PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF TANGANYIKA Dr Julius K. Nyerere, 9th December 1962 to 25th April 1964 ZANZIBAR His Highness Seyyid Jamshid bin Abdulla, 10th December 1963 to 11th January 1964 MINISTRY Sheikh Mohammed Shamte Hamedi, MBE, 10th December 1963 to 18th January 1964 PRESIDENT OF PEOPLE'S Republic of Zanzibar Sheikh Abeid Amani Karume, 12th January 1964 to 25th April 1964 UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANGANYIKA AND ZANZIBAR PRESIDENT Dr Julius K. Nyerere, from 26th April 1964 FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT Sheikh Abeid Amani Karume, from 26th April 1964 SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT R. M. Kawawa, from 26th April 1964 GOVERNMENT Before the dissolution of Parliament on 10th July 1965 all the 71 Mainland seats were held by the TANU party and all the 18 Zanzibar seats by the AfroShirazi party. At the Mainland elections in September 1965 a total of 700 nominations were received by the District Conferences for the 107 seats and these were reduced to 208 by the National Executive Conference of TANU after the District Conferences had examined and voted on the candidates. Only two candidates were allowed to stand in each constituency, there being 101 contested seats and 6 uncontested. All candidates were required to be party members. The elections were notable for the fact that many of the previous members of Parliament lost their seats. At the Presidential elections, which took place at the same time, there was only one candidate for the office of President. Electors were asked to vote for or against and President Nyerere was re-elected by an overwhelming majority. PRESIDENT AND MINISTERS President of the United Republic of Tanzania, Commander in Chief of the Minister for Agriculture, Food and Co-operatives: Minister for Commerce and Industries: Hon. Abdulrahman M. Babu Minister for Health and Social Insurance: Hon. Lawi N. Sijaona Minister for National Education: Hon. Chediel Y. Mgonja Minister of State (Foreign Affairs) President's Office: Hon. Stephen Mhando Minister of State, First Vice-President's Office: Hon. Aboud Jumbe Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs: (Zanzibar Office): Parliamentary Secretary, Second Vice-President's Office: Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Co-operatives: Parliamentary Secretaries, Ministry of Communications, Transport and Labour: MINISTRIES AND GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS PRESIDENT'S OFFICE AND CABINET SECRETARIAT Secretary to the Cabinet: D. A. Nkembo MINISTRY OF REGIONAL ADMINISTRATION Principal Secretary: A. Mushi MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS Attorney-General: Hon. M. D. Bomani MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, FOOD AND CO-OPERATIVES Principal Secretary: E. A. Mulokozi MINISTRY OF FINANCE Principal Secretary to the Treasury and MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC AFFAIRS Principal Secretary: C. D. Msuya MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRIES MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS, MINISTRY OF NATIONAL EDUCATION Principal Secretary: A. C. Mwingira MINISTRY OF LANDS, HOUSING AND Principal Secretary: T. Apiyo MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS MINISTRY OF INFORMATION AND TOURISM MINISTRY OF HEALTH Principal Secretary: B. J. Maggidi CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION LOCAL GOVERNMENT SERVICE COMMISSION SPEAKER'S OFFICE Speaker of the National Assembly; Chairman of the Electoral Commission: Chief Adam Sapi Mkwawa, OBE Clerk of the National Assembly: P. Msekwa President of Zanzibar: Hon. Sheikh Abeid Amani Karume Junior Minister for Communications, Power and Works: Hon. Badawi Qullaten REGIONAL COMMISSIONERS (ALL MPS) Arusha Region (HQ, Arusha): A. W. Mwakang'ata Iringa Region (HQ, Iringa): J. B. Mwakangale DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATION TANZANIAN HIGH COMMISSIONERS ABROAD TANZANIAN AMBASSADORS ABROAD buzya; U.A.R.: G. N. Nhigula; U.S.A.: COMMONWEALTH HIGH COMMISSIONERS Australia: H. W. Bullock; Britain: H. T TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO HE islands of Trinidad and Tobago lie between latitudes 10° and 11° N. and longitudes 61° and 62° W. The area of the two islands is 1,980 square miles (Trinidad 1,864 and Tobago 116). Trinidad is traversed by two mountain ranges, the northern and southern ranges, running roughly east and west, and a third, the central range, running diagonally across the island. Between the northern and central ranges the land is flat and well-watered; south of the central range it is undulating and the water supply poor. Apart from small areas in the northern range, of which the main peaks are Cerro del Aripo (3,083 feet) and El Tucuche (3,072 feet), and in the central range, of which Mount Tamana (1,009 feet) is the principal peak, all the land is below 1,000 feet. The rivers though numerous are unimportant. A main ridge of hills, eighteen miles in length, extends nearly two-thirds of the length of Tobago from its northeastern extremity. The highest point is 1,890 feet. About 300,000 acres or 22 per cent of the two islands is forest. The climate is tropical. The temperature varies between 64°F and 92°F with mean night and day temperatures of 74°F and 82°F respectively. The coolest months are from December to April. Rainfall is heaviest in June (11.4 inches). There is a dry season from January to mid-May and a wet season from June to December, with a short break in September. The population of Trinidad and Tobago at the census of April 1960 was 827,957. The populations of the principal towns were: Port of Spain, the capital, 93,954; San Fernando 38,830; Arima 10,982. The main population divisions were: Negro 358,588 (43.5 per cent); East Indian 301,946 (36.5 per cent); Mixed and Others 143,344 (13 per cent); White 15,718 (1.9 per cent); Chinese 8,361 (1.2 per cent). The estimated population at mid-1966 was 980,000. The birth |