following the General Election held on 4th December 1961, at which the P.N.M. was again returned to power, winning twenty of the seats in the House of Representatives and polling 58 per cent of the total votes cast. The D.L.P. won the remaining ten seats polling 39.7 per cent of the total votes cast. The 1960 Constitution provided that of the twenty-one nominated members of the Senate, twelve should be appointed on the advice of the Premier, two on the advice of the Leader of the Opposition and seven by the Governor in his discretion to represent special interests. The Cabinet was to consist of the Premier (as the Chief Minister was now called) and not more than eleven other Ministers (of whom one would be the Attorney-General). There was a wholly-elected House of Representatives of 30 members which was later increased to 36 members. The People's National Movement was again returned at the General Election held on 7th November 1966, winning 24 of the 36 seats in the Lower House and polling 52 per cent of the votes cast. The Democatic Labour Party, which won the remaining 12 seats and polled 34 per cent of the votes cast, again formed the Opposition.

In 1958 the Federation of the West Indies was formed with a membership consisting of Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, Barbados and the Leeward and Windward Islands. Agreement had been reached in principle on a Constitution under which the Federation would proceed to Independence on 31st May 1962; but in September 1961 the Jamaican Government held a referendum on the question of membership of the Federation which resulted in a vote in favour of withdrawal. The British and the Jamaican Governments subsequently agreed that Jamaica would withdraw from the Federation and would proceed to Independence on its own. As a consequence, on 14th January 1962, the General Council of the People's National Movement unanimously approved a resolution that Trinidad and Tobago should also proceed forthwith to independence without prejudice to the possibility of the territory's future association in a unitary state with other territories in the East Caribbean. The resolution also requested the Government to take the initiative in proposing the maximum possible measure of collaboration between the former members of the Federation of the West Indies regarding common services, and to declare their willingness to take part in and work for a Caribbean economic community. This resolution was endorsed at a special convention of the party held towards the end of January and the Government accepted the terms of the resolution as their policy in this matter. In April the Secretary of State for the Colonies, in reply to a despatch from the Governor, agreed that Trinidad and Tobago should become independent as early as practicable in 1962, and proposed that, provided the necessary steps could be taken in time, an independence conference should be held in London towards the end of May to agree upon a constitution and the date of independence. Meanwhile, in February, the Government of Trinidad and Tobago had published the first draft of an independence constitution: this was distributed widely in the territory, and organisations and the general public were invited to submit written comments on it by 31st March. Over 160 memoranda were received, and from 25th to 27th April the Government held meetings with those who had submitted memoranda, at which the draft constitution was considered. The draft constitution, as amended in the light of these consultations, was considered by a Joint Select Committee of the Senate and House of Representatives, after which it was debated and, on 11th May, approved by a majority of 16 to 9 in the House of Representatives.

The revised draft of the independence constitution, as approved by the Legislature, formed the basic document at the Trinidad and Tobago Independence Conference held in London between 28th May and 8th June 1962. At this Conference, at which the Trinidad and Tobago delegation unanimously expressed the wish that an independent Trinidad and Tobago should be accepted as a Member of the Commonwealth and stated that it was the firm wish of the people of Trinidad and Tobago to continue after Independence in their allegiance to Her Majesty The Queen, it was agreed that Trinidad and Tobago should become independent on the 31st August 1962.

CONSTITUTION

The Constitution of Trinidad and Tobago is contained in the Trinidad and Tobago (Constitution) Order in Council 1962 (S.I. 1962 No. 1875). It provides for a Governor-General, appointed by Her Majesty The Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister, and for a bicameral Legislature. The Senate (Upper House) consists of 24 Senators, 13 of whom are appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister, 4 on the advice of the Leader of the Opposition and 7 on the advice of the Prime Minister after consultation with those religious, economic and social organisations from which the Prime Minister considers that such Senators should be selected. In 1966 the Electoral Boundaries Commission recommended that the number of seats in the House of Representatives (Lower House) be increased from 30 to 36. This proposal was adopted and the General Election of November 1966 was fought in 36 constituencies. There is universal adult suffrage. The normal life of Parliament is 5 years. The Cabinet consists of the Prime Minister, who must be a member of the House of Representatives, and such other ministers as the Governor-General, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister, appoints from among the senators and members of the House of Representatives. The Attorney-General must be a member of the Cabinet. The Governor-General appoints as Leader of the Opposition the member of the House of Representatives who, in his judgement, is the Leader in the House of the party commanding the support of the largest number of members of the House in opposition to the Government.

The principal provisions of the Constitution are entrenched and, of these, the most important are specially entrenched. The ordinary entrenched provisions can only be amended by a vote of two-thirds of all the members of both Houses; these include the provisions relating to human rights and freedoms, prorogation of Parliament, appointment, etc., of judicial officers, the various Service Commissions and the office and functions of the Auditor-General. Specially entrenched provisions can only be altered by a vote of three-quarters of all the members of the House of Representatives and two-thirds of the Senate. The specially entrenched provisions included among other things those concerning the office of the Governor-General, the establishment of Parliament and the composition of the two Houses, general elections and the appointment of Senators, the establishment of boundaries and election commissions and matters affecting the Judiciary.

There is a Supreme Court of Judicature, consisting of a High Court and a Court of Appeal, and in certain cases a further appeal lies to the Judicial Committee of Her Majesty's Privy Council. The Chief Justice is appointed by the Governor-General acting on the advice of the Prime Minister. Puisne Judges

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are appointed by the Governor-General acting in accordance with the advice of the Judicial and Legal Service Commissions.

The Constitution also contains provisions relating to citizenship; an amendment to the Constitution in 1965 provided for a limited category of dual nationality.

GOVERNMENT

In January 1968 the composition of the political parties in the House of Representatives was: People's National Movement 24, Democratic Labour Party 11 and People's Democratic Party 1.

GOVERNOR-GENERAL

His Excellency Sir Solomon Hochoy, GCMG, GCVO, OBE

MINISTRY

Prime Minister and Minister of Finance, Planning and Development:
The Rt Hon. Dr Eric Williams

Minister of External Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister: The Hon. A. N. R. Robinson
Minister of Home Affairs and Personnel, Leader of the House of Representatives:
The Hon. A. G. Montano

Minister of Industry, Commerce and Petroleum: The Hon. J. H. O'Halloran
Minister of Works: The Hon. V. L. Campbell

Minister of Public Utilities: The Hon. E. Mahabir
Minister of Labour: The Hon. A. C. Alexis

Minister of Agriculture, Lands and Fisheries: The Hon. L. M. Robinson
Minister of Health: Dr the Hon. M. Awon

Minister of Housing: The Hon. Mrs I. U. Teshea

Minister of Education and Culture and Leader of the Senate:
Senator The Hon. D. P. Pierre

Attorney-General and Minister for Legal Affairs:
Senator the Hon. G. A. Richards

Minister of Local Government and Social Welfare: The Hon. A. A. Thompson
Ministers of State in the Ministries of Finance and Planning and Development:
Finance: The Hon. F. C. Prevatt:

Planning and Development: The Hon. R. E. Wallace

Minister of State in the Ministry of the Prime Minister (Tobago Affairs):
The Hon. B. L. Pitt

Minister of West Indian Affairs: The Hon. K. Mohammed
Minister without Portfolio, Special Adviser to the Prime Minister:
Senator the Hon. W. J. Alexander

PARLIAMENTARY SECRETARIES

Ministry of the Prime Minister: Senator Mrs V. Critchlow
Ministry of Finance: G. Chambers

SENATE

President of the Senate: Senator J. Hamilton Maurice
Clerk of the Senate: J. E. Carter

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Speaker: The Hon. A. Thomasos
Clerk: G. R. Latour

LEADER OF THE OPPOSITION IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

V. Jamadar

JUDICIARY

COURT OF APPEAL

Chief Justice and President of the Court of Appeal: The Hon. Mr Justice A. H. McShine Mr Justice H. A. Fraser

Mr Justice C. E. Phillips

Mr Justice K. de la Bastide

INDUSTRIAL COURT

President: Mr Justice I. E. Hyatali
Vice-President: Mr Justice J. A. Braithwaite

DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATION

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UGANDA

GANDA is near the centre of the continent of Africa. It is bounded on the east by Kenya, on the south by Tanzania and Rwanda, on the west by the Congo and on the north by the Sudan. The distance from north to south of the country is about 400 miles and from east to west about 350 miles.

The total area is 91,076 square miles, of which 16,364 square miles are open water. This area of open water consists of parts of Lakes Victoria, Albert and Edward and all of Lakes George and Kyoga. From Lake Victoria at Jinja the Nile begins its 3,800 miles journey to the Mediterranean.

Lake Victoria is 3,720 feet above sea level: in the north at the Sudan frontier the altitude is only 2,000 feet. The ground rises towards Mount Elgon (14,178 feet) in the east and towards the Ruwenzori Mountains in the west. The highest peak of the snow-capped Ruwenzori range is 16,794 feet, the third highest mountain in Africa. Uganda has thus great variety of landscape and vegetation. There are hot, dry deserts in the north-east, luxurious rain forests in the west and south-east, the remainder being mostly tree-savannah with extensive sluggish swamps. Wildlife is varied and abundant.

Over most of the country the weather is that of a perpetual summer, with hot sunshine, cool breezes and showers of rain. Temperature ranges at Entebbe are about 17.5°C (62°-64°F) minimum and 26°-27°C (77°-81°F) maximum. The mean annual rainfall at Entebbe is 63.44 inches.

The principal towns are Kampala, the capital (population 46,735), Jinja (population 29,741) and Mbale (population 13,569).

At the 1959 census the population was 6,536,616, of whom 6,449,558 were Africans (approximately 680,000 of whom were not of Uganda origin), 10,866 Europeans and 76,192 persons of other race (mostly originating from the Indian sub-continent). This represented an average rate of increase of approximately 2.5 per cent per annum since the previous census. In 1961 the population was estimated to number some 6,845,000 of whom 6,751,000 were Africans, 11,600 Europeans, and the remainder mostly Asians. In mid-1965 it was estimated that the population was 7,551,000. The analyis of the African population by tribes showed the Baganda to be the largest (just over one million), followed by the Iteso, Banyankore and Basoga with about half a million members each. Twentyfour other tribes showed totals in excess of 10,000 each. 24 languages in various groups (Bantu, Nilotic and Hamitic) are spoken but English is the official language. No statistics are available giving information about the main religions but it is believed that one-third of the people are Roman Catholic, one-third Protestant, one-sixth Muslim and a sixth not conforming to any organised religion.

In 1967 Uganda had 2,648 grant-aided primary schools with an enrolment of 641,639 children while 27,025 students were enrolled in secondary schools, 1,521 students at Technical Schools and 4,257 at Teacher Training Colleges. Makerere University College, opened as a technical school in 1921, achieved its present status as a constituent college of the University of East Africa in 1963. First degree courses are offered at Makerere in Agriculture, Arts and Social Science, Education, Medicine and Science; and except for Science, post graduate diplomas are also offered in these faculties. Total enrolment at Makerere for 1967/68 was 1,860 and in that year 1,467 Ugandans were attending the University